Pathology of nano alumina in chickens
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Date
2017-07
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G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand)
Abstract
The present study was carried out for a period of 90 days to study the pathology of nanoalumina in chickens. 40 chicks of two week age were divided randomly into two groups of 20 birds each viz. Group I (control) and Group II (treated). In treated group nanoalumina used as aluminium oxide (Boehmite), was given orally in standard recommended feed at the rate of 200 ppm. RO water was provided to both control and treated groups. In this study, clinical and behavioural signs were observed daily in the morning. Body weight and hematolgical parameters were studied at 15 days interval taking samples from 10 birds from each group. Besides, humoral immune response was performed at 30 days interval taking samples from 10 birds from each group. Histopathological, absolute organ weight, relative organ weight and cell mediated immunological studies were performed at the end of experiment i.e. 90th DPT. Clinical and behavioural signs like increased activeness and aggressiveness or fighting behaviour were observed in treated group. Reduction in parameters like body weight, relative organ weight and absolute organ weight was observed as compared to control group. However, the change was significant only in the reduction of the absolute organ weight of the thymus. Hematological parameters like hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leucocyte count (TLC), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and absolute heterophil count (AHC) showed decrease in values as compared to control. However, significant increase observed in hemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count. There was decrease in values of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCHC), lymphocyte count and heterophil count as compared to control group. However, significant decrease observed in means corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume. The results in this study revealed increase in humoral immune response and cell mediated immune response but the results are not significant statistically. In treated group, grossly liver, lungs, spleen, kidney and intestine showed congestion, while brain had echymotic hemorrhage in treated group. However, no observable gross lesions were observed in control group. Histopathological lesions were observed in various organs. In liver, lesions comprised of fatty changes, congestion in blood vessels, degeneration and necrosis in hepatocytes with infiltration of leucocytes. Kidney in treated group, revealed interstitial haemorrhage, degenerative and necrotic changes in tubular epithelium, leucocytic infiltration in glomeruli and interstitial spaces and detachment of tubular epithelium from basement membrane. Heart showed congestion along with degenerative changes in myocardial muscle fibre. Lung revealed congestion of blood vessels, thickening of alveolar septa, hemorrhage, emphysema and atalectesis at places, infiltration of leucocytic cells at many places in lung parenchyma. Brain of treated group showed hyperimic blood vessels, vacuolation and degenerative changes in cell body. Intestinal lesions comprised of sloughing of villus epithelium, disrupted villi, and fusion of villi with infiltration of leucocytic cells. Testis revealed detachment of seminiferous epithelium from basement membrane and distortion of seminiferous tubules. Proventriculus showed lymphofollicular reaction in submucosa. Skeletal muscles comprised of necrotic changes with infiltration of leucocytes. Histopathological finding of spleen showed degeneration and necrosis of lymphoid cells leading to depletion of lymphoid tissue. Thymus showed mild hemorrhage and depletion of lymphoid tissue. Bursa of Fabricius revealed depletion of lymphoid tissue. However, no microscopical lesions were observed in control group. Based on the above findings, it is concluded that nanoalumina causes ill effects on the health status of chickens even at maximum tolerable level. It induces structural and functional alteration in various organs of the body and thus causes health hazards leading losses in terms of production. It is suggested that further studies should be carried out in different animal models using varied doses and increased duration to exactly find out the pathological alterations.
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