Osteo-morphological studies on the vertebrae, ribs and sternum of blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)
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Date
2018-05
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G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand)
Abstract
The general vertebral formula of Blue bull was observed as C7T13L6S5Cy15-21. Amongst the cervical vertebrae, the atlas, axis, C6 and C7 were atypical type, but C3-C5 were typical type. The typical cervical vertebrae were characterized by presence of foramen transversarium and bifid transverse process, where as the atlas had dorsal and ventral tubercles, fovea dentis that articulated with the dens of axis. The ventral division of transverse process of C6 was quadrilateral plate like. The C7 was devoid of foramen transversarium and characterized by presence of undivided transverse process, well developed dorsal supraspinous process and presence of costal facets on both the sides of the caudal end of the body. The thoracic vertebrae presented long supraspinous process, cylindrical, but shorter centrum. The cranial articular processes were oval, slightly convex, placed on the dorsal border of the arch and faced directly upwards. The caudal ones were located at the base of the supraspinous processes and were slightly concave. The transverse processes were short, thick and undivided. They presented a tubercular facet on their ventral aspect for articulation with the corresponding facet present on the tubercle of the rib. The transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae presented thick rounded non-articular mamillary processes on the dorsal aspect. The lumbar vertebrae were characterized by long transverse process, broad and flattened dorsal supraspinous process and well developed cranial and caudal articular processes. The average length of transverse process gradually increased from L1 to L5 and then it suddenly decreased in L6. The sacrum was almost triangular in shape and formed by five sacral segments. It presented wings, base and apex. It had a median sacral crest, two lateral sacral crests and four pairs of dorsal and ventral sacral foramina. The first three to four coccygeal vertebrae were characterized by presence of body, bifid dorsal and ventral spines, sulcus vasculosus, cranial nonarticular process and a pair of transverse process. The remaining caudal vertebrae had cylindrical bodies and reduced processes. The ribs were longer, wider, flatter, less curved and less regular in form. There were thirteen pairs of ribs in Blue bull, out of which first eight were sternal, last five were asternal and the last pair was considered as floating ribs. They presented proximal end, shaft and distal end. The proximal end further consisted of head, neck and tubercle. The costal groove was present at the proximal end of caudal border of shaft. An accessory tubercle was located below the main tubercle at the caudal border of the shaft of 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 8th and 11th pairs of ribs in both the sexes of the Blue bull. The distal end of the ribs was wide, flattened and attached with the costal cartilage. The sternum was a long plate of osteo-cartilagenous structure formed by seven sternebrae. It was flat except at its anterior end, which was compressed laterally. The lateral borders accommodated seven pairs of sternal facets on either side of the intersternal junctions. The manubrium sterni presented extensive facets dorso-laterally for articulation with the first pair of costal cartilages. The eighth pair costal cartilages joined the sternum between 6th and 7th sternebrae along with the seventh pair costal cartilages. The xiphoid cartilage was rounded and present in the caudal aspect of 7th sternebra attached with the xiphoid process
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