Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

The history of agricultural education in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1896 when a scheme was evolved in the erstwhile Travancore State to train a few young men in scientific agriculture at the Demonstration Farm, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, presently, the Cropping Systems Research Centre under Kerala Agricultural University. Agriculture was introduced as an optional subject in the middle school classes in the State in 1922 when an Agricultural Middle School was started at Aluva, Ernakulam District. The popularity and usefulness of this school led to the starting of similar institutions at Kottarakkara and Konni in 1928 and 1931 respectively. Agriculture was later introduced as an optional subject for Intermediate Course in 1953. In 1955, the erstwhile Government of Travancore-Cochin started the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Mannuthy, Thrissur for imparting higher education in agricultural and veterinary sciences, respectively. These institutions were brought under the direct administrative control of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Animal Husbandry, respectively. With the formation of Kerala State in 1956, these two colleges were affiliated to the University of Kerala. The post-graduate programmes leading to M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were started in 1961, 1962 and 1965 respectively. On the recommendation of the Second National Education Commission (1964-66) headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman of the University Grants Commission, one Agricultural University in each State was established. The State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were established in India as an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System to give the much needed impetus to Agriculture Education and Research in the Country. As a result the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) was established on 24th February 1971 by virtue of the Act 33 of 1971 and started functioning on 1st February 1972. The Kerala Agricultural University is the 15th in the series of the SAUs. In accordance with the provisions of KAU Act of 1971, the Agricultural College and Research Institute at Vellayani, and the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, were brought under the Kerala Agricultural University. In addition, twenty one agricultural and animal husbandry research stations were also transferred to the KAU for taking up research and extension programmes on various crops, animals, birds, etc. During 2011, Kerala Agricultural University was trifurcated into Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Now the University has seven colleges (four Agriculture, one Agricultural Engineering, one Forestry, one Co-operation Banking & Management), six RARSs, seven KVKs, 15 Research Stations and 16 Research and Extension Units under the faculties of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Forestry. In addition, one Academy on Climate Change Adaptation and one Institute of Agricultural Technology offering M.Sc. (Integrated) Climate Change Adaptation and Diploma in Agricultural Sciences respectively are also functioning in Kerala Agricultural University.

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Morphological studies and quality evaluation of ginger (zingiber officinale rosco) types
(Department of Horticulture (Plantation Crops), College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1978) Nybe, E V; KAU; Sivaraman Nair, P C
A detailed study of 25 ginger types was conducted during the period from April 1977 to June 1978 at the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara with a view to find out the feasibility of fixing up specific morphological characters to identify different types, to screen out ginger types with high yield, high quality and resistant or tolerant to pests and diseases and to study the quality variations at different periods of maturity. The study revealed that morphological characters are not reliable to classify the ginger types, although some of them can be identified by rhizome characters. The morphological characters such as length of leaf, leaf area index and number, length and girth of primary and secondary fingers were found to be positively correlated with yield. All the types studied are susceptible to the incidence of soft-rot, leaf –spot and shoot-borer. The type Maran was relatively tolerant to soft-rot whereas Rio-de-Janeiro was found to be the most susceptible type. Yield was found to vary significantly among the types studied. Maximum yield was recorded in Nadia followed by Bajpai, Maran and Narasapattom. Maximum oleoresin percentage was in Rio-de-Janeiro and highest percentage of oil recovery in Karakal. But the maximum yield per hectare of oleoresin and oil was in the type Maran. Fibre content was minimum in China and maximum in Kuruppampady closely followed by Maran. The yield, dryage and percentage of oleoresin, oil and crude fibre varied significantly among the different maturity periods studied. The percentage of oleoresin, oil and fibre was maximum at 165 days after planting. But the maximum yield per hectare of oleoresin and oil were found at 270, 195, 225 and 225 days after planting in Rio-de-Janeiro, Maran, Kuruppampady and Wynad Local respectively. Cultivation of the types Nadia, Bajpai and Maran is recommended for higher total yield of dry ginger for the plains of Kerala. Considering the low incidence of soft – rot and higher yield of oleoresin and ginger oil the type Maran is preferred
Open Access
Varietal screening in ginger
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1981) Nybe, E V; Sivaraman Nair, P C; KAU
Twentyfive ginger types were screened at the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 1977-78 for the yield and quality attributes such asdrying percentage, oleoresin, oil and crude fibre contents. There was highly significant differences in yield, drying percentage, oleoresin, oil and crude fibre contents among the types studied. Maximum yield was recorded in the type 'Nadia' closely followed by 'Bajpai', 'Maran' and 'Narasapattom'. The maximum oleoresin percentagewas in the type 'Rio-de-Janeiro' and the highest percentage of oil recovery in 'Karakal'. But the yield per hectare of oleoresin and oil was maximum in the type'Maran' Crude fibre content was minimum in 'China' and the maximum in 'Kuruppampady" The type Thodupuzha' recorded the maximum drying percentage of 25'20 and minimum in Karakal (15.20%). The types 'Nadia', 'Bajpsi' and 'Maran' were found to be relatively superior in performance in view of the higher yield of dry ginger, oleoresin and oil contents.
Open Access
Nutrient deficiency in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)-nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1987) Nybe, E V; Nair, P C S; KAU
Detailed studies were conducted in black pepper (var. PanniyuM) from 1983 to 1985 at the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara with a view to induce deficiency symptoms of N, P and K by sand culture. Deficiency symptoms of all the three nutrients studied were first manifested on the older leaves. Symptoms of N deficiency were expressed as uniform yellowing followed by necrosis whereas purple to bronze yellowing with ash coloured necrotic areas were the symptoms of P deficiency. Potassium deficiency was characterised by tip and marginal necrosis which later progressed to the two-thirds distal portion of the lamina. There was profound reduction in vegetative growth due to deficiency of N and P. The reduction in shoot growth and leaf area index was maximum in the case of deficiency of N (56% and 63%) followed by P (32% and 2%). The reduction in root growth was quite high due to deficiency of P (45%) followed by N (39%). The growth of vine was completely arrested at comparatively early stage (6th month after treatment) due to N deficiency followed by P (13th month). There was no cessation of growth in the case of deficiency of K. Visual symptoms of deficiencies concurred with a marked reduction in the foliar levels of the concerned elements. Initial symptoms of deficiency were manifested when the foliar level was reduced to 2.45 per cent in the case of N, 0.20 per cent in P and 2,10 per cent in K. Antagonistic effect of K with Ca and Mg was also observed. The deficiency symptoms could be recovered by the application of the deficient nutrient element.
Open Access
Nutrient deficiency in black pepper (piper nigruml.) - zinc and boron
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1987) Nybe, E V; Nair, P C S; KAU
Detailed investigations were conducted in black pepper (var. Panniyur-1) from 1983 to 1985 at the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara to induce deficiency symptoms of Zn and B. The deficiency symptom of Zn was first manifested on the younger leaves as interveinal chlorosis. Reduced internodal length, little leaf and resetting were the other symptoms specific to Zn deficiency. Failure of development of terminal bud was the initial symptom of B deficiency. The terminal leaves became large, thick and brittle with orange yellow mottles on the upper surface and grey brown interveinal patches on the lower surface. The vegetative growth of the vine was completely arrested by the twelfth month after treatment due to B deficiency whereas there was no cessation of growth due to Zn deficiency- Zinc deficiency resulted in increased production of leaves which were reduced in size and B deficiency was characterized by larger leaves. Visual symptoms of deficiencies were concurred with a marked reduction in the foliar level of the concerned element. The deficiency symptom could be recovered by the application of the deficient nutrient.
Open Access
Nutrient deficiency in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) - Iron, manganese and copper
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1987) Nybe, E V; Nair, P C S; KAU
The studies conducted to induce deficiency symptoms of Fe, Mn and Cu in black pepper (var. Panniyur 1 ) revealed that the deficiency symptoms of the above nutrients were first manifested as interveinal chlorosis of the younger leaves. However, the later symptoms were specific to the concerned nutrients. Iron chlorosis was characterized by the presence of green bands along the major veins whereas bronze yellow colour of the interveinal area was the specific symptom of Mn deficiency. Bronze colour of the entire lamina with necrotic tips and margins were the diagnostic symptoms of Cu deficiency. There was no marked reduction in vegetative growth due to the deficiency of Mn and Cu. However, Fe deficient plants recorded 35 per cent reduction in total dry matter production. The growth of the vine was completely arrested by 7 and 14.5 months respectively after treatment due to Fe and Cu deficiencies. But there was no cessation of growth due to Mn deficiency. Visual symptoms of deficiencies concurred with a marked reduction in the foliar levels of the concerned elements. Deficiency of the element failed to influence the foliar levels of other elements. The deficiency symptoms could be recovered by the application of the deficient nutrient element.
Open Access
Nutrient deficiency in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) - Calcium, magnesium and sulphur
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1987) Nybe, E V; Nair, P C S; KAU
Studies conducted to induce deficiency symptoms of Ca, Mg and S in pepper revealed that the deficiency symptoms were first manifested on the younger leaves except in the case of Mg. Calcium deficiency symptoms appeared as tiny brown necrotic spots on chlorotic area near margins which later enlarged to form black necrotic areas. Visible symptom of Mg deficiency was oval interveinal chlorotic area followed by black necrotic patches. Sulphur deficiency was manifested as uniform yellowing with brown necrotic spots. The reduction in shoot growth and leaf area index was maximum in the case of deficiency of S (48% and 17%) whereas the effect of Ca and Mg deficiency on vegetative growth was comparatively low. However, the deficiency of Ca resulted in a marked reduction in root growth which extended upto 61 per cent. The growth of the vine was completely arrested at a very early stage of 4.5 months after treatment due to S deficiency whereas no cessation of growth occurred in the case of deficiencies of Ca and Mg. Concurrent with the manifestation of deficiency symptoms, there was a reduction in the foliar levels of the concerned elements. Initial symptoms of deficiency were manifested when the foliar level was reduced to 1.51 per cent in the case of Ca, 0.913 per cent in Mg and 0.121 percent in S. Antagonistic effects among K, Ca and Mg were also observed. The deficiency symptoms could be recovered by the application of the nutrient element which was deficient.
Open Access
Effect of certain agronomic practices on the performance of kokkan affected nendran banana
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1992) Nybe, E V; Pushkaran, K; Suma, A; Darley Jose; KAU
The effects of certain agronomic practices on the performance of kokkan affected banana, cv. Nendran were studied at the Banana Research Station, Kannara during 1987. The results of the study revealed that the different agronomic practices such as application of K at double the recommended dose, MgSO4, fresh cowdung and neem cake snowed no significant improvement in kokkan affected plants with respect to yield, yield contributing characters and overall appearance of the bunch.
Open Access
Effect of IBA on induction of rooting in stem cuttings of plumbago (Plumbago Rosea L.)
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1996) Jalaja S Menon; Nybe, E V; KAU
Open Access
Isoenzyme variation and species relationship in genus piper
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1996) Abraham Sebastian; Sujatha, V S; Nybe, E V; Sreekandan Nair, G; Augustine, A; KAU
Eleven species of Piper including Piper rugrum were studied for variations in isoenzymes of three enzymes viz., peroxidase, esterase and glutaraate oxaloacetate transaminase. On grouping based on isoenzyme similarity, P. nigrum Linn.. P. pseudonigrum Velayudhan and Amalraj, P. bababudani Rahirnan and P. galeatum DC formed one group while P. argyrophyllum Miq. and P. attenuatum Buch-Hara constituted the second group and P. chaha Hunter, P. hapnium Miq. and P. colubrinum Link emerged as the third group. P. betle Linn, and P. longum Linn, showed their distinctness from the rest of the species. Least similarity was observed between P. colubrinum on one side and P. pseudonigrum and P. bahabudani on the other side.

Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur

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