LIVE MULCHING WITH ANNUAL LEGUMES AND NITROGEN MANAGEMENT ON RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY IN MAIZE AND IT’S RESIDUAL EFFECT ON SUCCEEDING GROUNDNUT

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dc.contributor.advisorDr. PRABHAKARA REDDY, G.
dc.contributor.authorSRINIVASULU, D.V.
dc.date.accessioned2021-11-22T06:41:07Z
dc.date.available2021-11-22T06:41:07Z
dc.date.issued2021-11-22
dc.descriptionLIVE MULCHING WITH ANNUAL LEGUMES AND NITROGEN MANAGEMENT ON RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY IN MAIZE AND IT’S RESIDUAL EFFECT ON SUCCEEDING GROUNDNUTen_US
dc.description.abstractAn investigation on “Live mulching with annual legumes and nitrogen management on resource use efficiency in maize and it’s residual effect on succeeding groundnut” was carried out during two consecutive kharif and rabi seasons of 2015 and 2016 on sandy loam soils of Dry land farm of S.V.Agricultural College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. During kharif, maize was raised by taking four live mulching practices viz., no mulching (M1), live mulching with sesbania (M2), live mulching with sunhemp (M3) and live mulching with cowpea (M4) as main plot treatments and four nitrogen management practices viz., no nitrogen (N1), application of 75 % RDN + 25 % N through FYM (N2), application of 75 % RDN + 25 % N through poultry manure (N3) and application of 100 % RDN (N4) as sub plot treatments. During rabi, groundnut was raised without applying any nutrients in the undisturbed layout of the kharif season to find out the residual effect of the treatments imposed in kharif maize. On pooled basis, among the live mulched annual legumes in maize, sunnhemp and cowpea recorded significantly higher dry matter production, higher phosphorus content and phosphorus accumulation, potassium content and potassium accumulation than sesbania. Similarly, sesbania recorded significantly higher nitrogen content and nitrogen accumulation in the biomass followed by sunhemp. During the first year, no mulching i.e. sole maize (M1) recorded significantly taller plants, higher LAI, higher dry matter accumulation and leaf chlorophyll content at all the growth stages. It also recorded early xxiii tasseling, silking and maturity along with higher values of yield attributes viz., cob girth, number of rows cob-1, number of grains cob-1, grain weight cob-1, test weight (1000 grain weight), grain and stover yield. Higher total nitrogen uptake at all the growth stages, higher total phosphorus and potassium uptake at harvest and higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), higher protein content and protein yield were also recorded with M1. During the second year, live mulching with sunhemp (M3) recorded significantly taller plants, higher LAI, higher dry matter accumulation and leaf chlorophyll content at all the growth stages. It also recorded early tasseling, silking and maturity along with higher values of yield attributes viz., cob girth, number of rows cob-1, number of grains cob-1, grain weight cob-1, test weight (1000 grain weight), grain and stover yield. Higher total nitrogen uptake at all the growth stages, higher total phosphorus and potassium uptake at harvest and higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), higher protein content and protein yield were also recorded with M3. Significant variation in the weed flora due to different treatments was not noticed during both the years of experimentation. Predominant weed species observed in the experimental field were Cyperus rotundus, Cleome viscosa, Trichodesma indicum, Celosia argentea and Boerhavia diffusa. However, during both the years of study as well as in pooled mean at 25, 50 and 75 DAS, live mulching with sunhemp (M3) recorded significantly lower weed density and weed dry weight. It also recorded higher soil moisture content, improved soil physico-chemical properties, higher soil available phosphorus and potassium, and higher microbial load being on parity with the live mulching with cowpea (M4). With regard to nitrogen management practices, application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through poultry manure (PM) (N3) recorded significantly taller plants, higher LAI, higher leaf chlorophyll content and maximum dry matter production at all the growth stages during both the years of study. It also recorded higher values of yield attributes viz., number of cobs plant-1, cob length, cob girth, number of rows cob-1, number of grains cob-1, grain weight cob-1, test weight (1000 grain weight), grain and stover yield, higher protein content and protein yield. It was further noticed that substitution of 25 per cent of N through poultry manure (PM) recorded lower weed density and weed dry weight, higher nitrogen uptake at all the growth stages, higher phosphorus and potassium uptake at harvest and higher NUE, higher soil organic carbon content and soil microbial load (soil bacteria, actinomycetes and soil fungi). But application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through FYM (N2) recorded significantly higher soil moisture content at all the growth stages, soil available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium after maize harvest being on par with the application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through PM (N3). xxiv Significant interaction between live mulching and nitrogen management practices was observed on plant height, LAI, leaf chlorophyll content, grain yield, NUE, protein yield, weed density and weed dry weight and soil actinomycetes population. Among the different treatment combinations, sole maize with no live mulching and application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through FYM or PM (M1N2 or M1N3) recorded higher plant height, LAI, leaf chlorophyll content, grain yield, NUE and protein yield. Similarly, live mulching with sunhemp or cowpea or sesbania with the substitution of 25 per cent of N through FYM or PM significantly reduced weed density and weed dry weight, and it also increased soil organic carbon content and soil microbial load. During 2015 as well as in pooled mean, no mulching (M1) recorded significantly higher gross returns and net returns while, during 2016 live mulching with sunhemp (M3) being comparable to the treatment with no mulching i.e. sole maize (M1) recorded higher gross returns and net returns. Among the nitrogen management practices, application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through PM (N3) recorded significantly higher gross returns and net returns during both the years. With regard to B:C ratio, sole maize with no mulching (M1) recorded significantly higher B:C ratio during both the years. Among the nitrogen management practices, application 100 per cent RDN through urea (N4) recorded significantly higher B:C ratio. Among the different treatment combinations, no mulching along with application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through PM (M1N3) and treatment with no live mulching + application of 100 per cent of RDN through urea (M1N4) being statistically similar recorded significantly higher gross returns and the reverse was true in terms of net returns. Residual effect of live mulching and nitrogen management practices applied in preceding kharif maize were found significant on succeeding rabi groundnut. Live mulching with sesbania (M2) in preceding kharif maize recorded significantly higher growth attributes in succeeding groundnut viz., plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production and higher leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD values) at periodical intervals during both the years. It also recorded higher values of yield attributes viz., number of gynophores plant-1, total number of pods plant-1 and number of filled pods plant-1, shelling per cent, pod yield, haulm yield and higher oil yield. Live mulching with sesbania (M2) being on par with live mulching with cowpea (M4) recorded the highest total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake in groundnut and higher soil available nitrogen after harvest during both the years. Further, live mulching with sunhemp (M3) which was however, comparable with live mulching of cowpea significantly improved soil moisture content, soil organic carbon content, soil available phosphorus and potassium after harvest and soil microbial population. xxv Among the nitrogen management practices, application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through FYM (N2) recorded significantly taller plants, more leaf area index and higher dry matter production, higher leaf chlorophyll content at periodical intervals in succeeding groundnut during both the years. It also recorded significantly higher number of gynophores plant-1, total number of pods plant-1 and number of filled pods plant-1, shelling per cent, pod yield, haulm yield and higher oil yield during both the years. Further, application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through FYM (N2) in preceding maize also recorded higher total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake in groundnut and higher soil available nitrogen after harvest during both the years. Application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through FYM (N2) being on par with application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through PM (N3) significantly improved soil moisture content, organic carbon content, soil available phosphorus and potassium after harvest and soil microbial load before sowing, at 60 DAS and at harvest. Significant interaction between live mulching options and nitrogen management practices was observed on potassium uptake, soil moisture content, soil organic carbon content and soil microbial load. Among the treatment combinations, live mulching of sesbania along with application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through FYM (M2N2) recorded significantly higher potassium uptake, live mulching of sunhemp along with application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through FYM (M3N2) recorded significantly higher soil moisture content at 25 DAS in pooled mean at 30-45 cm depth and higher organic carbon during 2015 as well as in pooled mean. However, live mulching with sunhemp or cowpea along with the combined application of 75 per cent RDN through urea + 25 per cent RDN through PM or FYM recorded significantly higher soil actinomycetes population before sowing of groundnut and higher soil fungi at the time of groundnut harvest, respectively. Live mulching with sesbania (M2) in preceding maize being comparable with cowpea (M4) recorded significantly higher gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio in groundnut. With regard to nitrogen management practices, application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea along with substitution of 25 per cent of N through FYM (N2) or PM (N3) in preceding maize recorded significantly higher gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio in groundnut. After completion of maize - groundnut cropping sequence during 2015- 16, live mulching with sesbania along with the application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through FYM (M2N2) recorded higher nitrogen gain and live mulching with sunhemp along with the application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through PM (M3N3) xxvi recorded higher phosphorus gain in the soil, respectively while negative gain in potassium was observed in all the treatments during the first year. After completion of maize - groundnut cropping sequence during 2016- 17, live mulching with cowpea along with the application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through FYM (M4N2) recorded higher nitrogen gain and live mulching of sunhemp along with the application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through FYM (M3N2) recorded higher phosphorus and potassium gain in the soil. In maize - groundnut cropping sequence during 2015-16, higher net returns were recorded with the combination of sole maize with no mulching and application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through PM (M1N3) and no live mulching + application of 100 per cent of RDN through urea (M1N4) recorded higher B : C ratio. In maize - groundnut cropping sequence during 2016-17, live mulching with sunhemp and application of 75 per cent of RDN through urea + 25 per cent of N through FYM (M3N2) recorded higher net returns and B : C ratio followed by M2N2. Finally it can be concluded that, live mulching with sunhemp or sesbania along with the substitution of 25 per cent RDN through FYM was efficient practice for long term benefit of better crop growth, quality, sustainable yield and economics in maize - groundnut cropping sequence. However, live mulching with sunhemp or cowpea along with the substitution of 25 per cent RDN through poultry manure was also identified as efficient in improving the soil moisture content, soil biological properties, weed suppression, phosphorus and potassium availability.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810178207
dc.keywordsLIVE MULCHING WITH ANNUAL LEGUMES AND NITROGEN MANAGEMENT ON RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY IN MAIZE AND IT’S RESIDUAL EFFECT ON SUCCEEDING GROUNDNUTen_US
dc.language.isoEnglishen_US
dc.pages477en_US
dc.publisherAcharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Gunturen_US
dc.subAgronomyen_US
dc.themeLIVE MULCHING WITH ANNUAL LEGUMES AND NITROGEN MANAGEMENT ON RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY IN MAIZE AND IT’S RESIDUAL EFFECT ON SUCCEEDING GROUNDNUTen_US
dc.these.typePh.Den_US
dc.titleLIVE MULCHING WITH ANNUAL LEGUMES AND NITROGEN MANAGEMENT ON RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY IN MAIZE AND IT’S RESIDUAL EFFECT ON SUCCEEDING GROUNDNUTen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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