STUDIES ON DISEASES OF TRANSITION COW WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON SUB CLINICAL HYPOCALCEMIA
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Date
2015-04
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SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA
Abstract
ABSTRACT :
Upon screening of 154 crossbred cows which are in the transition period during the study period from November 2013 to October 2014, the prevalence of clinical diseases accounted for 42.21 per cent and subclinical diseases as 51.06 percent. On the whole 80 cows were affected during transition period. Among the 80 affected cows clinical and subclinical diseases were seen in 40.00 and 18.75 per cent, respectively while 41.25 per cent of the cows had both clinical and subclinical diseases. The frequently observed clinical conditions in transition cows were retention of placenta (10.39 per cent), mastitis and dystocia (6.49 per cent) and in the subclinical conditions subclinical hypocalcemia (45.74 per cent) was predominant. Majority of the conditions were prevalent during postpartum with higher prevalence in third lactation cows with greater incidence during November month.
The body condition score ranged between 3.0-3.5 in 43.75 per cent of the affected cows while in 35 per cent cows the body condition score was 2.5-3.0 at the time of calving. Low hemoglobin values were recorded in uterine torsion (10.14±1.43) and laminitis (8.45±0.55). The mean serum calcium values (mg/dL) significantly reduced (P<0.05) in cows with clinical/subclinical diseases during transition period and ranged from 5.90±0.10 to 11.30±0.89. The serum phosphorus values were significantly reduced in downer cow syndrome (3.88±0.08), uterine torsion (4.12±0.66) and clinical hypocalcemia (4.22±0.21). Significant elevation (P<0.05) of serum magnesium values were recorded in clinical hypocalcemia (3.53±1.05 mg/dL) and downer cow syndrome (3.34±0.95 mg/dL). The mean serum glucose values (mg/dL) were significantly reduced (P<0.01) in subclinical ketosis (26.20±2.35), clinical ketosis (29.07±4.61) and in downer cow syndrome (23.30±13.30) (P<0.05) and vaginal prolapse (32.03±4.49). The serum BHBA values in affected cows were increased with a decrease in calcium status and they ranged from 0.11 m mol/L to 7.60 m mol/L. The BHBA values were significantly elevated (P<0.01) in subclinical ketosis (1.84±0.14), clinical ketosis (3.53±0.89), downer cow syndrome (1.30±0.73), metritis (0.52±0.08) and in subclinical hypocalcemia (0.94±0.19), retention of placenta (0.72±0.16), dystocia (1.08±0.29), clinical hypocalcemia (0.68±0.30), vaginal prolapse (0.60±0.23) and laminitis (0.71±0.37) (P<0.05). The mean serum proteins were significantly decreased (P<0.01) in clinical ketosis (5.53±0.49), vaginal prolapse (5.58±0.50), metritis (5.86±0.11), laminitis (5.01±0.41) and in dystocia (5.71±0.39) (P<0.05). In udder edema, mastitis and subclinical hypocalcemia the serum urea nitrogen values were significantly elevated. Subclinical hypocalcemia accounted for 45.74 per cent of the cases screened while 11.63 per cent occurred in prepartum and 88.37 per cent in post partum periods. The prevalence was highest in third lactation (32.56 per cent) followed by second lactation (25.58 per cent) with more number of cases in November (18.60 per cent) followed by September and October (13.95 per cent). Significant reduction (P<0.01) in rumen motility (2.58±0.15) was observed in subclinical hypocalcemic cows when compared to healthy control (3.88±0.30). The principle clinical signs observed in subclinical hypocalcemic cows were decreased milk yield and inappetance. Significant increase in TLC and reduction in monocytes were noticed in subclinically hypocalcemic cows. The mean serum calcium was significantly (P<0.01) reduced (7.44±0.72mg/dL), and significant increase (P<0.01) in BHBA (0.94±0.19 m mol/L) and (P<0.05) serum urea nitrogen (18.98±1.56mg/dL) in subclinically hypocalcemic cows. Oral administration of ionic calcium in nine cows with subclinical hypocalcemia without any associated condition revealed significant improvement in rumen motility /5min (3.57±0.25) and milk yield. Significant difference in differential leucocyte count per cent with the pre and post therapeutic values of neutrophils (25.78±1.00 vs 30.00±1.21), lymphocytes (73.78±0.95vs 68.00±1.08) and eosinophils (0.33±0.23 vs 1.00±0.29) were observed. Significant increase (P<0.01) in mean serum calcium values (7.11±0.09 vs 10.33±0.39 mg/dL), phosphorus (4.81±0.06 vs 4.03±0.11 mg/dL), glucose (42.40±2.45 vs 46.07±2.35) and significant reduction in BHBA (1.32±0.29 vs 0.95±0.35 m mol/L) and serum urea nitrogen (14.01±2.19 vs 20.36±2.41) were recorded after therapy. Out of 43 cows with subclinical hypocalcemia, 79.10 percent (34 cows) were associated with other conditions. The percent prevalence of subclinical hypocalcemia in the associated conditions was 28.57 in subclinical ketosis, retained placenta (37.50), mastitis and dystocia (60.00), udder edema (28.57), uterine prolapse (42.86), metritis (25.00), vaginal prolapse (33.33), uterine torsion (50.00) and laminitis (100.00 per cent).
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