PREVALENCE, HAEMATOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OF PARAMPHISTOMOSIS OF DOMESTIC RUMINANTS IN TIRUPATI
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Date
2016-12
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SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA
Abstract
ABSTRACT:
The present study on ‘prevalence, haematological, biochemical and
histopathological observations of paramphistomosis of domestic ruminants in Tirupati’
was conducted in cattle, sheep and goats. A total of 2133 samples (dung, blood, serum,
tissues and amphistome specimens) from slaughtered domestic ruminants was examined. In
direct faecal smear examination, an overall prevalence of 24.29 percent of paramphistomosis
infection was recorded, whereas in faecal sedimentation method, 32.51 percent was observed.
In cattle, the prevalence of infection by direct faecal smear and faecal sedimentation methods
were 17.43 and 31.19 percent, respectively. In sheep, the prevalence rates were recorded
higher than cattle. In goats, the prevalence of paramphistomosis by direct faecal smear
examination was 20.66 percent, whereas by faecal sedimentation method, it was 30.52
percent. Out of 109 cattle carcasses, in 47 cases (43.12) amphistomes were found in rumen,
reticulum and bileduct during slaughterhouse examination. In sheep and goat, the prevalence
rates were 42.15 and 40.85 percent, respectively by slaughterhouse examination. Age-wise,
higher prevalence was recorded in cattle of 2-4 years followed by older animals of above 4
years and young animals of <2 years. Slightly higher prevalence (26.79%) was noticed in >1-
2 years old sheep than <1year age group. In goats, the prevalence of infection was lower in
the age group of <1year, when compared to their counterparts in sheep. Based on
slaughterhouse study, the sheep of <1 year old were more infected (56.28%) than >1-2 years
old sheep (36.85%). In contrast, the higher prevalence was noticed in >1-2 years (63.27%)
than < 1 year old goats (21.74%). Sex-wise, the prevalence of infection in male cattle was
slightly higher than females by direct faecal smear and slaughterhouse examinations, whereas
in sedimentation method, female animals showed higher infection than male. The prevalence
of infection in female sheep was higher than male sheep. Overall, statistically no significance
difference was observed between male and females, in respect to their diagnostic method.
Blood samples were screened for haematological observations such as PCV, Hb and
RBC counts. Statistically, significant difference was noted between immature amphistomosis
and uninfected groups of cattle, sheep and goats. No significant difference was noted between
infected and uninfected animals of cattle and sheep in relation to PCV, Hb and RBC values,
but in goats significant difference was observed. In DLC, statistically, no significant
difference was observed in immature, infected and uninfected amphistomosis cattle. In
immature and uninfected sheep, neutrophil and monocyte values showed significant
alterations, but in goats it was in neutrophil and lymphocytes. Serum sample screening
revealed, low levels of total proteins and albumins in immature amphistomosis infected
cattle, sheep and goats.
Gross and histopathological changes of amphistome infected rumen, reticulum and
bile duct were observed. The adult amphistome parasites invading the rumen mucosa by
sucker and plugging of mucosa of bile duct was noticed in cattle. In the bile duct of cattle,
massive and extensive infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes and monocytes in between
acinar structures was recorded. Hyperplasia of bile duct, degenerative changes and necrotic
changes in acinar mucosal lining epithelial cells were appreciated prominently. In immature
amphistomosis, duodenum of sheep revealed thickened and edematous; mucosal surface was
severely congested, petechial haemorrhages and necrosis were also noticed.
Histopathological studies of infected duodenum of sheep revealed, plugging of the mucosa
with sucker and extensive infiltration of macrophages and plasma cells deep into the mucosa.
Based on morphology, 5 amphistomes were recognized viz., Cotylophoron
cotylophorum, Paramphistomum cervi, Gastrothylax crumenifer, Fischoederius elongatus
and Gigantocotyle explanatum. Mixed infections were noticed higher at 50, 73.6 and 62
percent, in cattle, sheep and goat, respectively. In immature amphistomosis infected
ruminants, haematological and biochemical parameters were estimated and showed a great
variation and microscopic examination of duodenal wall scrapings revealed immature
amphistomes.
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