Browsing by Author "Ajay Kumar"
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ThesisItem Restricted Appraisal of planting dates and the time of nitrogen application for higher productivity in Bt cotton(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Ajay Kumar; Brar, Sukhdeep KaurThe investigation entitled “Appraisal of planting dates and the time of nitrogen application for higher productivity in Bt cotton” was conducted at PAU, Regional Research Station, Faridkot and PAU, Regional Research Station, Bathinda, during kharif season of 2020. The soil of experimental field at both test locations was sandy loam with slightly alkaline pH. The experiment was carried out in split plot design with three replications comprising of three planting dates (D1: May 5, D2: May 20 and D3: June 5) in main plots and four time of N treatments (F1: ½ at planting + ½ at flowering, F2: ⅓ at planting + ⅓ at thinning + ⅓ at flowering, F3: ¼ at planting + ¼ at thinning + ¼ at flowering initiation + ¼ at peak flowering and F4: ½ at thinning + ½ at flowering (Recommended dose as Check) in sub plots. The result of the experiment indicated that planting date D1 (May 5) recorded higher values for all growth and yield attributes characteristics. Significantly higher seed cotton yield, lint yield and biomass were recorded under D1 as compared to the D2 and D3. Quality parameters viz., upper half mean length (mm), uniformity index and bundle strength (g/tex) were non-significant among the all planting dates. Among the time of N application, F3 recorded maximum growth and yield attributes, which was statistically at par with F2 and F4. Crop with four splits application of N recorded maximum seed cotton yield, which was at par with application of N in two and three splits but was significantly better than two splits application of N. Fiber quality parameters like upper half mean length (mm), uniformity index and bundle strength (g/tex) were non-significant under varying the time of N application.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical evaluation of promising grain amaranth genotypes of Himachal Pradesh(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2010) Ajay Kumar; Awasthi, C.P.ThesisItem Open Access Biology And Chemical Control Of Mango Shoot Gall Psyllid, Apsylla Cistellata Buckton (Psyllidae : Homoptera)(Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry;Solan, 2004) Ajay Kumar; Verma, T.D.ThesisItem Open Access Business Model for Agri-Input Retailing in Southern Part of Saurastra, Gujarat(Institute of Agri Business Management S. K. Rajasthan Agricultural University Bikaner-334006, 2014) Ajay Kumar; S.K.SharmaThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION AND MANIPULATION OF FNR PROMOTER OF SALM ONELLA TYPHIMURIUM(IVRI, Izatnagar, 2018) Swagatika Priyadarshini; Ajay KumarThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FUMARATE AND NITRATE REDUCTASE GENE DELETED SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM(IVRI, Izatnagar, 2017) Nikhil K. C.; Ajay KumarTHESISItem Open Access Development and characterization of ?ArcA mutant Salmonella Typhimurium(IVRI, Izatnagar, 2019) M . Pashupathi; Ajay KumarThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of production and marketing of major vegetable crops in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2015) Ajay Kumar; Pannu, R.S.India is the second largest producer of vegetable in the world next to China. The cauliflower, potato, onion, tomato and radish are the major vegetable crops of Haryana. The present investigation was carried out to study the growth rates, cost structure, returns, resource use efficiency, price spread, marketing efficiency and constraints in production and marketing of major vegetables. The study was conducted in Sonipat for cauliflower, Yamunanagar for potato, Ambala for onion, Karnal for tomato and Gurgaon for radish as these vegetables were selected. From each district one tehsil and two villages from each tehsil were selected on the bases of highest area. Samples of 15 farmers from each selected village were selected thereby making a sample of 150 vegetable growers. The vegetable markets of Gurgaon, Karnal, Sonipat, Yamunanagar, Panipat, Panchkula and Ambala were perposively selected as these are near to the main production area. The cauliflower was selected for Sonipat and Panipat markets, potato for Yamunanagar, onion in Ambala and Panchkula, tomato in Karnal and radish in Gurgaon market. Ten intermediaries from each market were selected randomly making a sample of 70 intermediaries. The compound growth rates of area, production and productivity in Haryana have registered significant and positive growth rate in cauliflower, potato, onion, tomato and radish. Productivity has shown positive and significant growth in Haryana for cauliflower, potato and onion. In Sonipat, Karnal and Gurgaon, area and production has shown positive and significant growth in cauliflower, tomato and radish, respectively. In Yamunanagar and Ambala, compound growth rate of area, production and productivity has shown positive and significant growth under potato and onion, respectively. The cost of cultivation of cauliflower, potato, onion, tomato and radish were higher on large farms as compared to medium & small farms. The gross returns were found higher in medium farms as compared to large and small farms. The cost of production per quintal was lower on medium farms and higher on large and small farms indicating that the medium farms were having economies of scale in production. The net income was higher on medium farms as compared to small and large farms in cauliflower, potato, onion, tomato and radish. There was no difference in marketable and marketed surplus because of perishable nature of vegetables and farmers were hard pressed by their cash needs for post-harvest immediate sale. In cauliflower, potato, onion, tomato and radish, channel-I (Producer → Commission agent cum wholesaler →Retailer →Consumer) was more efficient as it ensured higher percent share of farmer in the consumer's rupee as compared to channel-II (Producer → Village trader → Commission agent cum wholesaler →Retailer →Consumer). Major production related constraints expressed by vegetable growers were higher labour charges, unavailability of labour when needed, higher production expenditure, lack of suitable cold storage facilities, high cost of storage, lack of information about high yielding varieties and their seed/planting materials, high cost of seeds, high cost of fertilizers, non-availability of fertilizer when needed, manual weeding is time consuming and labour intensive, less effective and costly weedicides, spurious plant protection chemicals, higher prices of insecticide/pesticides and lack of credit. Major marketing related constraints expressed by vegetable growers were; Marketing problems in village: Low price/non-remunerative prices, no ready market, malpractices in weighing, lack of cooperative marketing system in village and dominance of traders in village. Marketing problems in mandi: Higher price fluctuations, Lack of market information, lack of transportation, high transportation cost, existence of large number of intermediaries in marketing process, higher margin of middlemen, lack of labour for loading and unloading, losses during transportation/transactions, unorganized marketing system. Major constraints in marketing of vegetables faced by middlemen were problem of storage facilities, lack of processing industries/units, higher price fluctuations, problem of drayage and spoilage, high cost of labour, lack of transportation facilities, high transportation cost and delay in payments.ThesisItem Open Access Effect Of Stage Of Fruit Maturity At Harvest And Extraction Methods On Quality And Storage Life Of Tomato Seed(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2000) Ajay Kumar; Malik, Y.S.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic effects on buffalo bull spermatozoa(IVRI, Izatnagar, 1989) Ajay Kumar; N. S. SidhuThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION OF DNA MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH GRAIN FE, ZN AND PROTEIN CONTENTS IN RICE (oryza sativa L.)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Ajay Kumar; Chandel, Girish; Banerjee, Shubha; Saxena, R.R.; Srivastava, L.K.Rice is the primary or secondary stable food for 50 % of the world population. Rice contributes major on source of calories for rice eating population. Over 800 million people in developing world are undernourished suffering from either protein energy or micro-nutrient deficiency. There is a serious need to redesign the way that will ensure the balance nutrient supply of major stable food for people in adequate and affordable amount. To improve nutritive value of rice the preliminary step is to characterized genetic variability for iron, zinc and grain protein content in germplasm and then to use this variability for breeding nutrient rich. Looking to this present study entitled “Identification of DNA Markers Associated with Grain Fe, Zn and Protein Contents in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted at the department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Indra Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur. markers have proven to be powerful tools in the assessment of genetic variation and in the elucidation of genetic relationships within and among species ( Shivapriya and Hittalmani, 2006).Hence the present study was undertaken in order to identify the molecular markers associated with micronutrient and grain protein of rice along with Initially 96 rice were characterized for 17 morphological trait, phenotyping for major 8 quantitative and 9 qualitative traits. A set of 96 rice genotypes including landraces, breeding lines and cultivars were screened for the micronutrient and protein contents wide genetic variables for all trait i.e. Fe, Zn and protein were recorded among the tested rice genotypes, which ranged from14.3 ppm (Bisni) to 4.7 ppm (IR681444*Moro) Fe, 34.8 ppm (Dullar) to13.6 ppm (GP-145-138) for Zinc and 10.28% (Kalam Gurmatia) to 5.78%(CGR-1539) for grain protein content. The rice genotypes processing higher grain Fe, Zn and protein contents were identified as donor rice genotypes to be useful in breeding. Molecular markers, a powerful tool for assessing the genetic variability were also used to characterization the rice genotypes out of total 42 SSR marker used in this study 18 were found to be polymorphic in nature, and only 8 were found to be associated with grain nutritive value i.e. Fe, Zn and protein .In which 8 marker RM5, RM19, RM154, RM234, RM279, RM490, RM225, and Crm33-1are to be associated with Iron, Zinc and grain protein content of rice present on chromosome number 1,12,2,7,2,1,6 and 3.the associated markers identified for grain Fe, Zn and protein content can be further useful in marker assisted selection and speedy development of nutri-rich rice varieties to compact malnutrition.ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION OF DNA MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH GRAIN FE, ZN AND PROTEIN CONTENTS IN RICE (oryza sativa L.)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2017) Ajay Kumar; Chandel, Girish; Banerjee, S.B.; Saxena, R.R.; Shrivastava, L.K.Rice is the primary or secondary stable food for 50 % of the world population. Rice contributes major on source of calories for rice eating population. Over 800 million people in developing world are undernourished suffering from either protein energy or micro-nutrient deficiency. There is a serious need to redesign the way that will ensure the balance nutrient supply of major stable food for people in adequate and affordable amount. To improve nutritive value of rice the preliminary step is to characterized genetic variability for iron, zinc and grain protein content in germplasm and then to use this variability for breeding nutrient rich. Looking to this present study entitled “Identification of DNA Markers Associated with Grain Fe, Zn and Protein Contents in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted at the department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Indra Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur. markers have proven to be powerful tools in the assessment of genetic variation and in the elucidation of genetic relationships within and among species ( Shivapriya and Hittalmani, 2006).Hence the present study was undertaken in order to identify the molecular markers associated with micronutrient and grain protein of rice along with Initially 96 rice were characterized for 17 morphological trait, phenotyping for major 8 quantitative and 9 qualitative traits. A set of 96 rice genotypes including landraces, breeding lines and cultivars were screened for the micronutrient and protein contents wide genetic variables for all trait i.e. Fe, Zn and protein were recorded among the tested rice genotypes, which ranged from14.3 ppm (Bisni) to 4.7 ppm (IR681444*Moro) Fe, 34.8 ppm (Dullar) to13.6 ppm (GP-145-138) for Zinc and 10.28% (Kalam Gurmatia) to 5.78%(CGR-1539) for grain protein content. The rice genotypes processing higher grain Fe, Zn and protein contents were identified as donor rice genotypes to be useful in breeding. Molecular markers, a powerful tool for assessing the genetic variability were also used to characterization the rice genotypes out of total 42 SSR marker used in this study 18 were found to be polymorphic in nature, and only 8 were found to be associated with grain nutritive value i.e. Fe, Zn and protein .In which 8 marker RM5, RM19, RM154, RM234, RM279, RM490, RM225, and Crm33-1are to be associated with Iron, Zinc and grain protein content of rice present on chromosome number 1,12,2,7,2,1,6 and 3.the associated markers identified for grain Fe, Zn and protein content can be further useful in marker assisted selection and speedy development of nutri-rich rice varieties to compact malnutrition.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of co- inoculation of rhizobium and trichoderma on nodulation efficiency, plant growth parameters and biocontrol efficacy in mung bean crop (Vigna radiata L.)(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-08) Pallaganti Sowmya; Ajay KumarMung bean (Vigna radiate L.) belongs to the Leguminosae family and one of the most popular short duration pulse crops of India. It is one of the essential food legumes cultivated worldwide. is an excellent source of high-quality protein and contains about 22-25% protein, 1.0-1.5% oil, 3.5-4.5% fibre, 4.8% ash and 62-65% carbohydrates on dry weight basis. It is easily digestible and hence it is suitable for all age group of people and green fodder to feed animals. Rhizobia are Gram-negative bacteria that can form root nodules in leguminous plants and provides the nitrogen through fixation process which can limit the use of chemical fertilizer. Trichoderma belongs to the Deuteromycetes class of fungi and has been exploited as biocontrol agents against a diversity of plant pathogenic fungi. In the present investigation, mung bean cultures and Trichoderma isolates were screened for their compatibility. Trichoderma asperellum and Rhizobium MB 17a were found compatiblemwere then optimized for their growth interaction. The coculture was found to be more effective when tested for their antagonistic activity against Macrophomina phaseolina. The coculture recorded higher plant growth promoting traits including IAA production, ammonia excretion phosphate solubilization, , zinc solubilization, siderophore production, HCN production and ACC utilization. were evaluated for growth promotion of mung bean under pot culture conditions during 2020. Rhizobium and Trichoderma coculture gave best results in improving growth and seed yield of mung crop.Item Open Access ThesisItem Open Access Microsatellite diversity among pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] genotypes differing in iron and zinc contents(CCSHAU, 2013) Ajay Kumar; Dhillon, SantoshPennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br., commonly called pearl millet, is the fourth most important world food crop. It is well adapted to drought, low soil fertility, salinity, low pH and high temperatures among tropical cereals and is grown on >27 million hectares in arid and semiarid regions of Asia (10 million hectares) and Africa (17 million hectares). Pearl millet is a good source of calories, protein, fat and which provide sustenance to resource poor farmers and can grow in the poorest soil. The present study was undertaken to study iron ,zinc and microsatellite diversity among 30 pearl millet genotypes. The iron content in selected genotypes ranged from 22.65 mg/kg to 65.00 mg/kg and the zinc content varied from 21.90 mg/kg to 62.80 mg/kg (Table 4). ICTP- 8203 had highest iron content (65.00 mg/kg) while PPC-6 had lowest iron content (22.65 mg/kg). Highest zinc content (62.80 mg/kg) was observed in ICMV-221 and HHB-67 had lowest zinc content (11.90 mg/kg). Out of 30 primers analyzed, twenty-four primers showed amplification producing 77 bands, where 68 bands were polymorphic and 9 bands were monomorphic. Total number of bands ranged from 1 to 7 bands per primer with an average of 3.16. The size of amplified bands ranged from 100-700 bp. The similarity coefficients between different genotypes ranged from 0.51-0.88 with an average similarity value of 0.68. At an arbitrary cut-off at 62 per cent similarity level on a dendrogram, the pearl millet genotypes fall into one major cluster, the genotype HHB-234 was an outgrop. The major cluster was further divided into subclusters and subgroups. A unique allele of 350 bp was found into genotypes which had high Fe content.ThesisItem Open Access Moisture conservation and nutrient management studies in pigeonpea + mungbean intercropping system under rainfed conditions(Indian Agricultural Research Institute;New Delhi, 2006) Ajay Kumar; Rana, K. S.ThesisItem Open Access Nanoparticle Assisted Saccharification for Bioethanol Production(Division of Microbiology ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi – 1, 2016) Ajay Kumar; Surender Singht-9531The conversion of vast quantity of ligno-cellulosic (LC) biomass to bioethanol using cellulases and yeasts has been suggested as an alternate energy source and offers potential to reduce the burden on fast depleting fossil fuel reservoirs. The major bottlenecks in commercial exploitation of LC biofuels are recalcitrant nature of raw material, high cost of enzymes for saccharification and non-availability of cofermenting yeasts. Immobilization of the cellulase enzyme on different nano-materials like magnetic supports has been reported and is known to enhance temperature tolerance and activity besides creating an opportunity for recycling for future use. Immobilization of the cellulase from the Aspergillus niger SH3 and commercial enzyme (Cellic CTec3) on five nanoparticle (Iron oxide, Silicon oxide, Magnesium oxide, Zinc oxide and Silver oxide) were studied by two different methods- physical adsorption and covalent coupling. For covalent coupling method nanoparticles were activated with aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The enzyme-nanoparticle formulations were screened on the basis of the protein binding, enzymatic activities and immobilization efficiency. Iron oxide-enzyme formulations were found to perform best for both indigenous and commercial enzyme with 60 to 80% immobilization efficiency. Besides better thermo-tolerance, the covalently immobilized showed better catalytic efficiency. The saccharification yields of the free and immobilized enzymes under optimized condition (60˚C temperature, 5.0 pH and 6% substrate loading) were compared for both indigenous and commercial enzyme. The indigenous immobilized enzyme showed more saccharification yield (375.39 mg/gds) than free enzyme (339.99 mg/gds). The commercial (Cellic CTec3) immobilized enzyme showed less sugar yield (314.77 mg/gds) as compared to the free enzyme (366.6 mg/gds). After 2 cycles of saccharification, 55 and 45 % enzyme activities were recovered for indigenous and commercial enzyme respectively. In conclusion, covalently immobilized magnetic enzyme nanoparticle complex showed promise for their use in bioethanol production which can help in economical production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. Besides bioethanol, the prepared enzyme formulation can be used in textile, detergents and food industries.ThesisItem Open Access Partial factor productivity of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] under ‘Tarai’ conditions of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-11) Bisht, Priya; Ajay KumarThe field experiment was conducted during Kharif’ season 2019 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to study the different factors affecting soybean yield and yield attributes and to determine N, P, K, S, protein content, oil content and economics of different factors in production of soybean. Soybean variety "SL 958" was sown on 28 June 2019 and harvested on 4 November 2019. The soil of the experimental field was Silty clay loam having high organic carbon (1.18%), low in available nitrogen (230 kg/ ha), medium in available phosphorus (22.5 kg/ha) and low in potassium (132 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized block design with four replications to evaluate seven treatments comprising of T1: Full package (seed treatment with fungicide, seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium, recommended dose of fertilizers, weed management, insecticide application and ridge furrow method), T2: Full package except seed treatment with fungicide, T3: Full package except seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium, T4: Full package except recommended dose of fertilizers, T5: Full package except weed management, T6: Full package except insecticide application and T7: Full package except ridge furrow method. The result obtained during the course of investigation revealed that Treatment T1 had significantly higher plant height at 30, 60 and 90 DAS. Dry weight per plant was recorded highest for T1 treatment at 60, 75 and 90 DAS. Number of branches per plant (30, 60 DAS and at harvest), and number of pods per plant at harvest were highest for T1 treatment. CGR and RGR were calculated highest for T1 treatment at 75-90 DAS. In case of physiological parameters (Rainfall Use Efficiency and Grain Use Efficiency), T1 treatment showed best results amongst all the other treatments. Highest yield (grain yield, straw yield and total yield) was recorded under T1 treatment. T1 treatment proved out to be the most economic treatment above all other treatments with maximum Net Returns, Gross Returns and B:C Ratio. In Analysis of soil and plant after the harvest of crop, T1 treatment recorded highest for available N, P, K and S (Kg/ha) in soil, highest nutrient content (%) and uptake (Kg/ha) in seed and straw of Treatment T1 as compared to other treatments. Highest quality parameters viz. oil and protein was recorded for samples of Treatment T1. Thus, for realizing higher productivity, better quality and most economic returns, full package of practices should be considered in Tarai conditions of Uttarakhand.