Emerging Antibiotic Resistance in Mycoplasma Microorganisms, Designing Effective and Novel Drugs / Therapeutic Targets: Current Knowledge and Futuristic Prospects
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Date
2019-03
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Abstract
Emerging antibiotic resistance among mycoplasma microorganisms is of major concern in present times
as they cause various diseases in both animals and humans. Mycoplasmoses, infections caused by
mycoplasma microorganisms have become common in recent past and have gained importance both
due to inability to diagnose and difficulty to treat. Respiratory tract infection, mastitis, arthritis, and
septicemia caused by Mycoplasma in livestock are responsible for causing heavy economic losses. These
diseases are frequently reported from countries of Africa and Asia, including India. Antimycoplasma
antibiotics are frequently being used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of mycoplasmoses
infection in livestock. They include macrolides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides
which are the main antibiotic classes commonly used against mycoplasma globally. Oxytetracyclines
are the commonest antibiotics used for decades followed by enrofloxacin, tylosin, and streptomycin.
Danofloxacin, lincomycin, spiramycin, erythromycin, gamithromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin,
gentamicin, doxycycline, and tulathromycin are also used occasionally. Continuous and unregulated
use of these antibiotics over prolonged period can lead to menace of antibiotic resistance which is
aided by inappropriate doses and uncontrolled use. Resistance to some antibiotics is already emerging.
Mycoplasmas have devised different resistance mechanisms for combating antimicrobial action of
these drugs. Common mechanisms noted are acquisitions of proteins affecting ribosomal subunits,
inhibition of antibiotic efflux, structural changes in the ribosomal subunit, target mutations, expression
or production of enzymes. Additional novel mechanisms of resistance still need to be investigated.
Strategies for prevention and encountering of this antibiotic resistance are being devised by alternating
antibiotics in application, using antimycoplasma antibiotic sensitivity tests, along with evaluation of
specific doses and exploration of novel mycoplasma specific class of antibiotics. Novel targets based
on various cell structures including cell membrane, organelles, proteins, enzymes or metabolites are
being explored for antimycoplasma therapy. These all will help in effective therapeutic management
of mycoplasmoses with minimal side effects.
Description
TNV_JPAM_2019_13(1)27-44
Keywords
Veterinary Science