EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ACETONE EXTRACT OF Anacardium occidentale NUT SHELL AND ITS SYNERGY WITH OTHER SELECTED PHYTOCHEMICALS AGAINST MASTITIS CAUSING ORGANISMS
| dc.contributor.advisor | HARAVI, K (MAJOR) | |
| dc.contributor.advisor | SRINIVASA RAO, G | |
| dc.contributor.advisor | ASWANI KUMAR, K | |
| dc.contributor.author | Kavya, Y | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2021-07-31T09:51:29Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2021-07-31T09:51:29Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2021-07 | |
| dc.description | THESES | en_US |
| dc.description.abstract | Mastitis in dairy cattle is a highly prevalent infectious disease, causing considerable economic loss worldwide which alter milk quality, reduce milk yield, and increase cost of production resulting in great economic losses to the dairy industry. The conventional antimicrobial agents have been the mainstay of mastitis therapy over the decades and these drugs have potential high cure rate, when the treatment is well‑targeted. However, use of antibiotics is associated with cost, the possibility of development of acquired drug resistance, residues in the milk. Steadily increasing bacterial resistance to existing drugs is a serious problem, and therefore there is a dire need to search for new classes of antibacterial substances, especially from natural sources. Unlike synthetic drugs, the antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with side effects and have a great therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. As an alternative to antimicrobial agents, phytochemicals offer effective and economical alternatives not only to treat infection but also to counter bacterial resistance. Use of medicinal plant drugs does not carry the disadvantage of resistance and has the additional property of immunomodulation. In the present study evaluated the constituent preliminary phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity of acetone extract of cashew nut shell and also evaluated, its synergy and biofilm inhibition along with antibiotics enrofloxacin and amoxycillin, phytochemicals such as xylitol, betaine, xanthone and alpha lipoic acid were evaluated against mastitis causing organisms Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Antioxidant activity was assessed by Phosphomolybdenum assay. Antibacterial activity and synergy was assessed by minimum inhibitory concentration and checkerboard and biofilm inhibition was assessed by crystal violet assay. The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, triterpenes, phenols, flavonoids, proteins and amino acids. Antioxidant activity of 0.1mg/ml of cashew nut shell extract, alpha lipoic acid, enrofloxacin and 10mg/ml of xanthone was equivalent to 63.6±0.64, 134.53±0.96, 33.605±0.31 and 162±1.81 μg/ml of ascorbic acid respectively. Xylitol and betaine does not exhibit any antioxidant activity at the concentration of 10mg/ml. antibacterial activity assessed by microdilution assay and minimum inhibitory concentration values of enrofloxacin, cashew nut shell extract, alpha lipoic acid, xanthone against Escherichia coli. were 0.039μg/ml, 2.5mg/ml, 6.25mg/ml, 12.5mg/ml respectively. MIC values of amoxycillin, cashew nut extract, alpha lipoic acid, xanthone against Staphylococcus aureus were 0.3μg/ml, 0.078mg/ml, 3.25mg/ml, 25mg/ml respectively. Xylitol and betaine did not exhibit antibacterial property even at the concentration of 100mg/ml against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Cashew nut shell extract in combination with enrofloxacin exhibited additive effect, alpha lipoic acid in combination with enrofloxacin and xanthone in combination with enrofloxacin exhibited indifference and additive effect respectively. Cashew nut shell extract in combination with alpha lipoic acid and cashew nut shell extract in combination with xanthone exhibited indifference and synergism respectively against Escherichia coli. Cashew nut shell extract in combination with amoxycillin exhibited additive effect, alpha lipoic acid in combination with amoxycillin and xanthone in combination with amoxycillin exhibited additive effect. Cashew nut shell extract in combination with alpha lipoic acid and cashew nut shell extract in combination with xanthone exhibited indifference and additive effect respectively against Staphylococcus aureus. Enrofloxacin and cashew nut shell extract alone and in combinations with phytochemicals such as xylitol, betaine, alpha lipoic acid and xanthone exhibited biofilm inhibition with difference in percentage inhibition against Escherichia coli. Amoxycillin and cashew nut shell extract alone and in combinations with phytochemicals such as xylitol, betaine, alpha lipoic acid and xanthone exhibited biofilm inhibition with difference in percentage inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion cashew nut shell extract was effective against gram positive organism Staphylococcus aureus which lower MIC and biofilm inhibition compared to gram negative organisms Escherichia coli because of difference in the cell wall structure. Cashew nut shell extract showed additive effect and indifference in combination with antibiotics and phytochemicals and has no antagonist activity. Cashew nut shell in combination with xanthone showed synergy against Escherichia coli with maximum percent of biofilm inhibition. | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810171262 | |
| dc.keywords | MASTITIS; NUT SHELL; PHYTOCHEMICALS ; ORGANISMS; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY ; ACETONE EXTRACT; Anacardium occidentale ; SYNERGY; EVALUATION | en_US |
| dc.language.iso | English | en_US |
| dc.pages | 129 | en_US |
| dc.publisher | SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA | en_US |
| dc.sub | Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology | en_US |
| dc.theme | EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ACETONE EXTRACT OF Anacardium occidentale NUT SHELL AND ITS SYNERGY WITH OTHER SELECTED PHYTOCHEMICALS AGAINST MASTITIS CAUSING ORGANISMS | en_US |
| dc.these.type | M.V.Sc. | en_US |
| dc.title | EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ACETONE EXTRACT OF Anacardium occidentale NUT SHELL AND ITS SYNERGY WITH OTHER SELECTED PHYTOCHEMICALS AGAINST MASTITIS CAUSING ORGANISMS | en_US |
| dc.type | Thesis | en_US |