Browsing by Author "Anil Kumar"
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ThesisItem Open Access Agro physiological traits for drought tolerance in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)(CCSHAU, 2013) Yadav, Arvind Kumar; Anil KumarThe present experiment entitled, “Agro physiological traits for drought tolerance in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)” was conducted at Research Farm Area of Crop Physiology, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012. The performance of four genotypes viz., HHB 67 ‘Improved’, HHB 197, HHB 223 and HHB 234 were tested under two environments (rainfed and irrigated) in factorial randomized block design with three replications. All the phenological events except days taken to emergence and five leaf stages were early under rainfed condition than irrigated situation. Among the genotypes, HHB 67 ‘Improved’ was earliest to reach various phenophases than all other genotypes. The growth parameters i.e., plant height (cm), total number of tillers plant-1, dry matter accumulation (g plant-1), leaf area and crop growth indices (LAI, LAD, NAR and CGR) were significantly higher in the irrigated condition than rainfed environment. All the growth parameters (plant height, total number of tillers plant-1, dry matter accumulation plant-1 and leaf area) were significantly higher in genotype HHB 223 under irrigated condition, whereas under rainfed environment these values were better in the genotype HHB 234. Root length was observed deeper under rainfed environment, whereas root biomass was more under irrigated condition. The longer root and higher biomass were noticed in the genotype HHB 234 under rain fed environment whereas under irrigated condition these were more in the HHB 223 and HHB 197. Plant water relation studies showed more values of leaf water potential and relative water content (%), thereby resulting in cooler canopy under irrigated condition than rainfed situation and genotype HHB 234 had reflected more values of these traits and proved to be best yielder under the rainfed environment. Under irrigated condition, genotype HHB 223 had exhibited better plant water status and it was ultimately reflected in terms of yield also. Grain yield and its attributes (earhead bearing tillers, earhead length, earhead girth and test weight) were significantly better under irrigated condition than rain fed situation. The genotype HHB 223 recorded higher number of tillers, earhead length, earhead girth, test weight and grain chaff ratio, grain, stover and biological yields under irrigated condition whereas under rainfed condition, these were higher in genotype HHB 234 as compared to other genotypes. Zinc and iron content were significantly more under rainfed situation than the irrigated condition and genotype HHB 67 ‘Improved’ had the maximum zinc and iron content in the grain to other tested genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Analysis of meteorological and hydrological droughts in Uttarakhand state(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-01) Malik, Anurag; Anil KumarDrought is a natural disaster which disturbs the entire ecosystem and adversely affects various sectors, such as agriculture, hydropower generation, water supply and industry. Occurrence of drought and its forecasting are critical components of hydrology which play a major role in risk management, drought preparedness and mitigation. This study was conducted using monthly rainfall and streamflow data of Almora, Bageshwar, Chamoli, Champawat, Dehradun, Haridwar, Nainital, Pauri Garhwal, Pithoragarh, Rudraprayag, Tehri Garhwal, U.S. Nagar/Pantnagar, Uttarkashi, Naula and Kedar stations located in Uttarakhand State, India, with the specific objectives to determine the spatiotemporal trends in hydro-meteorological data, find the best fit probability distribution, characterize meteorological and hydrological drought and wet conditions using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Effective Drought Index (EDI), and Streamflow Drought Index (SDI), demarcate the homogeneous areas using Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC), and predict hydro-meteorological drought and wet conditions using soft computing and statistical techniques. The results of trend analysis revealed significant positive (rising) and negative (falling) trends with different magnitudes in monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall time series data at 1%, 5% and 10% significance levels for 13 stations, while negative trend in monthly, seasonal and annual streamflow time series data at 1%, 5% and 10% significance levels at Naula and Kedar stations. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S) statistic showed gamma distribution fitted well to 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-1 and 24-month rainfall and streamflow data series at 1% and 5% significance levels. The gamma distribution was used for analysis of hydrometeorological drought and wet conditions based on SPI, EDI, and SDI at 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, and 24-month time scales for study stations. The occurrence of severe and extreme hydrometeorological drought and wet conditions were minimum, while normal, moderate drought and wet conditions occurred most frequently at 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, and 24-month time scales for all the stations. The AHC analysis showed minimum three clusters (1, 2 and 3) and maximum four clusters (1, 2, 3 and 4) of similar characteristics in the study region. The performance of CANFIS model, followed by MLPNN, was found to be the best for prediction of hydro-meteorological drought or wet conditions based on the multi-scalar SDI, SPI and EDI values for most of the stations. The results of trend analysis and prediction of hydro-meteorological drought and wet conditions would help the local stakeholders, hydrologists, water managers and policy maker to understand the risks and vulnerabilities related to climate change and anthropogenic activities in the study region.ThesisItem Open Access Analysis of spatio-temporal trends of rainfall in Jodhpur and Kota zones of Rajasthan(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Yogesh Kumar; Anil KumarThe trend is one of the deterministic components of a time series. The trend component is described as long term or regular fluctuation in a time series, on an average basis, which could either be increasing or decreasing in nature. The anthropogenic and climatic activities influence many hydrometeorological processes in a persistent manner, whose effect emerges in form of trends in rainfall, temperature, evapo-transpiration, stream flows, etc. These trends may be with respect to time (temporal trend) and space (spatial trend). These trends in rainfall are of paramount importance for carrying out studies related to climate change aspects. The knowledge of trends in rainfall is extremely important for agricultural engineers, hydrologists, water scientists etc. Without studying trends it may sometimes lead to overestimation or underestimation of the parameters for the design and operation of water infrastructures, water stresses, water shortages and agricultural failures. Rajasthan is a state which covers north-western and western parts of Indian sub-continent. The state has always been under the threat of droughts and planning and management of water resources and agriculture becomes a crucial issue in the state. There should be proper management of water resources and agricultural operations to prevent such extreme events. Hence it is very important to study the nature of rainfall in form of trends both temporally and spatially. This study was conducted to analyze the temporal and spatial trends of annual and monsoonal rainfall, and annual rainy days in Jodhpur and Kota zones of Rajasthan. Non- Parametric statistical methods namely Mann-Kendall (MK) and Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test were employed for detection of temporal trends. The magnitude of the identified trends was assessed by using Theil-Sen slope estimator test. A recently proposed Innovative trend analysis (ITA) method was also used for detection of temporal trends. The turning point of potential trends was identified using Sequential Mann-Kendall (SQMK) test. The spatial analysis of trends was done using Inverse Distance Weighing (IDW) technique in GIS environment. On the basis of application of above methods, fluctuating trends of different magnitudes in both Jodhpur and Kota zones were identified, which could be possible due to climatic and anthropogenic activities taking place in the study area over the years. This could be a sign of climate change in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access Application of artificial neural network in prediction of tractor performance(CCSHAU, 2014) Karwasra, Nitin; Anil KumarPrediction of tractor performance can lead to simulation and optimization of tractor performance, allowing optimum setting of different parameters as well as enhancing decisionmaking of manufacturer in design of new tractor. In the present study was carried out to predict tractor drawbar and PTO performance. 20 input different parameters selected for both drawbar and PTO performance prediction. The data used as input to train the network is collected from 141 tractor test reports tested between 1997-2013 at Central Farm Machinery Training & Testing Institute, Budni (M.P.). A Back propagation artificial neural network was developed using Neural Network Toolbox in Matlab software. Matrix of 1140x20 and 1140x1 was made as input and target values for drawbar prediction and 1704x20 and 1704x1 for PTO prediction in ANN. The optimum structure of neural network was determined by a trial and error method and 30 different structures were tried. For prediction of tractor drawbar performance the highest performance was obtained for the network with two hidden layer each having 35 neurons which employed Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm. Regression coefficient and mse for this model is 0.994 and 1.284 respectively. For prediction of tractor PTO performance ANN model with 2 hidden layers having 40 and 35 neurons in first and second layer respectively gives highest performance. Regression coefficient and mse for this model is 0.996 and 1.080. Both the models are now ready to predict the tractor performance based on 20 input parameters.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of geomorphologic characteristics and soil erosion status for prioritization of hilly watersheds using remote sensing and GIS(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Kandpal, Himanshu; Anil KumarSoil erosion due to rain and wind action is a serious problem in India. Its negative impacts include reduction in soil productivity, silting of dams and reservoirs, deficits in water availability, pollution of water courses, serious damages to properties by soil-laden runoff, and desertification of natural environments. The present study was undertaken in the Bino sub-catchment of Ramganga river catchment, covering an area of 294.81 km2 with the main objective of prioritizing watersheds based on gross soil erosion and geomorphological parameters. The Bino sub-catchment consist of 9 watersheds. Different thematic maps of the study area were prepared using SOI toposheets (1:50,000 scale) and satellite imagery of study area with the help of ArcGIS software. Gross soil erosion was computed based on RUSLE. Gross soil erosion was integrated with the geomorphological parameters viz. bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, texture ratio, mean length of overland flow, form factor, circulatory ratio, compactness coefficient and elongation ratio to prioritize the watersheds for erosion risk assessment. Gross soil erosion and all the geomorphological parameters were ranked according to their erosion hazards. On the basis of compound rank of factors of gross soil erosion and geomorphological parameters, the watershed W1 got the highest and W9 got the least priority in the study area. It was observed from priority list that one watershed were under very high priority category, one watersheds were under high priority category, four watersheds were under medium priority category, two watersheds were under low priority and the remaining one watershed were under very low priority category. Required soil and water conservation measures should be implemented in the watersheds as per the assigned priority.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of nutritional status of tomato growing soils of Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-02-15) Sharma, Aanchal; Anil KumarA survey for the “Assessment of nutritional status of tomato growing soils of Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out to evaluate the nutrient status of the soils and to work out the relationship between soil characteristics and available soil and leaf nutrient contents. For this, 113 soil sampling locations were selected and 226 representative surface (0-15 cm) and sub-surface (15-30 cm) soil samples were collected. Soil samples were then processed and analysed for different soil physico-chemical properties viz., soil texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity, maximum water holding capacity, soil pH, EC, organic carbon, available macro and micronutrients. The tomato growing soils of the district varied from sandy loam to loamy sand in texture. The soils were neutral, slightly alkaline and slightly acidic in reaction and EC values of all the soil samples were under normal range. The overall soil organic carbon content in surface soils was medium to high in status and medium in subsurface soils. The soil nutrient indices indicated that the soils of the study area were medium in available N, DTPA-extractable Fe, Zn and Mn, whereas, high in available P, K, S, exchangeable Ca, Mg and DTPA-extractable Cu. Representative tomato leaf samples were collected at mid bloom stage from the same farmer's field and analysed for all the macro and micronutrients. Leaf nutrient status showed that all the samples were in medium in total leaf N, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. It further showed that most of the samples were medium in total leaf P, K S, Ca and Mg. Correlation studies showed that Bulk density was positively correlated with particle density, whereas, it showed a negative but significant correlation with porosity and maximum water holding capacity. Organic carbon content had a significant and positive correlations with all the soil macro and micronutrients. The leaf contents had a highly significant and positive correlation with their respective availability in soil.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of therapeutic efficacy of Aegle marmelos, Oophorinum and Progesterone on induction of estrus in post partum anestrus buffaloes(ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, 2020) Anil Kumar; Rabindra KumarAddThesisItem Open Access Biomass Production in Acacia Auriculiforms (A.Cunn.Ex.Benth) Under Different Spacings(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1995) Anil Kumar; Dr.M.H.SiddiquiA field study entitled "Biomass production in Acacia auriculiformis (A. Cunn. different spacings" was started ex. Benth), under at Rarha Research Station of faculty of forestry, Kanke, Ranchi. Various parameters were recorded after 9 year. Conducted in a Ra The study was omised Block Design with three spacing treatments (Viz. 1.0m x 1.0m, 1.5m x 1.5m and 2.0m x 2.0m) and with seven replications. The results revealed a remarkable improvement in soil properties such as organic carbon, available N, P, and K. Soil pH declined as compared to initial value taken at the start of the plantation. A significant decrease in survival percent was observed at close spacing. Diameter has been affected due to spacing treatment. The maximum mean diameter of 11.06cm was found at wide spacing (i.e. 2.0m x 2.0m). Similarly, the maximum mean height was recorded at 2.0m x 2.0m spacing. A significant effect of spacing has been observed in case of Bole, Branch, Leaf+Twig and Root biomass. Bole biomass decreases as spacing increases. The maximum bole biomass (92.84 t ha-¹) was obtained at close spacing. Similar trend of increase in otherThesisItem Open Access Characterization of germplasm for yield, its components and quality traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)(2017-07) Joshi, Neha; Anil KumarThesisItem Open Access Characterization of germplasm lines for grain yield and its attributing traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2022-07) Singh, Lokendra; Anil KumarBread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell), an allohexaploid (2n-6x=42), is the premier food crop of worldwide importance. It is also a crop where conventional plant breeding has paid rich dividend as epitomized by the Green Revolution. The present investigation was conducted in Rabi season, 2020-21 at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The experimental materials for the present investigation comprised of 100 germplasm lines and four checks namely, UP 2903, UP 2855, UP2865 and UP 2572. These genotypes were evaluated in augmented block design and observations were recorded for 14 characters viz., days to 75% heading, days to maturity, flag leaf area, peduncle length, number of tillers per meter, plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield per plot and harvest index. The data were recorded on five randomly selected plants per entry and analyzed for variability, diversity, clustering of genotypes in different groups and identification of superior genotypes for different characters. The coefficient of variability was found to be highest for grain yield and lowest for number of days to 75% heading. High estimates of both phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for number of tillers/meter and flag leaf area. High estimates of heritability in broad sense accompanied with high estimates of genetic advance (GA) as percent of mean were recorded for the tillers number/meter, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index and flag leaf area, which indicated the presence of additive gene effects. These genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters by Non-hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis. The maximum number of genotypes (35) were included in cluster-IV followed by 22 genotypes in cluster-I, 21 genotypes in cluster-V, 14 genotypes in cluster-II and 12 genotypes in cluster-III. The intra cluster distance ranged from 3.9 (cluster-III) to 4.68 (cluster-V). The maximum inter cluster distance (6.03) was found between cluster-I and cluster-II, whereas minimum distance (5.2) was found between cluster-I and cluster-III. Larger the distance between the clusters better the chance of getting transgressive segregants through crossing among these genotypes. On the basis of findings of the study, five desirable donors for each character were identified on the basis of character means. The genotypes 53-IBWSN-P-40, 41-ESWYT-P-3, 53-IBWSN-P-200, 53-IBWSN-P-156 and 53-IBWSN-P-237 performed well for grain yield, hence these genotypes can be used in future breeding programme to improve grain yield. For other characters, genotypes can be picked up from different groups, formed on the basis of their ranking.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of germplasm lines for yield and yield contributing traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-11) Rawat, Vaishali; Anil KumarWheat (Triticum aestivum L.em. Thell) is one of the world’s largest cereal crop. It occupies high, productivity and the prominent position in the international food grain trade. The development of high yielding wheat cultivars is the main objective of any wheat breeding programme in the world. Identification of better genotypes with desirable traits and their subsequent use in breeding programme and establishment of suitable selection criterion can be helpful for successful varietal improvement programme. Analysis of variability among the traits and the association of particular character in relation to other traits contributing to yield of crop would be of great importance in planning a successful breeding programme. The present investigation was carried out in Rabi season, 2020-2021 at N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. The experimental material for the present investigation comprised of 200 germplasm accessions along with four checks, namely, HD 3086, UP 2855, WH 1080 and UP 2865. These genotypes were evaluated in Augmented Block Design and observations were recorded for 14 characters viz., days to 75% heading, days to maturity, flag leaf area, peduncle length, number of tillers per meter, plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield per plot and harvest index. Variance (mean sum of square) was found to be highest for the biological yield followed by grain yield and number of tillers per meter and lowest for spike length. The coefficient of variability was found to be highest for grain yield and lowest for days to maturity. Highest genotypic coefficient of variation was observed for grain yield and lowest for days to maturity. High estimates of heritability in broad sense accompanied with high estimates of genetic advance (GA) as per cent of mean was recorded for the grain yield, which indicated the presence of additive gene effects. Grain yield was positively and significantly associated with the biological yield, number of tillers per meter, harvest index, 1000-grain weight, plant height, flag leaf area, peduncle length, grain weight per spike, spike length, number of spikelets per spike and number of grains per spike and non-significant and negatively correlated with days to 75% heading and days to maturity. The genotypes were grouped into 8 different clusters by non-hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis. Cluster I had 39 genotypes, whereas cluster II comprised of 27 genotypes, cluster III had 39 genotypes, cluster IV had 4 genotypes, cluster V comprised of 14 genotypes, cluster VI had 37 genotypes, cluster VII had 15 genotypes and cluster VIII comprised of 29 genotypes. The intra cluster distance was maximum for cluster IV (23.27) and minimum for cluster I (13.00). The inter cluster distance was found maximum between cluster IV and cluster VII (92.05) and minimum between cluster I and cluster II (18.62). On the basis of findings of the study, five desirable donors for each character were identified on the basis of character mean. KACHU/SAUAL/3/TRCH/SRTU//KACHU [37 ESWYT-111], HD 3226, K 1805, WH 1182 and PRL/2*PASTOR[36 ESWYT-02] ware found to be most promising donor genotypes for grain yield. These genotypes can be used in future breeding programmes to improve the yield potential of the variety. For other characters, genotypes can be picked up from different groups, formed on the basis of their ranking.ThesisItem Open Access Chemical investigations of capparis decidua edgew fruits(CCSHAU, 2005) Anil Kumar; Dhindsa, Kuldip SinghCapparis decidua is one of the twenty six species of the genus Capparis. It is found under dry conditions. The genus is known for a large number of physiologically active constituents and edible quality of the fruit. The present work was aimed at isolating and identifying the various chemical components present in the fruit of Capparis decidua because the fruit of this plant has not been studied so far. In order to achieve the objective, the fruits of Capparis decidua were procured from village Dhamana, district Hisar. The fruits were crushed and the powered material was refluxed in methanol on a water bath. The methanol extract was concentrated at atmospheric pressure when a dark yellow viscous liquid was obtained. It was mixed with silica gel and subjected to column chromatography to isolate the compounds. Two new compounds namely 14-Hydroxytetradec-12-enylbutanoate and stigmastan-4-one were isolated. The isolated compounds were characterized on the basis of IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral data.ThesisItem Open Access Combining ability and heterosis studies for various qualitative and quantitative traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Kashyap, Sakshi; Anil KumarThe present investigation was carried out during Rabi 2017-2018 at Norman E.Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. The experiment comprised of 17 parental genotypes (14 lines, 3 testers) and 42 F1 hybrids, obtained after crossing in a line × tester fashion with the objective to study genetic variability parameters, combining ability, gene action, and heterosis for various qualitative and quantitative traits. The experimental was carried out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and observations were recorded on fifteen characters namely, days to 75% heading, days to maturity, number of effective tillers per plant, peduncle length, plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, harvest index, hectolitre weight and phenol colour reaction. Results revealed that the differences among genotypes were highly significant for all the characters. Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) was higher than Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) for all the characters studied. The magnitude of PCV and GCV was highest in case of phenol colour reaction by 32.023 and 29.777% , respectively. The relative estimates of variance due to SCA were higher than the variance due to GCA for most of the traits studied indicating the predominance of non-additive gene action. HUW 640 can be marked as the best parent as it combined well for the highest number of quantitative characters followed by HPW 381 and CHIBIA//PRLII/CM65531/3/MISR2 EGY*2/4/.. Best specific crosses based on highest SCA effects in desirable direction were HUW 640 × UP 2565, KAUZ/ALTAR84/3/MILAN/KAUZ/4/HUITES × UP 2785, HI 1579 × UP 2785, CPAN 3061× UP 2785, HPW 381 × UP 2785, CHYAK/VILLA JUAREZ F 2009 × UP 2565, KAUZ/ALTAR84/3/MILAN/KAUZ/4/HUITES × UP 2572, HI 1579 × UP 2565, HPW 381 × UP 2565, HI 1579 × UP 2572, CPAN 3061× UP 2785, HI 1579 × UP 2565, HUW 640 × UP 2565 and PBW 692 × UP 2785 for days to 75% heading, days to maturity, number of tillers per plant, peduncle length, plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, harvest index, hectolitre weight and phenol colour reaction, respectively. The best heterotic crosses for grain yield per plant were CPAN 3061 × UP 2785 and KAUZ/ALTAR84/3/MILAN/KAUZ/4/HUITES × UP 2785 on the basis of high estimates of relative heterosis and heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis, respectively and could be used in further breeding programmes.ThesisItem Open Access Combining ability and heterosis studies for yield and its components in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Tabassum; Anil KumarThe present investigation was carried out to study variance, genetic advance, heritability, correlations, combining ability, gene action, and heterosis using line × tester mating design at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during rabi, 2013-14 and 2014-15. The experimental materials for the present investigation consisted of twelve lines viz., HD 3091, WH 1139, PBW 681, DBW 88, WH 1126, UP 2848, PBW 644, HD 3123, UP 2845, UP 2696, UP 2425, UP 2554, three testers viz., WH 1105, UP 2672 and HD 3059 and two checks viz., HD 2967 and UP 2526. The experiment was carried out in randomized block design and observations were recorded on fourteen characters namely days to 75% heading, days to maturity, number of effective tillers per plant, plant height, flag leaf area, peduncle length, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant and harvest index. Results revealed that grain yield per plant showed highly significant and positive genotypic correlations with number of tillers per plant, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, grain weight per spike and biological yield. DBW 88 was identified as best general combiner for maximum number of traits followed by WH 1126 and UP 2425. UP 2848 × UP 2672 showed good specific combining ability for days to 75% heading, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight and biological byield per plant. WH 1139 × HD 3059 emerged as good specific combiner for number of tillers per plant, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant and grain yield per plant. The best heterotic cross for grain yield per plant was DBW 88 × WH 1105 followed by DBW 88 × UP 2672, WH 1139 × HD 3059, DBW 88 × HD 3059 and PBW 644 × WH 1105.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative performance evaluation of different types of sprayer in cotton crop(CCSHAU, 2019) Aman; Anil KumarSelf-propelled high clearance sprayer (HS), tractor operated gun sprayer (GS), and lever operated knapsack sprayer (KS) were evaluated for its performance under local agro-climatic conditions. To select suitable operational parameters the sprayers were initially evaluated at three pressure levels and three heights and corresponding discharge, spray angle, swath width and spray distribution pattern were observed under laboratory conditions and the optimized value of pressure and target height were selected for the evaluation of the sprayers in field conditions. Self-propelled high clearance sprayer, tractor operated gun sprayer and lever operated knapsack sprayer provided best results at a pressure of 3 kg cm-2 and a height of 54.5 cm, 15 kg cm-2 and 54.5 cm and 3 kg cm-2 and 53 cm, respectively. Under field conditions, the NMD, VMD and UC of Self-propelled high clearance sprayer (HS), tractor operated gun sprayer (GS), and lever operated knapsack sprayer (KS) were found to be 55.57 μm, 198.34 μm, 3.58 and 60.73 μm, 213.18 μm, 3.60 and 52.98 μm, 217.72 μm, 4.35, respectively. The area covered by droplets by self-propelled high clearance sprayer was 11.75 and 43.17 % higher than tractor operated gun sprayer (GS) and lever operated knapsack sprayer (KS), respectively. The results were found significant (p= 0.0007). The volume of spray deposition by Selfpropelled high clearance sprayer (HS) was significantly (p= 0.0026) 6.58 and 19.51 % higher than that of GS and KS, respectively. The volume of spray deposition on top side of leaves was significantly higher than bottom side of leaves in all cases irrespective of types of sprayer. The bio-efficacy of selfpropelled high clearance sprayer (50.63 %) was higher than tractor operated gun sprayer (49.11 %) and lever operated knapsack sprayer (47.57 %). The field capacity of Self-propelled high clearance sprayer (HS), tractor operated gun sprayer (GS), and lever operated knapsack sprayer (KS) was found to be 1.44, 0.82 and 0.078 ha h-1 with efficiency of 67.74, 78.63 and 82.12 %, respectively. The cost of operation for HS, GS and KS was found to be 632.76 Rs. ha-1, 504.78 Rs. ha-1 and 656.73 Rs. ha-1, respectively. The B:C ratio was found to be 1.11, 1.98 and 1.83 for Self-propelled high clearance sprayer, tractor operated gun sprayer, and lever operated knapsack sprayer. Self-propelled high clearance sprayer is a recommended technology and showed best results in terms of uniformity, droplets size, area covered by droplets, volume of spray deposition, bio-efficacy and highest field capacity.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative study on production performance of comb and crown ecotypes of uttara fowl(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Ansari, Vasim Akram; Anil KumarA study was conducted to evaluate the production performance of 275 chicks of two ecotype viz., comb and crown which were obtained in six hatches at Instructional Poultry Farm of G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar. Body weight was recorded at four week interval from day old to 24th weeks of age. Among comb and crown ecotypes of Uttara fowl, comb male ecotypes showed maximum body weight gain (1780.18±34.69 g), followed by crown male (1699.43±33.49 g), while it was (1484.22±19.22 g) in crown female and minimum in comb female ecotypes (1389.12±18.85 g) among two ecotypes of Uttara fowl. The crown ecotype under study obtained early age at first egg (161.5±3.05 days), with body weight (1422.50±31.21g), whereas comb ecotypes attained age at first egg at later (171.05±2.18 days) with body weight (1350.40±35.35 g). The average egg production up to 72nd week of age in crown ecotypes of Uttara fowl (177.35±6.34 eggs) was found higher than the comb ecotypes of Uttara fowl (153.54±5.64 eggs). The average egg weight were recorded at first egg, 24th, 28th, 32nd, 36th, 40th, and 44th week of age in comb ecotypes were 34.85±0.47, 39.25±0.79, 42.80±0.40, 46.80±0.73, 50.50±0.59, 52.80±0.51 and 53.40±0.21 g, respectively. While corresponding values in crown ecotypes of Uttara fowl were reported as 37.05±0.93, 41.30±1.08, 44.80±0.79, 47.80±0.63, 51.40±0.68, 53.20±0.92 and 54.40±0.84 g, respectively. The mean values of egg weight (g), shell weight (g), shape index, haugh unit, albumen index, yolk index, yolk weight (g), shell thickness (mm), at 32nd weeks of age in comb and crown ecotypes of Uttarafowl were 46.80±0.73, 5.88±0.067, 73.64±0.19, 74.48±0.42, 0.080±0.002, 0.42±0.008, 13.20±0.32 and 0.38±0.028, respectively and 47.80±0.63, 6.16±0.10, 74.31±0.41, 75.20±0.55, 0.082±0.003, 0.44±0.01, 14.80±0.32 and 0.43±0.032, respectively. Thus on the basis of findings reported under study, it may be concluded that Uttara fowl has great scope in rural backyard poultry in Uttarakhand. Uttara fowl has potential to develop as dual purpose bird which can be achieved through intensive selection and breeding program.ThesisItem Open Access Crop dynamics and economics of crop rotations in major vegetable growing areas of Dehradun district of Uttaranchal(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-08) Parewa, Hem Raj; Anil KumarThe study has been under taken in Dehradun district of Uttaranchal with the objectives (i) to study the dynamic of area, production and productivity of crops, (ii) to work out the economics of different crop rotations and (iii) to identify the constraints faced by the farmers, which impact the profitability of crop rotations. The compound growth rates were estimated to study crop dynamics using exponential equations. The economics of different crop rotations were worked out by taking into account the different cost concepts whereas the constraints were examined through Garrett’s ranking technique. The primary data were collected on pre-structured survey schedules with the help of personal interview of randomly selected 40 farmers for the year 2002-03. The results on crop dynamics revealed negative growth trends in total area as well as total production of cereals, pulses, oilseeds and vegetables. The major crop rotations were: paddy-potato-cauliflower, paddy-potato-pea, paddy-potato-sugarcane in plain region; paddy-potato-pea, paddy-wheat-tomato, paddy-potato-pea-paddy-wheat-tomato in valleys; mandua-potato-pea, urd-cabbage-maize, mandua-potato-pea-mandua-potato in mid hills and potato-wheat, mandua-pea, mandua-pea-potato-wheat in high hill region of the sturdy area. All the crop rotations were found paying remunerative returns to the farmers. In the plain region, paddy-potato-cauliflower rotation turned out to be the most remunerative crop rotation yielding net returns of Rs. 109354 per hectare over cost C3 while in valley region, paddy-wheat-tomato was the most profitable rotation giving net returns of Rs. 49645 per hectare over cost C3. Urd-cabbage-maize was found to be most profitable rotation in mid- hills yielding net returns of Rs. 92206 per hectare over cost C3 and potato-wheat rotation turned out to be most remunerative in high hill region yielding net returns of Rs. 22367 per hectare over cost C3. The main constraints faced by the farmers were technology transfer, internal capital rationing, marketing, storage, irrigation facilities, transport, fragmented land and high cost of inputs. Strengthening input supply system, development of infrastructural facilities, proper technology dissemination, integrated with proper extension services are the important policy implications emerged from the study for making farming enterprise more remunerative in the area.ThesisItem Open Access Deciphering the role of calcium transporters and their regulation in differential spatial and genotype dependent accumulation of calcium in finger millet (Eleusine coracana l. Gartn.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2012-08) Mirza, Neelofar; Anil Kumar