“DETERMINATION OF WATER FOOT PRINTS FOR IRRIGATED AND RAINFED AREAS OF KINNERASANI BASIN

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dc.contributor.advisorMANOJ KUMAR, G.
dc.contributor.authorKISHORE KUMAR, G.
dc.date.accessioned2018-07-02T06:37:46Z
dc.date.available2018-07-02T06:37:46Z
dc.date.issued2016
dc.description.abstractWater use in agriculture (82.8%) is rated as high among other water users in India and there is a need to increase agricultural water productivity in view of its scarcity and demand from other sectors of water use. Water foot print modeling enables to pinpoint the waterrelated impacts, vulnerabilities across agricultural management systems, regions, and time and action that need to be taken for improving water productivity. Hence, the present study has been taken up to estimate the green, blue and grey water footprint of crops in a spatially explicit way in Kinnerasani basin to know about the water consumption in agricultural sector. Since, agriculture is the main occupation of the area and frequent crop failure due to lack of water availability is one of the major causes of distress among the farmer community. Kinnerasani basin comprises Gundala, Palwancha, Tekulapalle and Burgampadumandals of Khammam district. The normal rainfall of the area is 970mm. Crop land is occupying 25% of the area of Kinnerasani basin. The water foot prints for irrigated and rainfed systems of Kinnerasani basin were estimated for a period of 11 years (2003-2013). In addition to that, the water foot prints of crops for dry year (2009), wet year (2010) and the recent year (2013) were also estimated in order to know the impact of rainfall on water foot print of crops. The computations of crop evapotranspiration and yield, required for the estimation of the green and blue water footprint in crop production have been carried out for the case of crop growth under non-optimal conditions using CROPWAT and AquaCrop models. In the case of rain-fed crop production, blue crop water use is zero and green crop water use (m3 /ha) is calculated by summing up the daily values of ETa (mm/day) over the length of the growing period. The green and blue water footprints of primary crops (m3 /ton) are calculated by dividing the total volume of green and blue water use (m3 /yr), respectively, by the quantity of the production (ton/yr). The grey component of the water footprint (m3 /ton) is calculated by multiplying the fraction of nitrogen that leaches or runs off by the nitrogen application rate (kg/ha) and dividing this by the difference between the maximum acceptable concentration of nitrogen (kg/m3) and the natural concentration of nitrogen in the receiving water body (kg/m3 ) and by the actual crop yield (ton/ha). Crop evapotranspiration and effective rainfall values of different crops grown in Kinnersani basin have shown significant regional variation for different years under study. The blue water use (m3/ha) and the greenwater use (m3/ha) have also exhibited spatial variation for the crops grown in Kinnerasani basin. The average water footprint per ton of primary crop differs significantly among crops and across production regions. The blue water foot print was high for chillies (1328.67 m3/ton) followed by mango (830.9 m3/ton), vegetables (340.23 m3/ton) and Paddy (263.95 m3/ton) for the period 2003 to 2013. The blue water foot print is more in Burgampadumandal compared to other mandals in Kinnerasani basin. Green water foot print was more for Tekulapalli for paddy, cotton, Greengram and chillies. Whereas it is more in Gundala for maize and mango. Grey water foot print is more for green gram followed by paddy and is high in Burgampadu mandal. The total green-water footprint of crop production for the basin is dominated by 12 crops for the period 2003 to 2013. Cotton contributed almost 20% to the total green-water footprint, followed by spice crop with a share of some 17%, paddy with 12%, and Green gram and red gram, both contributing about 18%. Mango and Nimma contributed about 8.5%. Vegetables, groundnut and tobacco contributed 5% each. In the case of the blue-water footprint 7 crops - mango (36%), Chillies (31%), paddy (10%), vegetables (9%), groundnut (7%), Nimma (4%) and Tomato (2%). The grey-water footprint in crop production is also largely due to 12 crops: paddy (24%), green gram (22%), cotton (21%), red gram (10%), maize, chillies and groundnut contributed 4% each. The total water footprint of crops grown in Kinnerasani basin is 169456771 m3/yr over the period 2003-2013. The largest water footprint component is the green water, with 89% of the total water footprint of consumption. The blue and grey water footprints of crops of kinnerasani basin are 10% and 1% of the total respectively. The largest water footprint component is the green water, with 86.76% of the total water footprint of consumption. The blue- and grey-water footprints of crops of Kinnerasani basin are 12.16% and 1.07% of the total during the year 2013. The total water footprints of many irrigated crops are actually less than that of rainfed crops. This is because, on an average, irrigated yields are larger than rain-fed yields. An increase in green water use (ETgreen) might actually result in a lowered green water footprint if there are sufficient yield increases accompanying the increased ET. Hence, in order to reduce water foot print, no tillage can be adopted as there may be an increase in infiltration of rainfall and a reduction in non beneficial soil evaporation.en_US
dc.identifier.citationD10,106en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810056258
dc.keywords“DETERMINATION OF WATER FOOT PRINTS FOR IRRIGATED AND RAINFED AREAS OF KINNERASANI BASINen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherProfessor Jayashankar Telanagana State Agricultural Universityen_US
dc.subSoil and Water Engineeringen_US
dc.subjectnullen_US
dc.these.typeM.Scen_US
dc.title“DETERMINATION OF WATER FOOT PRINTS FOR IRRIGATED AND RAINFED AREAS OF KINNERASANI BASINen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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