VARIATIONS IN PHYSIOGNOMY AND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF DIFFERENT LAND USES ALONG ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT IN SOLAN DISTRICT (HP)

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dc.contributor.advisorGUPTA, B.
dc.contributor.authorBHUTIA, PEMPA LAMU
dc.date.accessioned2018-07-11T11:25:02Z
dc.date.available2018-07-11T11:25:02Z
dc.date.issued2018-04-28
dc.description.abstractABSTRACT The present investigation was carried out in Solan district (HP), located between latitude 30°40’ to 31°21’ N and longitude 76.35’ to 77°15’ E covering an area of approximately 1,936 sq km. The district was divided into five elevation zones viz., E1 (<850m), E2 (851-1150m), E3 (1151-1450m), E4 (1451-1750m) and E5 (>1751m). At each elevation, two land uses viz., Miscellaneous and Grasslands were studied for their floristic composition, phytosociology, biomass, carbon stock and soil properties. In miscellaneous land use two types of agroforestry systems were identified a) Agriculture based agroforestry systems viz., agrisilviculture (AS), agrihorticulture (AH), agrisilvihorticulture (ASH), agrihortisilviculture (AHS), and b) Silvipasture systems viz., chir pine silvipasture (SPCP), mixed-trees silvipasture (SPM) and ban oak silvipasture (SPBO). In the former, wheat, mustard, pea and garlic were the main rabi crops, whereas maize, tomato, capsicum, french bean were the main cereal crops in kharif season. Prominent trees in agroforestry systems were: G. optiva, C. australis, F. palmata, B. variegata, M. azadirachta, M. alba and T. ciliata whereas, pear, apricot, pomegranate, lemon, walnut, peach, apple and plum were the major fruit trees in these systems. In silvipasture systems, 121 plant genera with 136 plant species were recorded, whereas in grassland 86 plant genera with 97 plant species were noticed. In chir pine and mixed-trees silvipastures, density (tillers/m2) of herbage vegetation was highest at elevation E1 (712.78, and 717.50, respectively) whereas, in ban oak silvipasture and grasslands it was highest at elevations E3 (537.22) and E2 (947.28), respectively. The highest density of shrubs (plants/m2) in chir pine and mixed-trees silvipastures was recorded at elevation E2 (2583.33 and 3015.00, respectively) whereas, in ban oak silvipasture and grasslands it was highest at elevations E3 (2633.33) and E1 (2411.11), respectively. The aboveground biomass in agriculture based agroforestry systems decreased in the order: ASH (55.29 t ha-1) > AHS (53.54 t ha-1) > AS (44.04 t ha-1) > AH (41.67 t ha- 1). Similarly, belowground and total biomass in them was highest in ASH with their respective values as 20.19 and 75.49 t ha-1 followed by AHS (19.52 and 73.06 t ha-1), AS (16.56 and 60.60 t ha-1) and AH (14.72 and 56.39 t ha-1). In silvipasture systems aboveground biomass was maximum in SPBO (73.33 t ha-1) that decreased to 70.77 t ha-1 in SPCP and 65.02 t ha-1 in SPM, whereas, in grasslands it was 4.29 t ha-1. Maximum belowground biomass was recorded in SPM (22.20 t ha-1) which decreased in the order: SPBO (21.09 t ha-1) > SPCP (19.52 t ha-1), whereas total biomass was highest in SPBO (94.42 t ha-1) followed by SPCP (90.29 t ha-1) and SPM (87.21 t ha-1). In grasslands, belowground and total biomass was recorded as 2.20 t ha-1 and 6.49 t ha-1, respectively. Aboveground biomass carbon in agriculture based agroforestry systems was highest (24.88 t C ha-1) in ASH followed by AHS (24.09 t C ha-1), AS (19.82 t C ha-1) and AH (18.75 t C ha-1). In silvipasture systems it was maximum (33.00 t C ha-1) in SPBO followed by SPCP (31.85 t C ha-1) and SPM (29.25 t C ha-1), and whereas it was 1.93 t C ha-1 in grasslands. Belowground and total carbon stock in vegetation of agriculture based agroforestry systems and silvipasture systems followed the trend observed in belowground biomass and total biomass. In grasslands belowground carbon stock was 0.99 t C ha-1 and total carbon stock was 2.92 t C ha-1. There was increase in carbon stock with increase in elevation in agroforestry systems and silvipasture systems, whereas it was vice-versa in grasslands. In agriculture based agroforestry systems maximum soil carbon density (59.03 t C ha-1) was recorded in ASH that decreased to 58.82 t C ha-1 in AS, 58.32 t C ha-1 in AHS and 57.41 t C ha-1 in AH. In silvipasture systems highest soil carbon density (74.02 t C ha-1) was recorded in SPBO followed by SPM as 73.16 t C ha- 1 and SPCP as 69.76 t C ha-1. In grasslands soil carbon density was 68.64 t C ha-1. Soil properties viz., pH, EC, MC, BD, SOC and microbial population (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes) differed significantly with systems and elevations.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810059155
dc.keywordsLAND USES, ALTITUDITIONAL GRADIANT,SOLAN,HPen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.pages307+XVIen_US
dc.publisherUHF,NAUNIen_US
dc.subSilviculture and Agroforestryen_US
dc.subjectnullen_US
dc.themeLAND USES, ALTITUDITIONAL GRADIANT,SOLAN,HPen_US
dc.these.typePh.Den_US
dc.titleVARIATIONS IN PHYSIOGNOMY AND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF DIFFERENT LAND USES ALONG ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT IN SOLAN DISTRICT (HP)en_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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