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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF MICROBIAL INOCULANTS ON YIELD AND SOIL FERTILITY IN SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum) SHORT CROP
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-22) GOBIDESI RAVITEJA; Dr. B. VAJANTHA
    Integrated use of microbial inoculants and fertilizers was evaluated for crop response, soil fertility and economic feasibility in sugarcane short crop through field experiment during 2021-22 at Agricultural Research Station, Perumallapalle, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. The experimental soil was neutral in reaction, non saline, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potassium. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with ten treatments and three replications. The treatments comprises of viz., Control 100% RDF (T1), 125% RDF (T2), 100% RDF + soil application of solid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T3), 100% RDF + sett treatment with solid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T4), 75% RDF + soil application of solid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T5), 75% RDF + sett treatment with solid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T6), 100% RDF + soil application of liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T7), 100% RDF + sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T8), 75% RDF + soil application of liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T9) and 75% RDF + sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T10). The recommended dose of fertilizers for sugarcane short crop is 224-112-112 kg N-P2O5-K2O ha-1 . Solid Gluconacetobacter, PSB and KSB were applied @ 10 kg ha-1 each for soil application. The recommended dose of solid biofertilizers for sett treatment was 10 kg - 1.25 kg - 1.25 kg ha-1 of Gluconacetobacter, PSB and KSB, respectively. Recommended dose of liquid Gluconacetobacter, PSB and KSB for soil xvi application was 1 l, 1.25 l and 1.25 l ha-1 , respectively. Similar quantity of liquid Gluconacetobacter, PSB and KSB was used for sett treatment. Among ten treatments significantly the highest germination percentage of sugarcane short crop was observed with 100% RDF + sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T8). Significantly the highest dry matter production was recorded with 100% RDF + sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T8) at tillering, grand growth and harvest stages. Significantly the highest number of tillers, shoot population, stalk population, cane length and cane yield was produced with the application of 100% RDF + sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T8). Combined application of 100% RDF and sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T8) resulted significantly the highest N, P, K, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu uptake by plant at tillering, grand growth and harvest stages. Significantly the highest available N, P2O5, K2O and S in soil was observed with the application of 100% RDF + soil application of liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T7) at tillering and grand growth stage while, at harvest it was at par with 100% RDF + soil application of solid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T3). The DTPA extractable Fe and Zn in soil were significantly superior with 100% RDF + soil application of liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T7) at tillering, grand growth and harvest stages. Application of 100% RDF + soil application of liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T7) resulted significantly the highest urease, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity at tillering and grand growth stage whereas, it was on par with 100% RDF + soil application of solid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T3) at harvest. All these enzymes activities were increased from tillering to grand growth and later decreased at harvest. Among the treatments, the highest number of soil microbial population viz., bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were observed with 100% RDF + sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T8) which was on par with 100% RDF + soil application of liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T7) at tillering, grand growth and harvest stages. Higher benefit cost ratio was obtained with 100% RDF + sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T8) followed by 100% RDF + sett treatment with solid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T7). In conclusion, the study indicated that application of 100% RDF along with sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter, PSB and KSB to sugarcane is found to be ecologically and economically feasible nutrient management practice to achieve sustainable yields in Southern Agroclimatic Zone of Andhra Pradesh.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PERFORMANCE OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) AS INFLUENCED BY THE APPLICATION OF FORTIFIED ZINC
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-22) NARASAPURAM RANGASAWMY; Dr. P. KAVITHA
    The present field experiment entitled “Performance of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by the application of fortified zinc” was conducted on sandy loam soils at Agricultural College Farm, Mahanandi during rabi, 2021-2022. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, with neutral in reaction (pH 7.33), low in organic carbon (0.48 %) and available nitrogen (248 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (49 kg ha-1), high in available potassium (586 kg ha-1), low in available zinc (0.54 mg kg-1) and manganese (3.08 mg kg-1), medium in available Iron (7.13 mg kg-1) and high in available copper (0.92 mg kg-1). The design adopted was randomized block design with eleven treatments, which were replicated thrice. The treatments comprise of (T1) Control (100 % RDF), (T2) FYM @ 10 t ha-1, (T3) ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1, (T4) FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1, (T5) Foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 at knee - high stage, (T6) FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB, (T7) FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 at knee - high stage, (T8) Soil application of ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 , (T9) Seed treatment with ZnSB @ 10 g kg-1 of seed, (T10) Soil application of ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 +foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 at knee - high stage and (T11) Seed treatment with ZnSB @ 10 g kg-1 of seed + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 at knee - high stage. The Recommended dose of fertilizers for maize is 240-80-80 kg N-P2O5-K2O ha-1 . Maximum plant height and dry matter production at knee - high, tasseling and harvest stages were recorded with the application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T4). The highest kernel yield, stover yield, cob yield with husk and yield attributing characters viz., cob length, cob girth, number of cobs plant-1, number of rows cob-1, number of kernels row-1 and total number of kernels cob-1 were produced with the application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 xvii kg ha-1 (T4) which was on par with application of FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 (T7) and FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1) (T6). The highest content and uptake of macronutrients (N, P and K) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) of maize crop were registered with the application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T4), which was on par with application of FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 (T7) and FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1) (T6). Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T4) recorded maximum available N, P and Zn, which was on par with the application of FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 (T7) and FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1) (T6). The highest dehydrogenase activity, bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were registered with the application of FYM @10 t ha -1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1) (T6), which was on par with FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T4) and FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 (T7). Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T4) recorded the highest cost of cultivation and gross returns. Maximum zinc use efficiency, net returns and B:C ratio were observed due to the application of FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 (T7), which was on par with FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1) (T6) and FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T4). In conclusion, the study indicated that application of FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 (T7) to maize is found to be ecologically and economically feasible nutrient management practice to achieve sustainable yields in Scarce Rainfall Zone of Andhra Pradesh.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON THE RICE GROWING SOILS OF YSR KADAPA DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-22) R. MAMATHA; Dr. M. SREENIVASA CHARI
    The present investigation involves characterization of fly ash, evaluation of ground water quality and its suitability for irrigation and effects of fly ash on physical, chemical and biological properties of soils in YSR Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh. Fly ash samples were collected at monthly intervals from the Rayalaseema Thermal Power Plant and totally six samples were collected from Decemberʼ 2021 to Mayʼ 2022. The collected samples were analyzed for physical and chemical properties. Soil samples were collected from four directions and in each direction soil samples were collected from four radiant distances of 1.0 km, 2.0 km, 4.0 km and 8.0 km. From each distance fives soil samples were collected and analyzed for physical, chemical and biological properties. Water samples were collected from four directions (north, south, east and west) and from each direction samples were collected from four radiant distance 1.0 km, 2.0 km, 4.0 km and 8.0 km. From each distance three water samples were collected and analyzed for various constituents and its suitability for irrigation was assessed. Leaf samples (rice, cotton, bengal gram and red gram) were collected and analyzed for chemical constituents. Composition of SiO2, Al2O3, FeO, CaO, MgO in fly ash were higher in Marchʼ 2022 among all six months. Bulk density, particle density were higher in Mayʼ 2022. Highest water holding capacity was observed for the sample xxviii collected during Januaryʼ 2022. pH of all samples were alkaline in nature. The order of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was in the order of K > P > N. The order of micronutrients and heavy metals were Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn and Pb > Cd > Ag respectively. The soil samples analyzed data reveals that bulk density, particle density, pH were more in west direction, porosity, water holding capacity, EC, potassium and exchangeable cations were more in east direction, whereas organic carbon, phosphorus and micronutrients were more in north direction and available nitrogen was more in south direction. Highest phosphatase activity was found in the north direction. Highest dehydrogenase activity was observed in west direction. Soil quality index developed revealed that quality of soil follows the order east > south > west > north. Groundwater collected in different directions were colourless and odourless with less quantities of suspended and dissolved solids. The groundwater had alkaline pH and EC was within the permissible limits with appreciable quantities of Cl- , SO4 -2 , CO3 -2 , HCO3 - , Na+ , K+ , Ca+2, and Mg+2 and variable amount of heavy metals. The order of abundance of cations in all directions was Na+ > Ca+2 > Mg+2 > K+ . The content of Ca+2 and Na+ were recorded higher value which is above the critical limit according to FAO, (1985). The order of anions in groundwater samples were observed as Cl- > HCO3 -> CO3 - > SO4 -2 > F- . Fluoride concentration in groundwater was within the permissible limit. The micronutrient and heavy metal concentration were within the permissible limit in all distances and directions which follow the order of Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn and heavy metal follow the order of Pb > Cd > Ag. The concentration of heavy metals in the groundwater are within the permissible limits of WHO, 2006 and FAO, 1985. Groundwater samples at north, south, east and west direction was categorized as very high saline low sodium water (C3S1) but in east direction at 8.0 km radius and west direction 1.0 km radius was classified as very high saline medium sodium water (C3S2). Fly ash applied soils increased the concentration of phosphorus and potassium in crops. Highest content of nitrogen was found in west direction, phosphorus was found in south direction and highest potassium was found in south direction. The mean concentration of beneficial heavy metals present in crops followed the order of Fe > Cu > Mn > Zn. The heavy metal order was Pb > Ag > Cd. Though the heavy metal concentration was recorded below the permissible limits, bioaccumulation of iron, lead, cadmium and silver was noticed
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SOIL STRUCTURE AND ORGANIC CARBON STABILITY OF RAINFED ALFISOLS UNDER LONG-TERM APPLICATION OF MANURE AND FERTILIZERS
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-22) HEMANTH. C.C; Dr. M. MADHAN MOHAN
    The present study entitled “SOIL STRUCTURE AND ORGANIC CARBON STABILITY OF RAINFED ALFISOLS UNDER LONG-TERM APPLICATION OF MANURE AND FERTILIZERS” was carried out as part of the long-term experiment during kharif, 2021 on red sandy loam (Haplustalf) soils at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eleven treatments and four replications. The treatments includes T1: control (no manure and fertilizers), T2: Farm yard manure @ 5 t ha-1 (once in 3 years), T3: 20 kg nitrogen (N) ha-1, T4: 10 kg phosphorus (P) ha-1, T5: 25 kg potassium (K) ha-1, T6: 250 kg gypsum ha-1, T7: 20 kg N + 10 kg P ha-1, T8: 20 kg N + 10 kg P + 25 kg K ha-1, T9: 20 kg N + 10 kg P + 25 kg K + 250 kg gypsum ha-1, T10: 20 kg N + 10 kg P + 25 kg K + 100 kg lime ha-1, T11: 20 kg N + 10 kg P + 25 kg K + 250 kg gypsum + 25 kg ha-1 zinc sulphate (once in 3 years). Soil samples were collected from each treatment at two depths viz., 0-15 and 15-30 cm after harvest of crop during kharif, 2021. The data was recorded on soil physical, physio-chemical properties along with yield and yield attributing characters. The physical properties viz., bulk density, porosity, maximum water holding capacity and structural indices viz., mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter, per cent water stable aggregates (>0.25 mm) and per cent aggregate stability were improved by the long-term application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 (T2) once in three years for the past 41 years compared to other treatments. xvi The treatmental combinations viz., NPK+gypsum+ZnSO4 (T11), NPK+lime (T10), NPK+gypsum (T9) and NPK (T8) were showed improvement in soil physical properties viz., bulk density, porosity, water holding capacity and structural indices compared to the control, whereas long-term application of K fertilizers alone showed deterioration in soil physical properties compared to the control. Long-term application of manure and fertilizers to groundnut showed a slight decrease in soil pH compared to initial soil pH recorded during 1981. Whereas the accumulation of salts was not observed over a period of 41 years of experimentation in surface and sub-surface layers. However, soil organic carbon (SOC) content was improved in all the treatments including control over 41 years of cropping and application of manure and fertilizers. However the SOC was higher at surface layer than sub-surface layer in all the treatments. Long-term application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 (T2) once in three years was recorded significantly highest SOC stocks, build-up (%) and carbon sequestration rate at surface and sub-surface layers and which was comparable with other treatmental combinations viz., NPK+gypsum+ZnSO4 (T11), NPK+lime (T10), NPK+gypsum (T9) and NPK (T8). Whereas the application of single nutrient fertilizers viz., N alone (T3), P alone (T4) and K alone (T5) treated plot showed negative SOC stock build-up (%) compared to control in both the soil layers. Soil aggregate fractions under long-term application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 (T2) and treatmental combinations viz., NPK+gypsum+ZnSO4 (T11), NPK+lime (T10) and NPK+gypsum (T9) were showed significantly higher proportion of large and small macro-aggregates fractions compared to control. Whereas, single nutrient fertilizer treatments showed higher micro-aggregates fractions. The aggregate associated-C was significantly higher in large macro aggregates compared to small macro and micro-aggregate fractions in both the soil layers. However, aggregate associated-C was higher in surface layer compared to sub-surface layer. The significantly highest pod and haulm yields were recorded with FYM alone (T2) and NPK+gypsum+ZnSO4 (T11), respectively compared to all other treatments. However, comparable with other treatments viz., NPK+lime, NPK+gypsum and NPK treated plots. The treatments received with single nutrient fertilizers viz., N or P or K alone were inferior interms of soil structure, organic carbon stability and pod yield as compared to the combined application of nutrients. The study clearly indicated that application of FYM and treatmental combinations viz., NPK+lime, NPK+gypsum+ZnSO4 and NPK+gypsum would be better for the improvement of soil structure, organic carbon stability and groundnut pod yield on sustainable basis.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF BIOFERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND SOIL PROPERTIES IN BLACK GRAM (Vigna mungo L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-22) K. DUNDI SAI ROHAN; Dr. A. PRASANTHI
    Combined application of biofertilizers and fertilizers was evaluated for crop response, soil fertility and enzyme activity in black gram through field experiment during rabi, 2021 in Wetland farm at S.V. Agricultural College, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. The experimental soil was slightly alkaline, non-saline, low in organic carbon and nitrogen and medium in available phosphorus and potassium. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with ten treatments and three replications. The treatments include control (0% RDF) (T1), 100% RDF (T2), 75 % RDF + Seed treatment with liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T3), 100 % RDF + Seed treatment with liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T4), 75 % RDF + Seed treatment with solid Rhizobium + solid PSB + solid KSB (T5), 100 % RDF + Seed treatment with solid Rhizobium + solid PSB + solid KSB (T6), 75 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T7), 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8), 75 % RDF + Soil application of solid Rhizobium + solid PSB + solid KSB (T9) and 100 % RDF + Soil application of solid Rhizobium + solid PSB + solid KSB (T10). The recommended dose of fertilizers for rabi black gram is 25:50:25 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1 Combined application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) recorded numerically the highest plant growth parameters viz., dry matter production, plant height, number of branches plant-1 , number of nodules plant-1 at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and harvest stages. Yield parameters like number of pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1 were registered numerically the highest under combined application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) treatment. xvi Significantly the highest seed yield and straw yield was noticed in 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) treatment. Combined application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) resulted in the highest numerical values of N, P and K uptake by plant at all growth stages of crop. The highest soil microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) were observed at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and harvest stages with the application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8). The microbial activity was increased from 30 DAS to 60 DAS later on decreased at harvest Combined application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) showed numerically the highest values of soil urease, alkaline and acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase enzyme activity at all growth stages of crop. All these enzymes activity was increased from 30 DAS to 60 DAS and decreased at harvest stage of crop. Numerically the highest values of available N, P2O5 and K2O in soil were exhibited due to combined application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) treatment at all stages of crop growth. The pH, EC, OC, exchangeable Ca and Mg, available sulphur and DTPA extractable micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) were not significantly affected by combined application of inorganic fertilizers along with biofertilizers after harvest. The highest gross returns, net returns, benefit-cost ratio were obtained under combined application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) followed by T3, T4 and T7 treatments. In conclusion, the study indicated that application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) to black gram crop is found to be ecologically and economically feasible nutrient management practice to achieve sustainable yields in Southern Agroclimatic Zone of Andhra Pradesh.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF NANO-GYPSUM IN RECLAMATION OF SODIC SOILS
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-22) D. ANUSHA; Dr. CH. Bhargava Rami Redd
    Nano-gypsum was used in this study to reclaim the sodic soils collected from Kukkambakam village of B.N Kandriga (Mandal), Chittoor district during 2021-22. Nano-gypsum was synthesized and characterized in the Department of Soil Science and Agricultutal Chemistry, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati. Two amendments viz., nano-gypsum (NG) and conventional gypsum (CG) were used in a pot culture experiment that was set up using a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments involves combination of primary nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) with two sources of amendments such as conventional gypsum and nano-gypsum are: Control (T1), RDF (30:40:50 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1 ) (T2), RDF + 100 % GR as conventional gypsum (T3), RDF + 25 % GR as nano-gypsum (T4), RDF + 50 % GR as nano-gypsum (T5), RDF + 75 % GR as nano-gypsum (T6), RDF + 100 % GR as nano-gypsum (T7) and replicated four times. The response of groundnut (Dharani) grown in the reclaimed soil was studied. The soil was non calcareous, non saline sodic with a pH of 8.79 and ESP of 35.05 Per cent. The physical, chemical, spectral (SEM, TEM and FT-IR) and structural (XRD) properties of the synthesized nano-gypsum were studied. The surface area of the nano gypsum is 900 m2g -1 . Conventional gypsum appeared as scattered and sparse in the SEM picture while, nano-gypsum was clustered and consolidated. Gypsum was found to be loaded into the nano-clay according to the FT-IR spectra and according XRD pattern crystal structure was monoclinic. The results of the percolation study revealed the significant displacement of Na+ from the exchangeable clay complex by the Ca+2 which was originated from the nano gypsum. Maximum decline in the concentration of Ca+2 in the leachates over a period of time was clearly observed with the application of nano-gypsum. In the pot culture experiment, sodic soil was analyzed for its initial parameters like, pH, EC, CEC, ESP, exchangeable Na+ , Ca+2 and Mg+2 . The plant growth attributes viz., plant height, branches plant-1 and dry matter production were recorded at flowering and harvest stage of crop. Yield and the yield attributes viz., number of pods plant-1 , 100 xvi pod weight, 100 kernel weight, pod yield and haulm yield were recorded. The total nutrient content macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca+2, Mg+2 and S) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in the haulm were analyzed at flowering and harvesting stages and the nutrient uptake by plant was also determined. The post harvest soils were analyzed for the available macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca+2 , Mg+2 and S), micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) and soil organic carbon. On reclamation, pH of the soil was reduced to 7.96 and ESP to 8.07 per cent with the application of RDF + 100 % GR as nano-gypsum (T7). Maximum concentration of Na+ in the leachates recorded by the application of RDF + 100 % GR as nano-gypsum (T7) indicates the successful reclamation of sodic soil. Reclamation with RDF + 100 % GR as nano-gypsum (T7) also improved the physical properties of the sodic soil by reducing the bulk density to 1.27 Mg m-3 from 1.32 Mg m-3 in the control (T1). Groundnut responded well to the reclamation by gypsum application and recorded significantly higher number of pods plant-1 in RDF + 100 % GR as nano gypsum (T7), when compared to control. The highest nutrient uptake (N, P, K, Ca+2 , Mg+2, S and micronutrients) at flowering and harvesting was recorded with the application of RDF + 100 % GR as nano-gypsum (T7). Groundnut grown in the soil reclaimed with RDF + 100 % GR as nano-gypsum (T7) recorded the highest pod yield (42.50 g pot-1 ) and haulm yield (61.69 g pot-1 ). The application of RDF + 75 % GR as nano-gypsum (T6) was proven to be effective as it was comparable to RDF + 100 % GR as conventional gypsum (T3) at both the stages of groundnut crop. The effectiveness of nano-gypsum at RDF + 100 % GR as nano-gypsum (T7) in recovering sodic soils was significantly higher than that of conventional gypsum at RDF + 100 % GR as conventional gypsum (T3) which can be attributed to its smaller particle size, greater surface area, and consequently greater solubility. Moreover, application of RDF + 75 % GR as nano-gypsum (T6) was comparable to RDF + 100 % GR as conventional gypsum (T3). According to the findings of the current study, nano-gypsum can be considered as a viable alternative to conventional gypsum for reclaiming sodic soil at either 100 % or 75 % GR.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIOPRIMING OF MAIZE HYBRID AND ITS PARENTAL LINES FOR ENHANCEMENT OF SEED QUALITY AND YIELD
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-17) KORRAPOLU SUSRUTH DEV; Dr. K. BAYYAPU REDDY
    The present investigation was carried out in the Agricultural Research Station, Jangamaheshwarapuram, Gurazala, Andhra Pradesh during 2021-22 to study the effect of seed priming with biofertilizers on seed quality and yield of maize hybrid, DHM-117 and its parental lines, BML-6 and BML-7. Fresh seeds of maize hybrid, DHM-117 and its parental lines, BML-6 and BML-7, were subjected to hydropriming and biopriming using different biofertilizers viz., Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Phosphorous solubilizing bacteria @ 20 % either individually or in combination for 12 h and shade dried to 12 % moisture content. Primed seed along with unprimed seed were evaluated for seed quality by adopting Two Factorial Completely Randomized Design with four replications and field parameters by Two Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. Results of analysis of variance disclosed that seeds primed with a combination of Azospirillum @ 20 % + Azotobacter @ 20 % + Phosphorous solubilizing bacteria @ 20 % recorded the highest improvement in all seed quality parameters viz., germination, field emergence, seedling length, seedling vigour index and electrical conductivity of seed leachates. Maize hybrid, DHM-117 recorded significantly higher values than parental lines, BML-6 and BML-7. But the per cent improvement over control was found to be more in the parental line, BML-7. In field studies, biopriming with a combination of Azospirillum @ 20 % + Azotobacter @ 20 % + Phosphorous solubilizing bacteria @ 20 % in DHM-117, BML-6 and BML-7 showed the best improvement in all the field parameters viz., plant height at 30, 60 days after sowing (DAS) and maturity, days to 50 % tasseling and days to 50 % silking, cob length, cob weight, single plant yield, kernel yield plot-1, kernel yield ha-1, 100 kernel weight, stover yield and harvest index. Bioprimimg treatments that included combination of biofertilizers showed better performance over treatments with individual biofertilizers. Among the hybrid and parental lines, DHM-117 (hybrid) showed best performance in all characters which was statistically superior to parental lines BML-6 and BML-7. Seed quality parameters of harvested crop i.e., germination, field emergence, seedling length, seedling vigour index and electrical conductivity of seed leachates were significantly influenced by the genotypes. Biopriming treatments exerted a significant influence on germination and seedling length while non-significant effect on field emergence, seedling vigour index and electrical conductivity of seed leachates. Interaction effects between genotype and treatment showed non-significant influence on germination, field emergence, seedling length, seedling vigour index and electrical conductivity of seed leachates. The present study disclosed that among hybrid and its parental lines, DHM-117, recorded higher values upon biopriming, while the per cent improvement over control was higher in parental lines in seed quality as well as field parameters. Biopriming with a combination of all the three biofertilizers Azospirillum @ 20 % + Azotobacter @ 20 % + Phosphorous solubilizing bacteria @ 20 % was more efficient in enhancing the seed quality, field performance and yield of maize hybrid and its parental lines.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON TRANSMISSION OF LEAF CRINKLE VIRUS THROUGH SEED IN URDBEAN (Vigna mungo)
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2024-05-16) MEDAM SUSHMA; Dr. K. BAYYAPU REDDY
    The present investigation on “Studies on transmission of leaf crinkle virus through seed in urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]” was carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh during rabi, 2021-22. Screening of urdbean genotypes against Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus (ULCV) was conducted in 25 genotypes and one check under field conditions in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two replications. Results revealed that one genotype was found highly resistant, ten genotypes were resistant, nine genotypes were moderately resistant, three genotypes were moderately susceptible and three genotypes exhibited susceptible reaction to ULCV. While none of the urdbean genotypes were found to be highly susceptible to the disease. The seeds from ULCV disease infected plants showed variation in seed shape, colour and seed index. Seed quality parameters viz., germination percent, seedling length, seedling vigour index were reduced in the seeds collected from ULCV infected plants compared to seeds from healthy plants. Highest per cent decrease over healthy seed in germination %, seedling length, seedling vigour index of ULCV infected seed was identified in the genotype GBG 67. xvii While the electrical conductivity of seed leachates was increased in the seeds from ULCV infected plants compared to healthy plants. Highest percent increase over healthy seed in electrical conductivity of seed leachates of ULCV infected seed was identified in the cultivar GBG 67. Moisture content has non significant difference among the genotypes as well as healthy and ULCV infected seed. The contents of total soluble proteins were decreased in ULCV infected urdbean seed compared to healthy seed. The total soluble sugars and phenol contents were increased in ULCV infected seed of urdbean compared to healthy seed. Seed transmission was recorded to an extent of 30 per cent in susceptible cv. GBG 67. While other cultivars that are resistant and moderately resistant to ULCV recorded 10-25 % of seed transmission of virus respectively. Genotypes GBG 12, GBG 67 and LBG 904 were tested for their reaction to ULCV by mechanical sap incoulation following sprout seed abrasion method. Among the three genotypes tested for mechanical sap inoculation, highest disease incidence (80 %) was recorded in GBG 67 followed by GBG 12 with 47.82 % disease incidence and LBG 904 with disease incidence of 45.83 %.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT OF SEED PRIMING WITH CHEMICALS AND MICROBIAL INOCULANTS ON SEED QUALITY, FIELD PERFORMANCE AND YIELD OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2024-05-16) JENNADA SHAREEF; Dr. V. SAIDA NAIK
    The present investigation entitled “Impact of seed priming with chemicals and microbial inoculants on seed quality, field performance and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Jangamaheswarapuram, Gurazala (field studies) and Central Instrumentation Cell, Agricultural College, Bapatla (laboratory studies), Andhra Pradesh during 2021-22. The experimental material consists of two genotypes, five treatments and ten interactions to know the effect of various priming agents and microbial inoculants on the seed quality of chickpea were shown in a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) with four replications (seed quality characters) and three replications (biochemical characters). To know the influence of the effective combination of priming agents and microbial inoculants on seed quality, field performance and yield of chickpea consisting of two genotypes, eleven treatments and twenty two interactions were shown in a Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications (field studies). Effect of various priming agents on seed quality of chickpea was showed highly significant for most of the characteristics except germination, electrical conductivity and moisture content. Variance due to the biochemical character was also found significant for the total soluble sugars. The genotype NBeG-452 showed superior per se performance over NBeG-119 for concerning seed quality characters whereas for biochemical characters NBeG-119 showed the highest per se over NBeG-452. Out of five treatments, T5 showed the highest per se performance in all seed quality parameters (except EC) and biochemical characters (except MDA) and also exceeded over treatment grand mean of all characters as mentioned above. For genotype x treatment interactions, seed of desi which treated with 100 ppm of GA3 (G1T5) was found to be superior over other interactions for seed quality characters like shoot length, root length, seedling length, seedling vigour index and field xv emergence. For biochemical character total soluble sugars were recorded higher mean value with seed of NBeG-119 treated with 100 ppm of GA3 (G2T5). The impact of microbial inoculants on seed quality of chickpea was found to be highly significant for all the characters except germination and electrical conductivity. Variance due to priming with microbial inoculants was found non-significant for all the biochemical characters. Out of two genotypes (NBeG-452 and NBeG-119), NBeG-452 was found to be superior over NBeG-119 with respect to seed quality parameters whereas for biochemical characters NBeG-119 was superior over NBeG-452 for TSS, protein and MDA. Among five treatments, 20% of Rhizobium sps (T3) was found statistically superior for all seed quality parameters (except EC) and biochemical characters (amylase activity) over all the treatments and their grand mean value. Among interactions, seed of NBeG-452 treated with 20% of Rhizobium sps (G1T3) recorded numerically superior for all seed quality parameters except germination and EC and also higher over the grand mean value of all parameters whereas seed of NBeG-119 treated with 20% of PSB (G2T5) exhibited higher TSS over interactions for the biochemical character. Combination of priming agents and microbial inoculants on field performance and yield of chickpea were found highly significant for most of the characters except days to 50% flowering. Between two genotypes, NBeG-452 was found numerically superior over NBeG-119 for all the characters except days to 50% flowering, seed yield per plant and 100 seed weight. NBeG-119 was found more susceptible to wilt & root rot. Out of eleven treatments, 100 ppm GA3 + 20% of Rhizobium sps (T5) performed better for the traits PPPM @ 30 DAS and time of harvest, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, seed yield per plot and 100 seed weight. In the case of incidence of disease (%), combination of 100 ppm GA3 with 20% of Trichoderma viridae (T8) was recorded lowest mean incidence (wilt and root rot) over the other treatments. Out of twenty two interactions, seed of NBeG-452 treated with combination of 100 ppm GA3 with 20% of Rhizobium sps (G1T5) was found to be superior for field parameters like PPPM @ 30 DAS, seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant and seed yield per plot over the other interactions while seed of NBeG 119 treated with combination of 100 ppm GA3 with 20% of Rhizobium sps (G2T5) was recorded as highest per se performance for the trait of 100 seed weight and seed of NBeG-452 treated with combination of 100 ppm GA3 with 20% of Trichoderma viridae (G1T8) was recorded lowest mean incidence of root rot & wilt over the other interactions but statistically on par with seed of NBeG-452 treated with combination of KH2PO4 with Trichoderma viridae (G1T6) with respect to the incidence of root rot per cent. Variance due to treatment showed highly significant variation in all seed quality parameters. NBeG-452 was found to be superior over NBeG-119 in seed quality parameters while in the case of biochemical studies NBeG-119 was found superior over NBeG-452 for TSS, protein and MDA. Among eleven treatments, combination of ppm GA3 with Rhizobium sps showed a higher mean value in all seed quality parameters (except EC) and biochemical characters (except MDA) and also exceeded over treatments grand mean. Out of twenty two interactions, seed of NBeG-452 treated with combination of GA3 with Rhizobium sps (G1T5) was found to be superior for all characters except germination, which was recorded higher with seed of desi treated with combination of GA3 with Trichoderma viridae (G1T8). While in the case of biochemical studies seed of kabuli treated with combination of GA3 with Rhizobium sps (G2T5) recorded significantly higher soluble sugars over other interactions