STUDY ON TOXIC EFFECTS OF IMIDACLOPRID AND ITS AMELIORATION IN LAYER BIRDS
| dc.contributor.advisor | ANAND KUMAR, A (Major) | |
| dc.contributor.advisor | SRILATHA, Ch | |
| dc.contributor.advisor | SREENIVASULU, D | |
| dc.contributor.advisor | MOULI KRISHNA, K | |
| dc.contributor.author | SASIDHAR BABU, N | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2017-06-10T17:32:09Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2017-06-10T17:32:09Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2014-05 | |
| dc.description | THESES | en_US |
| dc.description.abstract | ABSTRACT : The present study on “Toxic effects of imidacloprid and its amelioration in layer birds” at definite time periods in different groups for 90 days was designed to elucidate the haematological, biochemical, immunological, oxidative stress, histopathological as well as ultra-structural alterations induced by imidacloprid and also to evaluate the protective effect of vitamin C and Withania somnifera on imidacloprid induced toxicity. The study was carried out on 48 layer birds of above 2 months age that were divided into six groups consisting of 8 in each. The experiment was carried out according to the guidelines and prior approval of Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. All the birds were provided with standard diet and deionized water ad libitum, throughout the experimental period of 90 days. All the experimental birds were placed in cages in the Department of Poultry Science and allowed to acclimatize for about week days and were observed thrice daily for clinical signs and mortality if any, during the entire period of study. The experimental design is as follows: Group 1 served as control, group 2 was treated with imidacloprid @ 200 ppm in feed, group 3 was treated with vitamin C @ 200 ppm in feed, group 4 was treated with both imidacloprid@200ppm and vitamin C 200ppm, group 5 was treated with Withania somnifera @ 500 ppm in feed and group 6 was treated with imidacloprid @ 200 ppm in feed + Vitamin C @ 200 ppm in feed + Withania somnifera @ 500 ppm in feed. Clinical signs exhibited by the birds during the course of experiment were, the birds in groups 1, 3, and 6 were apparently healthy and the birds in group 2 were apparently healthy up to the end of 30 days, but later they started showing clinical symptoms like reduced feed intake, dullness, diarrhoea, decreased size of eggs and reduced production, with increasing severity as per the advancement in age. Reduction in body weights was observed in group 2 in comparison to group 1 and in groups 4 and 6 weights increased significantly (P < 0.05) in comparison to group 2. Haematological studies revealed insignificant (P < 0.05) decrease of TEC, Hb concentration and PCV, TLC and DLC were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in birds of group 2 in comparison to groups 1, 3 and 5. In groups 4 and 6, insignificant (P < 0.05) decrease in all the above parameters was noted in comparison to group 2. The biochemical assays showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction of glucose, total protein and albumin in group 2 in comparison to groups 1, 3, 5 & 6. In group 4, no significant difference was observed but in group 6 significant difference was observed when compared to group 2. In groups 2, 4 and 6, the serum creatinine, BUN levels, AST and ALT activity were significantly (P < 0.05) increased when compared to groups 1, 3 and 5. The tissue biochemical profile revealed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in GSH concentration and increase in TBARS levels in liver of group 2. Group 3 value was insignificant from control and group 4 showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in comparison to group 2. Grossly, group 2 birds on day 60 showed congested and enlarged livers with rounded boarders and atrophied spleens and the severity of the lesions were slightly higher on day 90. Histopathologically, in group 2, at 30 days- mild fatty change, mild degenerative and necrotic changes in the hepatic lobules were observed. At 60 days- all the above mentioned lesions were moderate and focal areas of franc necrosis were noted. At 90 days – prominent lesions like moderate to severe fatty change, central vein congestion, engorged sinusoids, severe degenerative and necrotic changes and focal aggregation of lymphoid cells was recorded. In group 4, at 60 days- mild degenerative changes and at 90 days- mild to moderate degeneration in the hepatic lobules was noted. In group 6, at 60 days and 90 days– mild degenerative changes in the hepatic lobules were noted. In group 2, kidney at 30 days- inter-tubular hemorrhages was observed. At 60 days- congestion, inter-tubular hemorrhages, moderate tubular degeneration, atrophied glomeruli and focal necrotic areas was noted. At 90 days – prominent / severe lesions like tubular degeneration, atrophied glomeruli, mesangeal cell proliferation and vacuolation was recorded. In group 4, at 30 days - degenerative changes in tubules are observed. At 60 days- mild to moderate changes, inter-tubular congestion and hemorrhages and at 90 days- moderate lesions were noted. In group 6, at 90 days– mild degenerative changes in the tubules was noted. In group 2, hearts, at 30 days- mild degeneration and separation of muscle bundles was observed. At 60 days- moderate degeneration and separation of muscle bundles was noted. At 90 days- moderate to severe lesions like endocardial hemorrhages, degeneration and separation of muscle bundles was recorded. In groups 4 and 6 at 60 days- mild degenerative changes and at 90 days- moderate degenerative changes in cardiac muscle bundles was noted. In gizzard and proventriculus, no lesions of pathological significance were observed in any of the groups at any point of time. Ruptured villi in intestines, loss of islets in pancreas, depletion of lymphocytes in spleen, mild to moderate congestion and disrupted ovarian follicles, mild to moderate loss of glandular epithelial cells in uterus with few epithelial cells showing foamy cytoplasm and hyperplasia of myometrium and in brain focal areas of degeneration, mild glial cell proliferation and satellitosis in group 2 was recorded at 90 days. The lesions were improved in groups 4 and 6. Ultrastructurally, in group 2, at 90 days ultra-thin sections of liver revealed swollen nuclei, mild to moderate margination, disruption and clumping of chromatin in nucleoplasm, collapsed and thickened nuclear membrane, hyperplasia of rough endoplasmic reticulum, peri-nuclear and intercellular cell junctions fat depots, degenerated hepatocytes, thick, vesicular cytoplasm and pleomorphic, condensed mitochondria. Sections of kidney showed loss of endothelial and epithelial cells, vesicular nuclei, degeneration of tubular epithelium with loose inter cellular junctions, swollen, disrupted nuclei, margination of chromatin material (apoptosis), vacuoles in the cytoplasm, pleomorphic, pyknotic nuclei, disturbed shape and size of mitochondria. The studies on imidacloprid toxicity @ 200 ppm for 90 days in birds resulted majorly in nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, toxicity on reproductive organs, followed by mild to moderate cardiac and neuro toxicity. Moderate immunosuppression was exhibited. Altered body weights, haematological, biochemical, histological and ultrastructural parameters were recorded which might be due to imidacloprid- induced oxidative stress that resulted in depletion of GSH. The alterations in biochemical parameters were supported by histological and ultrastructural changes in kidney and liver. Supplementation of vitamin C @ 200 ppm in feed and Withania somnifera @ 500 ppm in feed resulted in moderate protection by repair and regeneration of damaged tissues to counteract the toxic effects of imidacloprid. | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810019315 | |
| dc.keywords | LAYER BIRDS; IMIDACLOPRID; AMELIORATION | en_US |
| dc.language.iso | en | en_US |
| dc.pages | 89 | en_US |
| dc.publisher | SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517502. (A.P.) INDIA | en_US |
| dc.sub | Veterinary Pathology | en_US |
| dc.subject | null | en_US |
| dc.theme | STUDY ON TOXIC EFFECTS OF IMIDACLOPRID AND ITS AMELIORATION IN LAYER BIRDS | en_US |
| dc.these.type | Ph.D | en_US |
| dc.title | STUDY ON TOXIC EFFECTS OF IMIDACLOPRID AND ITS AMELIORATION IN LAYER BIRDS | en_US |
| dc.type | Thesis | en_US |