OCCURRENCE OF CARBAPENEMASE AND EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASE PRODUCING MAJOR ENTERIC BACTERIA IN FARMED PIGS AND HOUSE FLIES FROM FARM PREMISES
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Date
2022-09-22
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COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY
Abstract
Intensively farmed pigs may act as a potential source of drug resistant bacteria due to
the use of antibiotics as feed additives or growth promoters apart from their therapeutic
purposes. Similarly, house flies in and around farm premises make effective contact with
animals, manure and the environment thereby transmitting anti-microbial resistant bacteria to
the food chain finally reaching humans. Hence, a study was designed to explore the
antimicrobial resistance in E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from fecal samples of the in house reared pig and flies trapped at farm premises. A total of 210 representative pig rectal
swabs and 30 pools of flies (15 pools from farm settings and 15 pools from non-farm settings)
were collected from different farms of Wayanad district and processed for bacteriological
culture. The recovery rate of E. coli from fly was 100 per cent and that from fecal samples was
96.7 per cent and Salmonella spp. were recovered from 13.33 per cent of flies from farm
settings, 3 (20 per cent) flies in non-farm settings, and 33 (15.7 per cent) from fecal samples.
The study also revealed that the recovered E. coli and Salmonella spp. were multi-drug resistant
strains and the E. coli isolates exhibited resistance to Ceftazidime (28.6%), Cefotaxime (49%),
Ertapenem (1%), Imipenem (1.4%), and Meropenem (0.5%) whereas, Salmonella spp. isolates
were resistance to Ceftazidime (12%), Cefotaxime (39.9%). None of them showed resistance
to following drugs Doripenem, Ertapenem, Imipenem, and Meropenem. ESBL resistance was
recorded more in E. coli (56%) than Salmonella spp. (48%) by phenotypic assays. In the
molecular study, ESBL genes could be detected in the E. coli i.e., blaCTX-M (48.6%), blaSHV
(10.5%), blaTEM (43.8%), and that in Salmonella isolates included blaCTX-M (48%), blaSHV
(12.12%), blaTEM (57.57%). Only two isolates from pig faecal were positive for the
carabapenemase producing OXA-48 gene. The present study is suggestive of the fact that flies
harbour multidrug resistant bacteria such as, ESBL producing E. coli and Salmonella strains.
Furthermore, Pig can act as a hub of ESBL resistance and the emergence of carbapenem
resistant genes in pigs cannot be neglected. The monitoring of AMR needs to be routinely
conducted inorder to eliminate the risk of AMR pathogen in food source.