CHANGING PATTERN OF TRIBAL LIVELIHOOD: A CASE STUDY OF KINNAUR DISTRICT IN HIMACHAL PRADESH
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Date
2016
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ABSTRACT The study entitled “Changing Pattern of Tribal Livelihood: A Case Study of Kinnaur District in Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2015-2016 in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. At overall level the average family size was found 6.28persons, out of which 55.25 per cent were males and sex ratio was found 810. Literacy rate and literacy index was estimated 78.53 per cent and 1.80 respectively. The overall dependency ratio with respect to family size was found 0.25 indicating dependence up to 25per cent. The average size of land holding was found 1.23 hectare in which 67.06 per cent of the area was under orchards. At overall level cropping intensity was worked out to be 141.55 per cent, which indicates that there is a scope to increase the farm efficiency. Income pattern revealed that main source of income was agriculture sector (84.51 %), with in agricultural sector horticulture sector contributed (68.44 %) to the total income on overall basis. Livelihood framework analysis revealed that medium farmers had better position in physical, financial and human capitals/assets status than small and marginal farmers. As far as social and political capital was concerned it was same in all the three farm categories. No significant difference was found in natural capital on different farm categories. On overall basis impact of seasonality was found very high on the marginal farmer followed by small and medium farmers. Among all the government sponsored schemes, the schemes which had significant impact on livelihood of sample households were Watershed Development Programmes (IWDP/IWMP), Desert Development Programme (DDP), Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS), Indira Awaas Yojna. The simpson livelihood diversification index was found higher for salaried group as well as agriculture+ services group. The tribal households in the study area are likely to have a diversified livelihood when they have better skills (trainings). The scope for livelihood diversification also gets boosted when there are better irrigation facilities. Education level and membership of a formal social organization were also found helping in diversifying the livelihood portfolio. Finally land man ratio has a strong influence on the tribal livelihood diversification. Government interventions/ Development initiatives have enhanced the Natural, Physical and financial capital but coordinated efforts need to be focused on human capital.
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Tribal Livelihood,Changing Pattern,HP