Efficacy of bio-inoculants mediated nutrient management in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.)- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system
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Date
2018
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
DIVISION OF AGRONOMY ICAR- INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE NEW DELHI
Abstract
An experiment was conducted at ICAR‒Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi during Kharif and rabi seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18 to study the
influence of bio-inoculants (BI) mediated organic nutrient management on pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan L.) cv. Pusa-991 and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system.
Experiments were conducted in RBD (pigeonpea) cv. Pusa-991 and FRBD (wheat cv.
HD-2967) with three replications consisted of nine nutrient management treatments viz.
Control, RDF (30: 60: 40 NPK), RDF + BI, VC (5 t ha-1
), FYM (t ha-1
), LC (5 t ha-1
),
VC + BI, FYM+ BI and LC+ BI. During the rabi, season nine treatments of pigeanpea
bifurcated to two levels of each (50% and 100%) except control and super imposed over
same layout for wheat crop. PSB (Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas striata, Bacillus
subtilis, Bacillus megaterium) and potassium solubilizers (Bacillus mucilagenosus and
Frateuria aurantia) were used as bio-inoculants for seed treatment of wheat and
pigeanpea while Rhizobium sp. Leguminosarum used for pigeanpea and Azotobacter
croococum was used for wheat.
Results indicate that growth attributes of pigeonpea viz. Plant height, DMA, LAI,
and primary branches and nodules plant-1 were found significantly higher under
inoculated organic sources over sole organic sources of nutrients. Inoculation with RDF
and sole RDF did not produced significant difference in these parameters except for
nodules plant-1
. Maximum plant height (161.5 and 168.7 cm), DMA (68.7 and 73.0 g
plant-1
), LAI (2.71 and 2.77), (8.9 and 9.5 g plant-1
day-1
) and primary branches
(21.3 and 23.3) were recorded with VC + BI application during both years, which was at
par with FYM+ BI and LC+ BI. BI mediated nutrients significantly increased the pods
plant-1
, seed yield, stover yield and biological yield. However, grains pod-1
, test weight,
and harvest index were influenced significantly. Application of FYM+ BI produced
highest pods plant-1
(112 and 124), seed yield (1.6 and 1.7 t ha-1
), stover (6.33 and 6.5 t
ha-1
) and biological yield (7.93 and 8.22 t ha-1
), respectively during 1st and 2nd year
which was at par with yield under plots imbedded with VC+ BI. Gross returns, net
returns and benefit cost ratio were sig
177
cultivation (₹ 50.7×10
3
and 51.4×10
3
ha-1
) incurred under VC+ BI. FYM+BI resulted in
higher gross returns, net returns and B: C (₹ 93.5×10
3
and 106.3×10
3
; 57.8×10
3
and
69.8×10
3
; 2.62 and 2.92) during 2016 and 2017, respectively. N, P and K concentration
in seed, stover and protein content (%) of pigeonpea was not influenced significantly
while, uptake of these nutrients by seed, straw and total uptake and protein yield was
significantly improved with inoculation of organic sources. Uptake of N and K in seed,
stover, total uptake and protein yield was highest under FYM +BI whereas, P uptake in
seed, stover and total uptake highest under VC +BI. Soil physical properties such as bulk
density and water stable aggregates were influenced significantly due to inoculation with
organic as well as inorganic sources. BI mediated nutrient management influenced the
available N, P and K status of soil significantly while no effect on organic carbon
content was observed under organic practices and inorganic nutrient management.
Highest quantity of available N (190 and 191 kg ha-1
), available P (21.3 and 22.0 kg ha1
) and available K (343 and 346 kg ha-1
) were added with the application of VC+ BI
which was significantly higher from all other nutrient management practices. BI
mediated nutrient management significantly influenced the activity of different soil
enzymes and content of MBC. FYM+ BI has resulted in higher activity of
dehydrogenase (199.0 and 208.1 µg TPF g‒1
soil day‒1
), alkaline phosphatase (123.3 and
1 2. µg p‒nitro phenol g‒1
soil hr‒1
) and higher content of MBC (207.0 and 222.3 mg
kg‒1
soil) which was at par with activity under application of LC+ BI.
BI mediated nutrient management influence on plant height, dry matter
accumulation, leaf area index and CGR of wheat which was significantly higher at later
growth stages viz. 30 DAS. Highest plant height (94.6 and 100.8; 98.7 and 104.3 cm at
50 and 100% level), DMA (1455 and 1512; 1474 and 1533 g m-2
at 50 and 100% level)
and leaf area index (4.56 and 4.88; 4.58 and 4.91 at 50 and 100% level) during 1st and
2
nd year, respectively. Growth attributes were significant under RDF+ BI higher over
sole RDF at 50% level only. However, inoculation effect with organic sources was
significant over sole organic sources under both 50 and 100% level. The higher values of
root length density (3.55 and 3.75 cm cm
-3
), root surface area density (0.61 and 0.67 cm2
cm-3
), root volume density (5.24 and 5.35 mm3 cm-3
), dry root mass density (2.88 and
2.96 mg cm-3
) and root diameter (0.67 and 0.70 cm cm
-3
) were recorded with the
178
application of FYM+BI which was at par with LC+ BI. Results on yield attributes such
as effective tillers, spikelets per spike, grains spike-1
and spike length were significantly
increased with BI mediated nutrient management practices. Significantly higher number
of effective tillers (396 and 404 m-2
), spikelets (23.3 and 24.8 spike-1
), number of grains
(56.2 and 57.5 spike-1
) and spike length (12.1 and 12.2 cm) were recorded with both
levels of RDF+BI over rest of the treatment but remained at par with 100% level of RDF
during both the years. The influence of BI mediated nutrient management on grain,
straw and biological yield of wheat was found significant in case of inoculated organic
sources over sole organic sources at both the levels during both the years. However,
inoculation with LC was ineffective with respect to grain, straw and biological yield at
100% level while, effective with 50% level. Significantly higher grain yield (5.80 and
5.88 t ha-1
), straw yield (9.34 and 9.37 t ha-1
) and biological yield (15.06 and 15.25 t ha1
) were recorded with both levels of RDF+BI over rest of the treatment but remained at
par with 100% level of RDF during both the years. Higher grain yield of wheat among
the organic sources, were noted with the application of VC+ BI (4.96 and 4.97 t ha-1
)
followed by FYM + BI and LC+ BI during 1st and 2nd year, respectively. The influence
of BI mediated nutrient management on gross returns, net returns and B-C ratio of wheat
was found significant in case of inoculated organic sources over sole organic sources at
both the levels during both the years. Effect of inoculation with RDF on gross returns,
net returns and B-C ratio of wheat was significant at 50% level while, non-significant at
100% level. Application RDF+BI gave highest gross returns (122.2 and 130.3×103 ₹ ha1
), net returns (87.0 and 89.5 ×103 ₹ ha1) and B-C ratio (3.64 and 3.58) during 1st and
2
nd year, respectively. Concentration of N, P and K in seed and stover of wheat was
influenced significantly due to Bio inoculant. The uptake of N, P and K in grain was
significant with inoculated organic sources over sole organic sources at both the levels.
Effect of inoculation with RDF on uptake of N, P and K in grain, straw, total uptake and
protein yield was significant at 50% level while, non-significant uptake was obtained at
100% level during both the years of experimentation. RDF+ BI has resulted in
significantly higher uptake of N, P and K in grain, straw and total uptake as well as
protein yield. No significant effect was recorded on BD & AS due to bio-inoculant.
Maximum reduction in value of bulk density and improvement in aggregate stability
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over initial value of 1.58 g cc-1 was measured under FYM+ BI application while,
minimum effect was seen under control practice. Highest quantity of available N (173
and 176 kg ha-1
), P (16.7 and 17.1 kg ha-1
) and K (322 and 321 kg ha-1
) was added with
the application of RDF+ BI which was at par with VC+ BI. Among the organic nutrient
sources, VC followed by FYM and LC added higher available N, P and K to soil under
both inoculated as well as sole application. Soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA), alkaline
phosphatase activity (APA) and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) were
significantly influenced due to BI mediated nutrient management practices. Significantly
higher activity of dehydrogenase (174.8 and 179.7 µg TPF g‒1
soil day‒1
), alkaline
phosphatase (109.7 and 11 . µg p‒nitro phenol g‒1
soil hr‒1
) and content of MBC
(211.4 and 220.1 mg kg‒1
soil) were recorded under FYM+ BI application. Higher wheat
grain and straw equivalent-system productivity was recorded with 50% level of RDF+BI
over rest of the treatments while, at 100% level, higher wheat grain and straw
equivalent-system productivity was recorded with the application of FYM along with
BI during both the years. Application of RDF+BI gave highest gross, net returns and B:
C at both levels and this was significant over rest of the nutrient management practices
except 50% level of sole RDF, during both years of experimentation.
The bio-inoculants found effective with lower doses of all organic & inorganic
sources of nutrients. Further they are, also effective with full dose of organic sources and
ineffective with full dose of fertilizers in PP-W cropping system.
Key words: Bio-inoculants, nutrient management, pigeonpea, productivity, soil, wheat
Description
t-10027
Keywords
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