Thesis

Browse

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 741

Open Access
Development of an indirect ELISA and study of immune response to Clostridium chauvoei in cattle
(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-08-17) Tejaswi; Gupta, Akhil Kumar
In the present study, an Indirect ELISA was developed to demonstrate antibodies against Black quarter (B.Q.) vaccine antigen. The B.Q. vaccine antigen was retrieved from the vaccine formulation by dialysis to remove the formalin and was used as antigen. The hyper immune serum raised in rabbits against B.Q. vaccine antigen was used as positive control in ELISA development. The optimized dilutions of the reagent used in ELISA were 5 µg/ml for coating antigen; 1:200 dilution for hyper-immune rabbit serum; 1:200 dilution for pre-immune Rabbit serum; 1:200 dilution for Cattle serum and 1:8000 dilution for Protein G HRP conjugate. The cut-off value (mean+3SD) for the developed ELISA calculated using the naive calf serum (n=37) was found to be 0.347135. In this study, the animals kept at Animal Farm, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding were divided into three groups with 10 animals in each group: Group I (calves; < 9- month age), Group II (heifers; 18-to-26-month age), and Group III (adults; > 26-months age). In Group I 70% of the calves; in Group II 90% of the heifers and in Group III 100% of the adults showed one month post vaccination immune response (in terms of OD450) above cut-off value. However, the kinetics of the immune response studied over a period of six months was found to be aberrant which required to be further investigated. Based on the above study, we can conclude that some preliminary base had been developed and further improvement and refinement is required in the ELISA so that we can calculate sero-conversion in vaccinated animals in terms of antibody titer
Open Access
Study on the prevalence, molecular characterization and genomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus causing subclinical mastitis in buffaloes
(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-06-15) Ojasvita; Bhanot,Vandna
Subclinical mastitis is relatively difficult to detect due to the absence of any visible indications. Information about the prevalence of the disease along with associated risk factors in Haryana is not available amidst their importance for public health and the economy. The goal of the current study was to assess the prevalence ofsubclinical mastitis in buffaloes along with associated risk factors with special reference to Staphylococcus aureus in the Haryana, molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance, biofilm and virulence associated genes and further MLST (multi locus sequence typing) analysis to define the sequence types of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from sub clinical mastitis in buffaloes in Haryana.A total of 3200 quarter milk samples from 800 apparently healthy lactating buffaloes from 20 districts of Haryana were analyzed.Overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes of Haryana is observed 35.4%. This is the first report on prevalence of subclinical mastitis and its associated risk factors in buffaloes of Haryana and the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus associated with SCM was 30.5%. Significant difference in prevalence of SCM was observed quarter wise, leg tie of animal and type of roof. No significant difference in prevalence of SCM was observed on basis of breed, pregnancy status, history of repeat breeding and visitor, vectors, milk yield, lactation etc. Maximum sensitivity was recorded for Gentamicin (87.57%) against S.aureus isolates.In the present study out of 519 Staphylococcus spp. isolated from bovine milk samples 352 isolates were identified as S. aureus by PCR assay. Out of 352 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from subclinical mastitis Methicillin resistant genes detected (mecA13.5%), biofilm forming (icaD11.64%, icaA11.36%),Toxic shocks syndrome gene (Tsst-1 9.37%), Enterotoxin gene (sec 8.52%, sea 8.23%, sed4.54%,seb 2.84%, see1.7%)and Exfiolative gene (etb3.97%, eta3.12%). Performed MLST (multi locus sequence typing) analysis to define the sequence types isolated from sub clinical mastitis in buffalo.Fourteen sequence type ST5113,ST5273, ST5420,ST5419, ST79O4, ST1947,ST867, ST5180, ST2990, ST2454, ST4975, ST5416, ST5273, ssST3987:Three clonal complex CC1,CC8,CC22 and four novel allele* gmk: Novel allele (isolate6),* arcC: Novel allele(isolate7),ptaNovel allele(isolate5),* arcC: Novel allele(isolate5) were reported in our study.In our study CC8 -ST2454 were identified from Karnal & Ambala.This study could help to identify predominant clones and provide surveillance measures to decrease the incidence of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes in Haryana.
Open Access
Modification of foxnut starch and its application in low fat Yogurt
(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-09) Anuj; Arora,Shalini
The demand for dairy products is steadily increasing worldwide. Yogurt, being a healthy beverage, is preferred by consumers but due to health reasons, desires lower fat content in the product. However, reducing the fat content in yogurt can result in a loss of its original texture and consistency. To address this issue, texturizing agent could be added to produce low-fat yogurt. In this study, we aimed to develop foxnut starch based novel texturizing agent by physical modification. Further, the developed product was evaluated of its effectiveness in low-fat yogurt. Two different physical modification approaches, namely heat moisture treatment (HMT) at moisture levels of 20%, 25%, and 30% for 4 and 8 hours, respectively, at 110ºC, and annealing at 50ºC and 55ºC for 6 and 12 hours, respectively, were employed. The modified starch samples were analysed for their functional, colour, and pasting properties. Based on the desired functionality and pasting properties, the HMT modified starch treated at 20% moisture for 4 hours and the annealing modified starch at 55ºC for 6 hours were selected for application in low-fat yogurt. The native foxnut starch exhibited a swelling power of 2.98g/g, solubility of 9.28%, oil absorption capacity (OAC) of 0.32g/g, emulsifying capacity (EC) of 89.39%, and water absorption capacity (WAC) of 1.91g/g. The pasting temperature and oil absorption capacity showed a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) after the HMT and annealing processes. On the other hand, starch solubility and swelling power decrease significantly (p≤0.05) with increasing moisture levels, temperature, and treatment duration during HMT and annealing. The addition of modified starch significantly reduced syneresis in low-fat yogurt from 11.55% (control) to 8.28%, while water holding capacity increased from 33.4% (control) to 39.11% at a 2.0% modified starch level. Starch contributed to water retention, decreased syneresis, and enhanced mouth feel, colour, and body of the yogurt. The optimal concentration of modified starch for improving the texture, body, and overall acceptability of yogurt with reduced syneresis was found to be up to 1%. Beyond this limit (starch concentration above 1%), it resulted in undesirable sensory attributes such as chalkiness, lumpiness, reduced tongue spread ability, and excessive hardness.
Open Access
Epidemiology, molecular identification and resistance profile of gastrointestinal nematodes among equines of Haryana
(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-09) Pradeep Kumar; Vohra,Sukhdeep
The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites (GIP), their molecular identification and anthelmintic resistance in equines of Haryana. A total of 1500 faecal samples i.e. horses (967), donkeys (178) and mules (355) from three agro-climatic zones of Haryana were screened. The prevalence of GIP in horses, donkeys and mules were 56.05%, 57.87% and 59.15%, respectively; in semi-arid, sub-humid and arid zone were 63.60%, 57.00% and 50.40%, respectively; in monsoon, summer, winter and spring season were 91.47%, 68.00%, 40.27% and 28.27%, respectively; in young, adult and old were 62.62%, 47.43% and 45.83%, respectively; in male and female were 64.14% and 53.95%, respectively; in faecal consistency having diarrhoea and non-diarrhoea were 70.83% and 54.05%, respectively; in poor and good body condition score were 62.68% and 55.72%, respectively; in roughage, mix ration (roughage+concentrate) and concentrate feeding history were 69.72%, 60.80% and 54.37%, respectively; in non-dewormed and dewormed animals were 72.36% and 53.55%, respectively; in kachha and pakka floor were 70.46% and 53.90%, respectively and in grazing, mixed (grazing+stall) and stall feeding were 77.30%, 54.73% and 52.67%, respectively. The prevalence of eggs of strongyle, amphistomes Parascaris equorum, Strongyloides westeri, Oxyuris equi, Eimeria leuckarti, Habronema/Draschia spp., Anoplocephala and Fasciola were 28.33%, 12.27%, 5.60%, 2.47%, 2.00%, 1.53%, 1.00%, 0.93% and 0.87%, repectively.The coproculture examination revealed larvae of cythostomes, S. vulgaris, S. edentatus S. equinus and Strongyloides westeri in all the species of equines. The molecular identification of GIP using PCR revealed a specific product size of approximately 310 bp and 410 bp for large and small strongyles, respectively. The anthelmintic resistance using FECRT revealed resistance to fenbendazole and pyrantal pamoate and susceptibility to ivermectin. The EHA shows resistance in arid and semi-arid zone and susceptible in sub-humid zone to benzimidazole. The AS-PCR revealed 40.00% (SS) homozygous susceptible, 28.33% (rr) homozygous resistant and 31.66% (rS) heterozygous susceptible with 56% (r) resistant allele and 44% (S) susceptible allele in equines.
Open Access
Development of ice cream incorporated with Spirulina platensis and inulin
(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-06) Rathore,Jyotsana; .Monika Rani
The study was conducted to develop a low sugar functional ice cream by incorporating Spirulina platensis and inulin at various levels individually as well as in combination along with other ingredients. On the basis of sensory evaluation, out of twenty-five treatments (four variations with Spirulina platensis, four with inulin, sixteen combinations of both including control), one treatment was selected from each group, namely S2 from Spirulina platensis ice cream, I4 from inulin ice cream, and S2I4 from the combination group. The selected treatments underwent further analysis for proximate composition, physicochemical parameters, whipping ability, melting rate, overrun, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content. The ice cream formulations I4 and S2I4 showed 3 % lower sugar, while S2 and S2I4 were having 17.89% higher protein, and 9.6 times higher iron content. Moreover, the formulation (S2 and S2I4) exhibits 2 times higher antioxidant activity. The Spirulina platensis and inulin incorporation improved whipping ability and increased overrun values, leading to a longer meltdown time, thus enhancing the ice cream's stability during consumption. Further the selected treatment (S2I4) was further studied for storage at freezing temperature (-18 to -20oC). The physicochemical properties of the S2I4 treatment showed lower pH and higher titrable acidity, which changed during storage but remained within acceptable limits and the presence of Spirulina platensis powder resulted in a darker color and a greener hue, while inulin had no significant impact on color. On organoleptic evaluation, the final treatment (S2I4) maintained its high sensory scores for up to 30 days, making it safe for consumption. Microbiological analysis indicated that the microbial counts (Standard plate count, coliform count, psychrotrophic count) of developed ice cream were within safety limits defined by FSSAI. Furthermore, cost economics study revealed a slightly higher cost of the developed S2I4 ice cream compared to the control, but the superior nutritional and sensory attributes justified the difference.
Restricted
An assessment of livelihood security and impact on well-being of rural women practicing dairy farming in state of Haryana
(LUVAS Hisar, 2024-04) Rachna; Gautam
This study examined the livelihood security and well-being of 180 rural women engaged in dairy farming in Haryana, India, where the dairy sector has grown substantially. The study finds that milk and milk products contribute significantly to food security, while other dimensions of livelihood security, such as shelter, education, and social security, vary among respondents. The majority of respondents were in the medium category of livelihood security. The study also assessed well-being across ten capabilities, such as life, bodily health, affiliation, emotions, and practical reasons. It was seen that keeping animals was perceived as having positive effects on some capabilities, such as life expectancy and bodily health, but negative or neutral effects on others, such as affiliation and emotions. The study also explored how keeping animals affects the respondents‘ ability to engage in other species, play, and control their environment. Most respondents did not think that keeping animals has a negative impact on these capabilities. The study ranked the constraints faced by the respondents, such as high cost of animal feeds and poor availability of fodder, as the most serious, while issues such as difficulty in storing milk in the summer season and lack of loan facilities were least serious. The study analyzed the factors that influenced the respondents‘ livelihood security and constraint perception, such as education, caste, landholding, herd size, annual income, and economic motivation. It is argued that there is a need for empower women in the dairy sector by challenging the stereotypes and norms that limit their opportunities. Also, it is suggested that it is essential to promote genderresponsive dairy technologies and practices that can improve the productivity, resilience, and incomes of women farmers, by intervening in different services such as animal health services, milk markets, sale and purchase, credit institutions, and so on.
Open Access
Development of reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of porcine sapelovirus
(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-04) Kaur, Ramandeep; Sushila Maan
Porcine Sapelovirus (PSV) A, a member of newly classified genus Sapelovirus, belongs to family Picornaviridae. PSV is non-enveloped virus with icosahedral symmetry with diameter of around ~35nm and the genome is a linear, non-segmented, single-stranded positive-sense RNA. PSV infection in pigs is mostly asymptomatic, but it can also cause severe neurologic, enteric, and respiratory symptoms or reproductive failure. Sapelovirus infections have been reported worldwide in pigs. PSV is considered as the emerging pathogen of porcine species. For the virus detection, isothermal Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) were developed. The RT-RPA assay was developed using commercially synthesized positive control and primers based on 5´conserved region of PSV genome. The assay was optimized at low and constant temperature of 35°C for 20 minutes with forward primer concentration 20pm, reverse primer concentration 5pm and MgOAc concentration of 14mM. The analytical sensitivity of assay was determined using serial dilutions of positive control. The limit of detection was up to 283 copies using agarose gel electrophoresis. The assay was specific to PSV and no cross reactivity was observed with other related viruses. The assay was validated using field samples followed by visual assay for detection. A total 85 samples were collected from different organized and unorganized piggery farms of Haryana. Out of 85 samples 21 samples were found positive for PSV. The positivity rate of PSV was 24.7%. This is the first report of PSV from Haryana suggesting the virus circulation among pig population. Therefore, the above study concludes that the developed RT-RPA assay is rapid, highly sensitive and specific and works at low, constant temperature and do not require any special instrument. Visual dye-based detection makes the developed RPA assay a potential candidate for pointof-care testing (POCT).
Open Access
Pathomorphological, molecular and immunohistochemical studies on respiratory pathogens in ruminants with special reference to parainfluenza virus type 3
(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-07) Sharma,Rakshita; Gulshan Narang
The present study was conducted on 120 ruminant carcasses (53 buffaloes, 18 cattle, 15 sheep and 34 goats) suspected for respiratory affections presented to the post mortem hall of Department of Veterinary Pathology, LUVAS, Hisar. Age wise mortality was more in calves (up to 8 months of age) followed by adults (more than 8 months) in case of buffaloes and cattle whereas, in case of sheep and goats, it was more in adults (more than 6 months) followed by young ones (up to 6 months). Sex wise mortality was more in females as compared to males in buffaloes, sheep and goats. However, in case of cattle, mortality was higher in males as compared to females. Samples comprising of lung, tracheal swab and heart blood subjected for bacteriological isolation and further confirmation by VITEK 2 system revealed bacterial growth in 61(50.83 %) cases (26 buffaloes, 11 cattle, 6 sheep and 18 goats). However, in 59 cases no bacterial growth was obtained. From 61 cases, different types of bacterial species (21 from buffaloes, 13 from cattle, 08 from sheep and 11 from goats) were identified, out of which Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae spp. Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Streptococcus spp. were major bacterial isolates. Major gross lesions included hyperaemia in nasal turbinate, congestion and haemorrhages in trachea and hydrothorax. Lungs revealed congestion, haemorrhages, consolidation, emphysema, fibrin deposition over pleura and multiple abscesses. Vascular changes were observed in spleen and lung associated lymph nodes. Microscopic examination of nasal turbinate revealed rhinitis, deciliation and desquamation and trachea showed vascular changes, tracheitis and desquamation of epithelium. Different types of pneumonia diagnosed were serous pneumonia (5 buffaloes, 1 cattle, 5 sheep and 11 goats); suppurative pneumonia (1 buffalo and 1 goat); fibrinous pneumonia (1 buffalo); serofibrinous pneumonia (8 buffaloes, 1 cattle, 2 sheep and 3 goats); interstitial pneumonia (10 buffaloes, 4 cattle, 1 sheep and 2 goats); sero-interstitial pneumonia (4 buffaloes and 3 goats); sero-fibrinous interstitial pneumonia (2 buffaloes, 3 cattle and 4 sheep); serofibrinous bronchopneumonia (2 buffaloes, 4 cattle and 2 goats); suppurative bronchopneumonia (4 buffaloes, 2 cattle and 4 goats); serofibrinous pleuro-bronchopneumonia (1 buffalo); broncho-interstitial pneumonia (1 buffalo and 1 cattle); pyogranulomatous pneumonia/mycotic pneumonia (1 buffalo); caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia (1 sheep). Pulmonary adenomatosis was also diagnosed in a sheep. In buffaloes, interstitial pneumonia was most common whereas, in cattle, interstitial pneumonia and serofibrinous bronchopneumonia were present in equal proportion. Serous pneumonia was the most common affection in sheep and goats. Lung associated lymph nodes showed lymphadenitis, disruption of lymphoid follicle; spleen revealed splenitis and depletion of lymphocytes. In lungs different types of pneumonia were evident. P. multocida in lung samples was detected in 7.55 % (4/53) cases of buffaloes; 5.55 % (1/18) cases of cattle; 6.67 % (1/15) cases of sheep and 5.88 % (2/34) cases of goats by conventional PCR targeting KMT1 gene. M. haemolytica in lung samples was detected in 7.55 % (4/53) cases of buffaloes; 5.55 % (1/18) cases of cattle; 20 % (3/15) cases of sheep and 8.82 % (3/34) cases of goats by PCR targeting rpt2 gene. Virulence associated gene (lktC) of M. haemolytica in lung samples was detected in 7.55 % (4/53) cases of buffaloes; 20 % (3/15) cases of sheep and 8.82 % (3/34) cases of goats. BPI-3 was detected in 5.66 % (3/53) cases of buffaloes; 6.67 % (1/15) cases of sheep and 2.94 % (1/34) cases of goats by targeting nucleocapsid gene. P. multocida antigen was detected in randomly selected lung tissues of 49 cases using hyperimmune sera raised in mouse. The species wise immunopositive reaction for P. multocida included 63.15% (12/19) in buffalo, 37.50 % (03/08) in cattle, 66.67 % (06/15) in sheep and 75 % (11/12) in goat cases. On comparison of bacteriological, PCR and immunohistochemistry technique for the detection of P. multocida, immunohistochemistry was found to be more sensitive followed by PCR and then culture method.
Open Access
Effect of pellet diets with or without phytogenic feed additives on performance of broilers
(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-04) Devika; Sihag,Zile Singh
A trial of 42 days was carried out to study the effect of pellet diets with or without phytogenic feed additives on performance of broilers. A total of 240, day-old commercial broiler chicks were randomly distributed into eight dietary treatments with three replicates per treatment and each replicate had ten birds. Ashwagandha and shatavari were used as herbal feed additives. The basal diet was formulated as per BIS (2007) specifications. The treatments included T1: Basal diet + antibiotics (mash form), T2: Basal diet + antibiotics (pellet form), T3: Basal diet + 1% Ashwagandha powder (mash form), T4: Basal diet + 0.5% Ashwagandha powder (pellet form), T5: Basal diet + 1% Ashwagandha powder (pellet form), T6: Basal diet + 1% Shatavari powder (mash form), T7: Basal diet + 0.5% Shatavari powder (pellet form) and T8: Basal diet + 1% Shatavari powder (pellet form). Body weight (g/bird), Feed intake (g/bird) and FCR improved significantly (P<0.05) after supplementing the diet with phytogenic feed additives and the best results were observed in 1% Ashwagandha supplemented group in pellet form. In between the control groups, the pelleted diet fed group had better growth performance than mash diet fed group. Dietary supplementation of 1% Ashwagandha in pellet form resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher DM metabolizability and gross energy metabolizability as compared to control. Nitrogen retention was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in groups T3, T5, T6 and T8. The carcass traits were found to be significantly (P<0.05) better in 1% Ashwagandha supplemented group in pellet form. The Hb levels and TLC count were found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher in all Shatavari supplemented groups while decreased % of heterophils and increased % of lymphocytes thereby, reducing heterophil: lymphocyte ratio in T6, T7 and T8 groups compared to control. No significant effect of pelleting was observed on haematological parameters. Significant reduction in serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels was observed in 1% Ashwagandha and 1% Shatavari supplemented groups. Inclusion of 0.5% and 1% Ashwagandha and Shatavari powder resulted in significant improvement in HDL and reduction in LDL as compared with control. But no effect of pelleting was observed on serum parameters. A significant reduction in E.colicount was recorded in the T3 and T5 groups compared to control. Higher values of Lactobacilli were observed in all herbal additives supplemented groups. Highest villi height andVillus height: Villi depth of intestinal crypts was recorded in 1% Ashwagandha supplemented group in pellet form. The activity of antioxidant enzymes; SOD and Catalase was observed in groups T3, T5, T6 and T8. Thus, the dietary supplementation of Ashwagandha root powder and Shatavari root powder leads to significant improvement in the growth performance, nutrient metabolizability and hematological indices; possess potent hypocholestrolemic, and gut microbiota stabilizing effects, thus help in achieving a profitable and feasible poultry production. The feeding of pelleted ration also improved the growth performance of birds and this will help in establishing profitable poultry farming.

Thesis

Browse

Thesis Type

Type

Author

Date

Subject

Search Results