Epidemiology and anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants with special reference to evaluation and characterization of anthelmintic activity of some herbal plants
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Date
2014-08
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G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand)
Abstract
The present study was planned to know the distribution of G.I. nematodes, evaluate the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics against G.I. nematodes of small ruminants and also exploit some herbal plants as an alternative treatment. The epidemiology of G.I. nematodes of small ruminants was studied in district Udham Singh Nagar of Uttarakhand state. Small ruminants were found to be infected with G.I. nematodes throughout the year with slightly higher overall prevalence rate (84.85%) in goats as compared to sheep (81.25%). Higher prevalence of strongyle worms was observed in rainy season (99.81% and 98.60%) and lowest (33.01% and 77.80%) during the month of winter season in both sheep and goat. Higher mean epg of strongyle worms was recorded in goats (605.18) as compared to sheep (579.50) Coproculture studies revealed the presence of H. contortus, O. columbianum, T. colubriformis and S. papillosus throughout the year in both sheep and goats. In the present study, H. contortus was predominat G.I. strongyle worm of small ruminants. The highest (47) pasture larval (L3) burden was observed in the month of August and lowest (7) in February. In sheep and goats, highest (379 and 243) post mortem worm burden was recorded in the month of September. Anthelmintic resistance was detected by FECRT and results showed that sheep of Shamaliti, Kedarkatha and goats of Gwaldum were found resistant to fenbendazole ( FECR%: -170, -10 and 63) and tetramisole (FECR%: 18, 24 and 91) while all sheep and goats were found susceptible to ivermectin with FECR% varied from 97-100%. Post coproculture examination in all animals revealed the presence of 100% H. contortus as resistant nematode. In-vitro trial of herbal plants showed that average highest corrected mortality of 95%, 100%, 100% and 100% of A. indica was observed at 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%, respectively. However, lowest percent corrected mortality of 0, 0, 20 and 60 of P. persica was recorded at 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%, respectively. Overall A. indica possed highest anthelmintic activity (corrected mortality-97.0%) followed by T. Copticum (corrected mortality-95%) against H. contortus. Phytochemical analysis revealed that tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, resins, sterols, glycosides and triterpenes were the common constituents found in various extracts of different tested plants. In-vitro trial of various plants indicated that A. indica had highest anthelmintic activity. So that, phytochemicals found in the plant were further fractionated by HPTLC. Phytochemical analysis of A. Indica showed that alkaloids and tannins were found in all extracts (aqueous, diethyl ether and methanol) whereas saponins, triterpenes and reducing sugars were found in diethyl ether and methanol extracts. However, glycosides showed its presence only in methanol extract. Out of all three extracts of A. indica, methanol extract showed maximum in-vitro efficacy against H. contortus followed by aqueous and least by diethyl ether extract. Alkaloids of methanol, aqueous and diethyl ether extracts were fractionated into 7, 3 and 7 peaks, respectively upon HPTLC. The tannins of above extracts were fractionated into 3, 1 and 7 peaks, respectively. On the basis of present study, it is suggests that epidemiological data may be used to formulate effective control strategies against G.I. nematodosis in small ruminants. And avoid the use of resistant drugs for controlling G.I. nematodosis in small ruminants of organized farms in Uttarakhand. Leaves of A. Indica and seeds of T. copticum may be used as an alternative treatment against most pathogenic H. contortus parasite.
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Thesis-PhD
Keywords
epidemiology, disease resistance, gastrointestinal diseases, nematoda, ruminants, characterization, anthelmintic properties, medicinal plants