HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF AGRO-WASTE, ENERGY ENRICHMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF ITS APPLICATION IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT

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dc.contributor.advisorS K Bhardwaj
dc.contributor.authorSADISH O
dc.date.accessioned2024-05-16T14:39:21Z
dc.date.available2024-05-16T14:39:21Z
dc.date.issued2024-05-24
dc.description.abstractThe present study entitled “Hydrothermal carbonization of Agro-waste, energy enrichment and standardization of its application in wastewater treatment” was conducted during 2021 to 2023 in the Department of Environmental Science, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni 173230, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India and Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. The study was conducted to evaluate the environmental applications of spent mushroom substrate (agro-waste) derived hydrochar. The temperature, time and moisture content required for the hydrochar production was optimized using response surface methodology. The physico-chemical, proximate, ultimate, surface, structural morphology, functional moieties, mineral composition, and energy characteristics of the resultant hydrochar were assessed using standard methodologies. The spent mushroom substrate with acidic pH, smooth sheathed morphology was hydrothermally carbonized at an optimized process temperature of 204℃ for 3.65 h with 73.18% moisture content to produce hydrochar with oxygenated functional groups, micro/nano-spherical carbon structures and spatially dispersed nutrients into their skeletal matrix. The spent mushroom substrate derived hydrochar had 71.6% yield and 13.97 MJ kg-1 calorific value which can supplement the fossil fuel. The utilization of hydrochar as a substitute to coal was investigated by forming different blending ratios with coal. The usage of coal and hydrochar blend at 80:20 ratio proved effective to be applied in industrial boilers with reduced CO2, NO2 and SO2 emissions by 5.3%, 6.8% and 10.6%, respectively. The energy characterisation and thermogravimetric analysis of hydrochar indicated its application in the renewable energy domain thereby promoting circular economy through agro-waste management. The hydrochar was amorphous in nature with a macro-porous surface having a higher intensity of oxygenated functional groups that enhanced its potential as an adsorbent. The activation of adsorption sites on the hydrochar surface was performed through ethanol washing. The activated hydrochar was used as an adsorbent and as a supplement in the anaerobic digestion-based wastewater treatment of silage effluent. The impact of hydrochar on the biomethane production and nutrient removal was also investigated. The presence of carboxylic and ketonic functional groups in the hydrochar inhibited its capacity as the terminal electron acceptor during the methanogenesis process thereby reducing the methane generation. In addition, hydrochar influenced nutrient removal by excluding the toxic effects of their reactive forms like Ammonia and Hydrogen sulphide. The adsorption capacity of hydrochar was enhanced with the fixation of methane inhibitory factors during the wastewater treatment. At the hydrochar concentration of 15 g L-1, nutrient removal was observed in terms of 32.8% for nitrogen, 46.93% for phosphorus, 59.1% for potassium, and 45.2% for sodium, 20.3% for magnesium. This suggests that the spent mushroom substrate based hydrochar can be used for nutrient removal (N, P, S, K, etc.,) in silage wastewater treatment thereby reducing the carbon in the treated water. Although, the addition of hydrochar proved effective in removal of elements, the treated wastewater had a higher proportion on comparison with the permissible limits of Central Pollution Control Board except for zinc and copper. The study indicated that hydrochar based single stage process for wastewater treatment must be transformed into a multistage process thereby promoting the elemental reduction at different stages below permissible limits for irrigation. The outcome of this research will help in converting waste-to-wealth thereby promoting circular economy.
dc.identifier.urihttps://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810209098
dc.keywordsHYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF AGRO-WASTE
dc.keywordsENERGY ENRICHMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF ITS APPLICATION IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
dc.language.isoEnglish
dc.pages126+xxxv
dc.publisherUHF Nauni
dc.subEnvironmental Science
dc.themeHydrothermal carbonization of Agro-waste, energy enrichment and standardization of its application in wastewater treatment
dc.these.typePh.D
dc.titleHYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF AGRO-WASTE, ENERGY ENRICHMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF ITS APPLICATION IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
dc.typeThesis
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