ECONOMICS OF SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF LAND AND WATER RESOURCES IN MID HIMALAYAN AREAS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH-INDIA

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dc.contributor.advisorSHARMA, RAVINDER
dc.contributor.authorKAPIL DEV
dc.date.accessioned2021-09-16T05:12:09Z
dc.date.available2021-09-16T05:12:09Z
dc.date.issued2021-09
dc.description.abstractABSTRACT The present study entitled “Economics of sustainable management of land and water resources in Mid Himalayan areas of Himachal Pradesh-India” was carried out in the purposively selected Sirmaur, Bilaspur, Hamirpur, Kangra, Chamba and Kullu districts of the state. Multistage random sampling technique was used to obtain the representative sample of 280 respondents comprising of 140 adopters and 140 non-adopter respondents from selected districts. Results revealed that average family size at overall level comprises of 5.74 and 5.57 persons for adopters and nonadopters farms, respectively. The overall literacy rate was found to be 87.91 and 89.14 per cent, while literacy index were worked out to be 2.61 and 2.81 for adopters and non-adopters farms, respectively. Agriculture was found to be the main occupation as 69.26 per cent of workforce practice farming on adopter farms and 66.55 per cent on non-adopter farms. Overall adult cattle unit was found to be 3.60 on adopter farms and 2.21 on non-adopter farms. The average size of total land holding was found to be 1.22 ha and 1.16 ha on adopters non-adopters. The cultivated area and orchard area accounted for 50.74 and 22.35 per cent of the total land holding in case of adopter farms whereas 42.10 and 21.28 per cent for non-adopter farms at overall basis. The irrigated land was found to be 37.62 and 16.39 per cent of total land holding in case of the adopter and non-adopters farms, respectively. Overall cropping intensity with and without orchard area of adopter farms was found to be 160.22 and 186.76 per cent which was significantly higher than the overall cropping intensity with and without orchard area of non-adopter farm i.e., 149.18 and 174.04 per cent, indicating a shift towards high value cash crops and better use of land and water resources. The average value of Simpson index in adopter and non-adopter farms were estimated as 0.85 and 0.77 respectively at overall level, which indicated that the adopter farms were found more diversified as compared to nonadopter farms. Crop yield index value of adopter farms was higher than the non-adopter farms. Productivity, gross farm income, net farm income and output input ratio have been found to be higher on adopter farms as compared to non-adopter farms. The wages and salaries contributed the most to overall household income on both type of farms followed by agriculture and horticulture, respectively. The Gini index of total income for adopter farms (0.221) is higher than that of nonadopter farms (0.206), indicating that the income of households has been found to be more unevenly distributed in adopter farms as compared to non-adopter farms. In functional analysis, the included variables explained 95 per cent of variation in major agricultural crops for adopters and 97 per cent for non-adopters in overall farm category which were found to be significant for both type of farms and both type of farms were found decreasing return to scale (<1) indicating over optimal use of all the inputs which needs to be increased in order to achieve higher levels of input efficiency, which will lead to higher levels of net profits in the study area. Mean technical efficiencies of the adopters and non-respondents respondents were found to be 83 and 79 per cent. Thus, there is a potential for adopters and non-adopters respondents to increase their efficiency by 17 and 21 per cent, if they use their existing farm resources efficiently. In tobit regression, among included variables rainfall, area, literacy index and crop yield index showed a positive relationship with the dependent variable and significantly influenced the resource use efficiency while temperature and crop diversification were found negative relationship with the dependent variables on adopters and rainfall, temperature, area, literacy index and crop yield index showed a positive relationship with the dependent variable and significantly influenced the resource use efficiency while crop diversification was found negative relationship with the dependent variables on non-adopter farms. Major problems of adopter farmers in producing agricultural crops were found to be lack of appropriate prices of produce with garret mean score 6.42 per cent followed by high commission and cost of inputs (6.21 %), lack of transport facilities (6.10 %), whereas that on non-adopter farms were high commission and cost of inputs with garret mean score 6.23 per cent followed by lack of knowledge regarding recommended practices for crops and livestock (6.16 %), untimely availability and insufficient amount of irrigation water (6.09 %). Study suggested that the farmers involved in agriculture farming in the study area should be provided with additional proper technical knowledge for optimum utilization of resources which would help to increase the production and return of major agricultural crops.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810175801
dc.keywordsmanagement, water resources,Mid Himalayanen_US
dc.language.isoEnglishen_US
dc.pages167+xxxiiien_US
dc.publisherUHF,NAUNIen_US
dc.subAgricultural Economicsen_US
dc.thememanagement, water resources,Mid Himalayanen_US
dc.these.typePh.Den_US
dc.titleECONOMICS OF SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF LAND AND WATER RESOURCES IN MID HIMALAYAN AREAS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH-INDIAen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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