Natural dyes from Pseudomonas fluorescens: Extraction, characterization and optimization of dyeing process for textiles
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Date
2007-12
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G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand)
Abstract
The textile industry which is among most polluting industries, witnesses an increased demand for dyes and finishes which are multifunctional and are preferably eco-friendly and renewable. Natural dyes are being looked at as an “Eco-solution” to the ill effects of synthetic dyes. The Indian textile exporters have resorted to the use of natural dyes so that the products appeal to the green minded consumer. Therefore, present study has been taken for optimization of fermentation conditions for pigment production and dyeing variables for dyeing of natural fibers i.e. silk, wool and cotton with natural dye extracted from two isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens using different mordants. Pigments from both the isolates were extracted, characterized and their related inherent properties were studied. In case of strain Pf-24 Modified King’s B agar medium at pH-7.0 was optimized which incubated at 25ºC for 2 days. Isolate Pf-27 was inoculated on broth medium at pH-7.0 and incubated in stationary incubator at 25ºC for 5 days for getting maximum pigment of desired colour. FTIR and NMR spectroscopy characterized that both the pigments were classified under phenazine derivatives. Two gram concentration of both the dyes at pH-5 gave best results on silk and wool at 70ºC for 60 minutes. In case of cotton skeins dyeing, 4gm concentration of both the dyes at pH-9, 90ºC for 75 minutes was selected as optimum. The M: L ratio was kept as 1:30 in both the cases. Simultaneous mordanting method selected for metallic mordants on all type of yarns whereas pre-mordanting method was selected for natural mordants. Three gram amla, pomegranate rind and walnut bark, 4.0g tea leaves were found to produce best results with dye from Pf-24 on silk and wool samples. The optimum concentration was 4.0g for babool bark and pomegranate rind, 3.0g for tea leaves for dyeing cotton yarns. In case of dye extracted from Pf-27 same concentration of all the natural mordants for silk, 3.0g for wool and. 4.0g for cotton were selected. For silk and wool dyeing 0.02g ferrous sulphate, copper sulphate, alum and 0.03g tartaric acid selected as optimum with the dye from Pf-24. Cotton skeins were mordanted with 0.02g ferrous sulphate, alum and 0.03g tannic acid In case of dye extracted from Pf-27, 0.02g copper sulphate and 0.03g ferrous sulphate, alum and tannic acid gave bright shades on silk samples. In case of wool samples, 0.03g ferrous sulphate and 0.02g copper sulphate, alum and tannic acid and for cotton 0.02g ferrous sulphate and 0.03g alum and tannic acid were recommended. All the natural as well as metallic mordants improved the colourfastness of dyed samples. Colour coordinates and depth of colour of various dyed and mordanted samples were evaluated. In most of the cases, mordants gave higher depth to the samples. Negligible toxicity in both the dyes was observed to mammalian cells as well as for silkworm. All the experimental dyed fabrics were also found safe to use and they were not harmful to human skins. Maximum increase in UPF was observed in case of samples dyed with dye extracted from Pf-27 as compared to samples dyed with Pf-24. Antimicrobial activity of both the dyes was assessed which showed better antimicrobial activity against gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus than gram negative bacteria, E. coli.
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