IN VITRO EVALUATION OF ANTICOCCIDIAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED EDIBLE NUT BY-PRODUCTS ON EIMERIA OOCYSTS OF POULTRY
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Date
2022-06
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SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of methanolic extracts from cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut peel, green coconut (Cocos nucifera) endocarp, almond (Terminalia catappa) hulls and partially developed groundnut (Arachis hypogea) kernel on sporulation and morphology of oocysts of Eimeria species of poultry. Sporulation inhibition bioassay was used to evaluate the activity of four extracts on the sporulation of coccidian oocysts. In this assay, unsporulated oocysts were exposed to five (300, 100, 30, 10, and 3 mg/ml) concentrations of each extract in distilled water in Petri dishes and cell-culture plates while salinomycin, ethopabate, formalin and potassium dichromate solution served as control groups. The Petri dishes and cell-culture plates were partially covered to allow the passage of oxygen and incubated at 25-29°C for 48 h, providing 80% humidity. The sporulation of the oocyst was confirmed by examining sporocysts under microscope at 40x at the end of incubation. The methalolic extracts of A. occidentale peel and T. catappa hulls showed significant (P<0.01) inhibitory effect (88.58±0.39 and 79.24±0.83%, respectively) at highest concentration of 300 mg/ml on sporulation of Eimeria oocysts in comparison with negative control, with reference drugs i.e., salinomycin, ethopabate and formalin (10%) (92.91±1.80, 84.64±2.73 and 98.03±1.04%, respectively) being more effective than the plant extracts. The inhibition of sporulation was not dose dependent for A. occidentale nut peel and T. catappa hulls extracts. At highest concentration (300 mg/ml) the rate of sporulation inhibition by C. nucifera endocarp and partially developed A. hypogea kernels was 8.07±2.34 and 1.43±0.75 per cent respectively, which was imperceptible in comparison with the reference drugs. Extracts of A. occidentale peel induced 50% inhibition at lower concentration (1.099 μg/ml) compared to T. catappa extract (7.627 μg/ml). All four extracts also damaged the normal morphology and shape of the Eimeria oocysts. Thin Layer Chromatography analysis and qualitative phytochemical screening of extracts revealed presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, triterpenoids and alkaloids that might be responsible for the anticoccidial effects noticed. In conclusion, this in vitro study suggests that A. occidentale peel and T. catappa hulls have promising anticoccidial effects.
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