Studies on biophysical and biochemical factors for resistance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties against pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) and it’s management through plant essential oils
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Date
2015-11
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G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand)
Abstract
Studies on screening of chickpea varieties for Callosobruchus species were carried out under field condition at NEB Crop Research Centre and in the Department of Entomology at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during rabi seasons of 2013-14 & 2014-15. Observations under unprotected and protected field condition revealed that the Callosobruchus species do not infest chickpea in the field conditions. Under laboratory condition, the results indicated that PKG 1, PKG 2, BG 1003 and BG 1053 were most preferred for oviposition while PBG 1, BGM 547 and PG 114 were least preferred. The lowest percent adult emergence was observed on PBG1 (19.93 %) while the maximum percent adult emergence was observed on PKG1 (38.82%).Duration from ovipositing to adult emergence was longest in varieties PBG1 (32.67 days) and shortest in varieties PKG 1 (28.62 days) and BG 1053 (29 days). Based on growth index of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L PBG1, BGM 547 and PG114 were moderately resistant to the beetle. Correlation coefficients between growth index (GI) of pulse beetle and physical parameters in chickpea varieties indicated that GI of C. chinensis had non-significant relation with seed coat thickness and 100 seed weight. Results of biochemical experiments indicated that the lowest phenol, flavonoids and tannin content were recorded in PKG 1 variety (0.337, 0.283 and 0.339 mg/g, respectively) and BG 1053 more growth index as compared to moderate resistance varieties BGM 547, , PBG 1 and PG 114 which showed less growth index. In PBG 1(60.54%), percent trypsin inhibitor activity was very high, where as it was very low in PKG 1(07.57%). As PBG 1was found to be moderately resistant and PKG 1 as highly susceptible shows the major role of trypsin inhibitor in protein resistance to C. chinensis. The varieties, PKG-2, BG-1003, BG-1053 and PKG-1 with high protein content recorded high growth index (0.61, 0.62, 0.62 and 0.71, respectively) indicating that the varieties were more preferred by the C. chinensis. On the other hand, low growth index on PG 3 (0.52), BGM 547 (0.53) and PG 186 (0.56) varieties may be attributed to low protein content. Observations on contact activity recorded at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after exposure to different concentrations of the essential oils viz; 0.25, 0.5 and 1% recorded maximum mortality in lavender oil (10.00, 10.00,12.23 and 17.75%), (13.75, 13.75, 28.61 and 42.87% ) and (13.75, 17.26, 17.57 and 48.11%), respectively. Among the treatments, lavender oil caused the highest mortality followed by citronella, camphor, mentha, lemongrass, geranium, cardamom and basil oils. The highest percent hatching inhibition rate was recorded in lavender oil at all the three dose of 0.25, 0.5 and 1% after 35 days, the values being 37.17, 58.37 and 89.80%, respectively. The highest fumigant toxicity was recorded in citronella oil at the three dose (25, 50 and 100μl) after 24 hrs, the value being 28.87, 48.87 and 71.10%, respectively. After 48 hour the highest mortality was recorded in citronella oil the value being 32.23, 52.20 and 73.33%, respectively. The lowest mortality was recorded in funnel oil .The highest percent repellency was recorded in lemongrass at oil all the three dose of 0.25, 0.5 and 1% after 2 and 4 hrs, the values being 33.36, 73.26 and 86.63% and 46.66, 73.26 and 93.33%, respectively. The lowest percent repellency was recorded in lavender oil at all the three dose of 0.25, 0.5 and 1% after 2 hrs, the values being 0.00, 6.63 and 40.00% and 0.00, 26.63 and 40.00%, respectively. Different plant essential oils used as seed proctant on chickpea varieties PBG 1, PG 114 , PG 4, BGM 547, PG 186, PKG 1, BG 1053, BG 372 and PKG 2 against C. chinensis showed that the treatments lavender oil, citronella oil, camphor oil, mentha oil, cardamom oil and bail oil @ 2.5ml/kg seed effectively controlled C. Chinensis population by reducing oviposition rate and these treatments also recorded the least seed damage and weight loss due to pulse beetle infestation, as well as the highest percentage of chickpea seed germination at the 2, 4 and 6 months storage periods, respectively. Irrespective of treatments, the seed moisture content and germination were comparatively less in seeds treated with camphor oil, funnel oil and citronella oil as compared to control during storage period of 2 months. Similarly, seed moisture content was also lower in mentha oil and cardamom oil seed protectants during entire period of six months.
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Thesis-PhD
Keywords
biophysics, biochemistry, beetles see Coleoptera, Coleoptera, disease resistance, chickpeas, Cicer arietinum, Callosobruchus chinensis, plant oils, essential oils