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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FLAKING MACHINE FOR RAGI
    (guntur, 2022-11-09) NETHRA, VULAVALA; SOMESWARA RAO, Ch.
    Ragi (Eleusinecoracana L.) also called finger millet is widely cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions of India and Africa. India is the major producer of various kinds of millets. Millet flaking would be a new avenue for wide spread utilization. Flaking of millets has been successfully attempted by adapting the normal cereal flaking methods using roller flaker with minor modifications. Finger Millet (Ragi) of ‘Vakula- PPR2700’ variety procured from Agricultural College farm, Bapatla was selected for conducting the experiments. Physical properties of finger millet grains were determined. To study the effect of soaking and roasting; steaming and roasting of finger millet on quality of flakes, experiments were conducted at different soaking times (9,10.5 and 12 h), steam pressures ( 1 and 1.5 kg cm-2) , roasting temperatures ( 120, 160 and 200 ° C) and roller speeds (60 and 80 rpm). Fixed gap of 0.1 mm between the rollers was maintained for all the experiments. Experiments were formulated using CCD design in design expert at different levels of independent variables. Optimization of process parameters for maximization of flake yield and minimization of broken content was carried out using design expert. The quality characteristics of finger millet flakes obtained at optimized conditions were also determined for both soaking and roasting; steaming and roasting treatments separately. Optimized conditions for production of finger millet flakes by soaking and roasting treatment were observed at soaking time of 12h, roasting temperature of 120 ̊ C for 20 min and processed at roller speed of 80 rpm with fixed roller gap of 0.1 mm. The flake yield, broken yield and moisture content of finger millet flakes obtained at optimized soaking and roasting conditions are 88.146 %, 28.12 %, 8.162%, respectively. Similarly, experimental values at optimized soaking and roasting conditions were observed as flake yield (83.67%), broken yield (29.12%) and moisture content (7.456%).The water absorption capacity, bulk density and flake thickness of finger millet flakes obtained for soaking and roasting treatment are observed as 82.190 g/100g, 447 kg/m3, 0.5683 mm, respectively. Optimized conditions for production of finger millet flakes by steaming and roasting treatment were observed at steam pressure of 1.5 kg cm-2 for 20 min duration, roasting temperature of 120 ̊ C for 20 min and processed at roller speed of 80 rpm with fixed roller gap of 0.1 mm. The flake yield, broken yield and moisture content of finger millet flakes obtained at optimized steaming and roasting conditions are 77.528 %, 23.45%, 7.978%, respectively. Similarly, experimental values at optimized steaming and roasting conditions were observed as flake yield (72.75%), broken yield (24.12%) and moisture content (7.779%).The water absorption capacity, bulk density and flake thickness of finger millet flakes obtained for steaming and roasting treatment are observed as 51.395 g/100g, 524 kg/m3, 0.7857 mm, respectively. Keywords: Finger millet flakes, Soaking, Steaming, Roasting, Flake yield, Water absorption capacity, Bulk density, Flake thickness.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR POTHAKAMURU WATERSHED
    (guntur, 2022-11-09) . ANILA, P; RAGHU BABU, M.
    Water requirement has been increasing by 1% since 1980. Over two billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress. Water stress is not a factor that solely depends on water availability. At the same time it depends on the management of available resources. Watershed based study is considered as the best way to manage water resources properly. The study was conducted on Pothakamuru watershed of Darsi Mandal in Prakasam District. Prakasam District is one of the drought affected districts in coastal Andhra Pradesh. A number of soil and water conservation works has done on this watershed from 2012 to 2018. So that Pothakamuru watershed has been selected for fulfilling following objectives. i) To assess surface and groundwater resources and estimate the water demand for agricultural sector of Pothakamuru watershed. ii) To develop sustainable water resources plan for the watershed using appropriate optimization techniques. iii) To assess the impact of soil conservation measures on crops and water bodies. DEM of the study area was downloaded for the generation of watershed boundary, drainage lines, drainage area and slope map of watershed. The watershed comprises an area of 12952.85 ha with a population of 54599 people. The farmers on the watershed mainly depend on groundwater for irrigation. The surface waterbody on the watershed comprises an area of 574.68 ha. The watershed has a stream having a water spread area of 198.96 ha. LISS III data of 2012 and 2018 were downloaded from BHUVAN website, for the generation of LULC map and NDVI map. Sentinel 2 satellite image from USGS Earth Explorer was used for the extraction of agricultural areas on different agricultural seasons of the hydrological year 2017-2018. Total agricultural water demand was estimated by adding the crop water requirement and livestock water demand. The crop water demand of the study was estimated from Modis ET data product( MOD16A2) by the extraction of crop area. Livestock water demand was obtained from livestock population. Total water demand for the agricultural sector was obtained as 21.14Mm3 for the year 2017-2018 where crop water requirement is obtained as 20.7Mm3 and livestock water demand is found to be 0.44Mm3. Water requirement for the domestic sector is obtained as 1.09Mm3. Hydrological soil group map and LULC map were made in for the estimation of runoff. Highest percentage of of soil came under the category of moderately high runoff potential. The runoff from the watershed was estimated using SCS Curve number method. Out of 572.4 mm of average rainfall, 151.41 mm of water was going as runoff from the watershed which is 26.45% of the total precipitation. This runoff joins into the surface water resources. Drainage map of the watershed was obtained from SRTM DEM file.the study has drainage order four. Drainage density of watershed was obtained and drainage density map was generated. Runoff map of the watershed was prepared in ArcMAP. Runoff coefficient for the entire watershed was obtained as 0.3. Runoff coefficient map was generated with the help of the GIS platform. Most of the soil and water conservation measures on the study area were concentrated on the upstream side of the watershed. A better water resource management plan was needed for the study area. Water resource management plan for the study area was adopted from decision rules which are separate for water conservation structures and soil conservation measures. Soil conservation measures were adopted by considering LULC and slope of the study area. Water conservation measures were adopted by considering slope, drainage order and runoff potential of the area. Contour bunding, grassed water way, farm ponds, silt application, drainage disposals, forest restoration and crop plantation were the soil conservation measures selected. Farm ponds, percolation ponds, gully plugs and subsurface dykes were the water conservation structures adopted for the watershed. Decision rules were applied in the study area, by considering a grid of 25 ha in ArcGIS. Soil conservation works on the watershed between 2012 to 2018 were collected. LULC map of the study area in 2012 and 2018 was prepared from LISS III satellite image. The LULC map showed a noticeable change in land use pattern. Built up area, agricultural area, plantation area and water spread area of watershed had increased. At the same time, the area of wasteland was reduced. A portion of wasteland was converted into agricultural land and plantation. NDVI maps of respective years were prepared. Area came under the category of no vegetation on 20111-2012 and decreased on 2017-18. Area came under moderate vegetation which includes agriculture and plantation on 2011-12 increased on 2017-18.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MAPPING OF AQUA PONDS ON REDUCTION IN PADDY AREA IN GUNTUR DISTRICT USING RS & GIS
    (guntur, 2022-11-09) PALLAVI, CHIPPE; HEMA KUMAR, H. V.
    Commercial aqua ponds and aquaculture has experienced a remarkable increase in global production in the last decades. Rice farms are the favored sites for conversion into aqua ponds because they provide several characteristics well suited for aquaculture. The coastal belt of Guntur district is one such area where aquaculture activity is spreading at a rapid pace. Conversion of agricultural lands into aqua ponds leads to salinization of soil and ground water resources reducing crop production and fertile paddy croplands. Hence, it is desirable to monitor the problem and trends in conversion of paddy fields to aqua ponds by the modern techniques of remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS). The present study is proposed to assess the impact of aqua ponds in Guntur district coastal area which consists of Bapatla, Karlapalem, Nagaram, Nizampatnam, Pittalavanipalem and Repalle mandals as major concern. The assessment of extent of area under aqua ponds were estimated by the NDWI image thresholding method, the Hybrid classification approach which combines the benefits of unsupervised and supervised classification approaches were used for the estimation of area under paddy cultivation in the study area. The effect of aqua ponds on crop production was estimated by the reduction of area (ha) under paddy cultivation and the total yield obtained (t/ha). Soil and ground water samples were collected during pre and post-monsoons (2019-20) at various distances away from aqua ponds (100, 500 and 1000 m). Various physico-chemical and chemical properties of soil and ground water were analyzed. The benefit cost analysis of aqua pond enterprise considering economic water productivity was performed by using necessary data collected from well- structured questionnaire through technical survey. The classified images of aqua ponds and paddy cultivation from 2012 to 2019 showed the total area of 954.39 ha of paddy lands were converted in aqua ponds. Among, the six mandals under study Nizampatnam with 335.1 (ha) has the maximum and Bapatla with 63.0 (ha) has the minimum area under conversion of paddy lands into aqua ponds. The results showed that the total reduction in crop yield due to aqua ponds under the study area from 2012 to 2019 was 5,156.57 (t). The pH values of soils from six mandals ranked from neutral (6.5 to 7.5) to strongly alkaline (8.5 to 10.0). The electrical conductivity values recorded in soils ranked from low salinity ( 2.25 dSm-1). The results showed that soil samples collected in 6 mandals has shown soil salinization. The available nitrogen content in soils adjacent to ponds ranked low (< 280 kg ha-1). Available phosphorus content in soils ranked between low (< 25 kg ha-1) and medium (25 to 59 kg ha-1). The soils indicated that they are low (< 145 kg ha-1) with respect to available potassium. Available calcium content in soils was grouped under low category (< 145 meq l-1). A minimum of 5.6 meq l-1 in Nagaram and maximum of 63.7 meq l-1 in Repalle of available magnesium content was recorded in six mandals under study. The organic carbon of soils ranged from low productive to average productive. The pH of ground water samples from six mandals was neutral to slightly alkaline, whereas, EC was found to be saline (1.74 to 18.34 dSm-1). Bicarbonates were in excess of permissible limits of 200 ppm. The chlorides and sulphates were also very much higher than the permissible limit of 250 ppm in all six mandal. The concentration of calcium, magnesium, sodium, RSC and SAR of water samples were all in excess of permissible limits and indicated that most samples studied were not suitable for irrigation All the cations & anions indicated ground water contamination. All the cations and the anions in ground water samples have shown to decrease with increase in distance in both seasons, except carbonates which were not detected in some mandals. The aquaculture has shown to have negative effect in water properties than soil properties. The overall analysis for pooled farmers in aquaculture showed that benefit cost ratio of 1.51 means that aqua farming gives net benefit cost ratio of Rs. 0.51 with a payback periods of 156 culture days. Study revealed that one crop in a year Rs.5,75,529/ha of net profit. The overall gross and net economic water productivity obtained as Rs.93.6/m3 and Rs.31.5/m3. The overall analysis for pooled farmers in paddy cultivation showed that benefit cost ratio of 1.18 means that aqua farming gives net benefit cost ratio of Rs. 0.18 with a payback periods of 206 culture days. Study revealed that one crop in a year Rs.16,441.46 /ha of net profit. The overall gross and net economic water productivity obtained as Rs.6.5/m3 and Rs.1.0/m3 Keywords: Aqua Ponds, Paddy Cultivation, NDWI, Hybrid Classification approach, Crop production, soil and ground water quality, pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, Aquaculture, Benefit cost analysis, Economic water productivity.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT OF REMOTE CONTROL OPERATED SENSOR BASED SITE SPECIFIC CHEMICAL APPLICATOR
    (guntur, 2022-08-18) NAGARAJ, Er. BASANI; ASHOK KUMAR, A.
    Plant protection is one of the important aspects of agriculture which helps to increase farm productivity as well as profit generated per hectare. Crop protection chemicals play a vital role in protecting the crop from insects, fungus, viruses, and weeds. In the conventional spraying system, there is no cut-off mechanism to avoid spraying between plants due to which liquid chemical flows continuously from the nozzles on the plant canopy and in void space which results in 50 - 60 % of wastage in applied chemicals and increases disease control costs. The operator being exposed to hazardous chemicals, wastage of chemical inputs, and degradation of the environment were serious issues with the conventional methods of chemical application. The present study was conducted on the development and performance evaluation of self-propelled remote control operated sensor-based site-specific chemical applicator. The remote-control unit helps to operate the developed chemical applicator from without entering in to the field and the sensors help to spray exactly on the target (plant canopy) and avoid in the void space between the plants. Before developing the chemical applicator, all the required components were drawn and assembled in Solidworks software for fabrication accuracy. The developed chemical applicator was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. During field evaluation, Chilli crop was chosen to test the developed chemical applicator. Before chemical application Water sensitive papers (WSP) named L1(top), L2(middle) and L3(bottom) were placed vertically on the canopy and WSP named L4 and L5 were placed horizontally on the soil surface at inter canopy region. Results obtained for developed chemical applicator were compared using with activation and without activation of sensors. ImageJ software was used for image analysis to find droplet size, density and percentage of area covered on crop. Cost economics of developed chemical applicator were also determined. xiv During evaluation, it was observed that the maximum detection range of three ultrasonic sensors was not uniform due to variation in frequency. So, to have a uniform detection range was adjusted to 65 cm. The average forward speed of the chemical applicator was 2.19 km h-1. The average discharge of the boom was 0.653 l min-1. It was observed that after 105 minutes of operation the voltage was dropped to 16.7 and further drop in voltage was not sufficient to propel the developed and took nearly 360 minutes to charge the discharged batteries. The droplet size, density and spray coverage were similar at L1, L2 and L3 locations of WSP during application of chemical with and without activation of sensors. The droplet size, density and spray coverage at L4 and L5 varied from 197.69 to 207.01 μm, 150.67 to 18.33 droplets per cm2 and 11.41 to 3.37 % during application of chemical with and without activation of sensors. The application rate of chemicals reduced from 151.22 l ha-1 to 73.32 l ha-1 when operated with activation of sensors. The actual field capacity and field efficiency of the developed chemical applicator was 0.263 ha h-1 and 61.73 %. The cost of operation of the developed chemical applicator for Chilli crop was 125 Rs h-1. The developed remote-control unit works satisfactorily in reducing the risk of exposure to harmful chemicals during spraying by the operator. The sensor based chemical applicator unit also worked satisfactorily for real time site specific chemical application and prevented excess use of chemicals and contamination of environment. Keywords: Ultrasonic sensors; site specific applicator; Image analysis; Object sensing; cost economics.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT OF FEEDING MECHANISM AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF GHERKIN GRADER
    (guntur, 2022-08-18) NITHIN DESHAI; SATYANARAYANA, CH.V.V.
    Gherkins belonging to cucurbit family has huge demand in the world trade market. About 2.12 lakh MT of gherkins and cucumbers are majorly exported to European countries. The southern part of India cultivates gherkins, 3 seasons per year under contract farming by more than 1,00,000 small and marginal farmers. The local processing companies support and prescribe the entire gamut of activities in the cultivation practices. But the main hindrance in the production of gherkins is the grading of produce at farm level. Still grading of gherkins is done manually using different sizes of sieves which is labour oriented, tedious and time consuming. Grading of gherkins plays an important role as the value of gherkins depends upon the size (width) of the fruit. As the size of the fruit increases the market value of gherkins decreases. The common grades of gherkins are grade 1: 18.5 to 25 mm and grade 4: > 25 mm according to the width preffered for export. Several researchers have developed mechanical graders based on the sieving principle which results in more damage to the gherkins. In view this, a power-operated gherkin grader based on the divergent rope principle causing negligible damage to the gherkins was developed at Dr. NTR CAE Bapatla. But in this machine, feeding was done manually, directly on the feeding chute. Manual feeding in bulk resulted in clogging at the grading unit affecting the grading efficiency of gherkins. In order to overcome clogging of gherkin on the grading unit due to bulk feeding, a feeding mechanism was designed, developed and evaluated. The developed feeding unit consists of a feed hopper, feed conveyor and oscillating unit which were developed based on the physical and engineering properties of gherkins. The feed hopper was designed in such a way that the bulk volume of gherkins are fed into the conveyor without clogging which further reaches the oscillating unit. Due to the reciprocating motion and corrugation of the guiding plate of the oscillating unit gherkins are aligned parallel to the diverging grading ropes. Diverging grading ropes assist the gherkins to drop as per their width at their respective collection unit. To evaluate the performance of the feeding mechanism, the parameters such as feed conveyor speed (12.9, 16.1, 19.3 and 22.5 m min-1), oscillating unit slope (0, 5, 10 and 15°), PU rope speed (10, 12.5, 15 and 17.5 m min-1) and PU rope slope (0,1.5 and 3°) were considered. Among these parameters, the best combination was at a feed conveyor speed of 19.3 m min-1, Oscillating unit slope of 15°, PU rope speed of 12.5 m min-1 and PU rope slope of 0°. Grading efficiency for grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 was determined to be 81.79 to 85.23%, 78.51 to 83.07%, 83.77 to 87.12% and 95.26 to 98.41% respectively. The cost of the gherkin grader with a newly developed feeding mechanism was determined to be Rs. 87,500/-. The cost of operation with a developed feeding mechanism was found to be Rs. 153 t-1 and Rs. 92 h-1 which resulted in money saving of 38.84% and time saving of 58.33%. Keywords: Gherkins; Feeding Mechanism; Performance Evaluation; Cost Economics
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON DEVELOPMENT OF CHITOSAN BASED BIOPOLYMER EXTRACTED FROM FISH SCALES AND ITS PERFORMANCE ON FOOD
    (guntur, 2022-08-18) MADHU, B. O.; SMITH, D. D.
    The waste generated from the worldwide production and processing of shellfish and fish scales is a severe problem of growing magnitude. The uncountable number of processed food products and raw materials of food available in the market are highly perishable and need effective and efficient packaging systems for extending their shelflife. Thereby, food waste may be minimized and the health of the consumer safeguarded. Conventional polymeric materials cannot be easily degraded in soil, which accumulates in the environment and aids in environmental pollution. Synthetic plastics are replacing biopolymers due to their renewable and biodegradable characteristics. Biopolymers generally synthesized from living organisms are polynucleotides viz., DNA, RNA, polypeptides (proteins) and polysaccharides (polymeric carbohydrates). Chitosan obtained from crustacean waste leads to useful utilization with the reduction in risk of environmental pollution. However, biopolymers generally have poor mechanical properties. To overcome this problem, plasticizers are added to provide the necessary workability to biopolymers. An antimicrobial film made from chitosan and clove oil helps in increasing in shelflife and quality of highly perishable food. The effect of concentrations of glacial acetic acid (0.5, 1, 1.5 %), plasticizer (10, 25, 40 %) and clove oil (0.5, 0.75,1 %) on Physico-chemical, mechanical and antimicrobial properties of developed biopolymeric films was studied. Response surface xvii methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the tensile strength, elongation at break, puncture strength, film thickness, swelling index, water vapor transmission rate, antimicrobial property (E Coli), antimicrobial property (Bacillus Subtilis), film density, biodegradability and color. A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used for optimization. Thus obtained optimized process parameters were glacial acetic acid concentration of 1.5%, plasticizer concentration of 10% and clove oil concentration of 1% with the results of tensile strength, elongation at break, puncture strength, film thickness, swelling index, water vapor transmission rate, antimicrobial property E Coli, antimicrobial property bacillus Subtilis, film density, biodegradability, L*, a*, b* and ΔE as 1.80E-05, 41.0376, 265.828, 0.060314, 68.3957, 3.67E-09, 34.2417, 32.1933, 1.19933, 52.1527, 84.6315, -0.30714, 10.4098 and 3.925 respectively. The effect of chitosan-based biopolymeric film on the shelf life of chicken nuggets and sapota fruits was evaluated along with LDPE, HDPE and PP packaging film as control for ten days based on firmness, weight loss, pH, TSS, color, and microbial load of food samples and determined the film developed with 1.5% glacial acetic acid concentration, 10% plasticizer and 1% clove oil showed good results and enhanced its shelf life. Keywords: Chitosan; Biopolymer; Plasticizer; Clove oil; Glacial acetic acid; Shelf life; Tensile strength; Antimicrobial
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    FORTIFICATION OF RICE WITH MICRONUTRIENTS (IRON & FOLIC ACID )THROUGH PARBOILING
    (guntur, 2022-08-18) VANI, GANJAHALLI; JAGANNADHA RAO, P.V.K.
    micronutrient deficiency in countries with high per capita rice consumption. In exicisting technologies of rice fortification are encounted related to color, taste, a loss of micronutrients during washing and cooking and high capital cost. Fortification through parboiling is an innovative technology to increase the micronutrients like iron and folic acid. Fortification of micronutrients through parboiling, which involves the addition of micronutrients to the soaking water that provides absorption of micronutrients into the lattice structure of endosperm through water, distribution of micronutrients along with starch granules throughout the endosperm therefore no loss of micronutrients occurs during washing and cooking. Three paddy cultivars MTU7029, IR64 and MTU1010 were procured for parboiling; these cultivars are suitable for parboiling in Andhra pradesh. An effect of soaking temperature (60, 65 and 70° C), soaking time (2, 3 and 4h) and concentration of fortificants (iron- 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 g/100 g: folic acid – 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g/100 g) on iron and folic acid fortification of rice were studied using Response surface methodology (RSM). Optimized process parameters for iron and folic acid fortified rice was obtained at 65 °C for 3h, the fortificant concentration for NaFeEDTA 0.2g /100g and the folic acid concentration 0.3g/100g by Design expert analysis. The physico- chemical properties of rice such as size, moisture content, protein, ash, fat, carbohydrates, iron and folic acid were determined in all three cultivars. The Physicochemical properties (fat, protein, ash and carbohydrates) of fortified rice were similar to parboiled rice, whereas, retention of iron and folic acid were more in fortified rice compared to parboiled rice. The retention of iron and folic acid in three cultivars before polishing were 26, 23.5 and 22.5 mg/100 g for iron and 527.34, 458.33 and 412 μg/100 g for folic acid in Name of the Author : GANJAHALLI VANI Title of the thesis : FORTIFICATION OF RICE WITH MICRONUTRIENTS (IRON AND FOLIC ACID) THROUGH PARBOILNG Degree to which it is submitted : Master of Technology Faculty : Agricultural Engineering Major field of study : PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING Major Advisor : Dr. P.V.K. JAGANNADHA RAO University : Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University Swarna, IR64 and MTU1010 respectively. The percent iron and folic acid decreased from brown rice to polished rice was ranging 30 to 35% and 38 to 42%, respectively. The head rice yield of parboiled rice and fortified rice were similar and these values are high when compared to raw rice. In rice colour values, L* values were decreased and b* values were increased in fortified parboiled rice as compared to raw rice in all cultivars. The cooking time of parboiled rice is more as compared to the raw rice in among the cultivars. The shorter cooking time was found for IR64 parboiled rice followed by MTU1010 and MTU7029. The minimum predicted storage life was observed as 304 days for folic acid fortified rice with IR64 cultivar packed in LDPE packaging material and maximum predicted storage life as 590 days was obtained for MTU7029 iron fortified rice packed in PP packaging material. This shows that the fortified parboiled rice can be stored 10 to 19 months. The good rankings were shown in sensory evaluation for iron and folic acid fortified rice. The results revealed that fortified rice has good acceptance on par with parboiled rice for three varieties. The cost of fortified rice was less compared to commercially available capsules for similar intake of iron and folic acid. Keywords: Fortification, parboiling, Iron, Folic acid, Response Surface Methodology, Physico- chemical properties, Swarna, IR64 and MTU 1010.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SEMI AUTOMATIC INTER AND INTRA ROW WEEDER FOR WIDER ROW SPACED CROPS
    (guntur, 2022-08-18) KISHORE, ARIGELA; JOSEPH REDDY, S.
    Weeds are unwanted and undesirable plants which interfere with the utilization of land and water resources and thus adversely affect crop growth. They can also be referred as plants out of place. Weeds compete with the beneficial and desired vegetation in crop lands, forests, aquatic systems etc. Weeding is an essential requirement to enhance crop growth. Handling the weeds nearby crop plants needs more attention and operation of machine is difficult along with crop. Hence, it is weeds grow mostly carried at present by engaging manual labor and become a labor intensive agricultural operation. Weeding accounts for about 25 % of the total labour requirement during a cultivation season. Whereas on the other hand machines can perform weed control when the crops are wellrooted, because if the intra-row weeders mentioned above have contact with the crops, the crops will not be damaged. This requirement causes a difficulty in controlling weeds at very early planting stage. The crop parameters those influence the weeding operation are row to row spacing, intra row spacing between the plants and also the crop physical parameters. Generally, the row to row spacing in wider spaced crops varies from 60 to 90 cm or 60 to 120 cm. while plant to plant spacing varies from 30 to 60 cm. The height of the plant, number of branches and crop canopy varies at different stages of weeding also influence the design of the weeding machine. Clearance required between the rows and also from ground to chassis of the power source, in case of power operated weeding equipment also effect the weeding efficiency. The height of the plant as well as the canopy of the plant at different stages are to be taken into consideration to improve weeding efficiency and to reduce the plant damage, particularly, while working between the plants with in the row. A study was therefore undertaken on “development and evaluation of semiautomatic inter and intra row weeder for wider row spaced crops” at Dr. NTR College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla. The tractor mounted implement was evaluated by varying forward speeds i.e., 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 km h-1 at constant RPM of 180, 220 and 290 respectively and 2, 4 and 6 cm depth of operation levels in chilli crop. Name of the Author : ARIGELA KISHORE Title of the thesis : “Development and Evaluation of Semi- Automatic Inter and Intra Row Weeder for Wider Row Spaced Crops” Degree to which it is submitted : Master of Technology Faculty : Agricultural Engineering & Technology Major field of study : FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING Major Advisor : Dr. S. JOSEPH REDDY University : ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Year of Submission : 2021 Lower weeding efficiencies were obtained at all depth of operation levels at forward speed of 0.6 km h-1. The rate of increase in weeding efficiency was more when forward speed increased than increase in depth of operation. The weeding efficiency was almost constant for further increase of forward speed from 1.0 to 1.8 km h-1. It was clear that the percentage of plant damage was zero or constant above 45 cm plant to plant distance. Below 45 cm plant to plant distance, the percentage of plant damage was found to be from 0 to 100 %. Draft increased with the increase in forward speed at all levels of depth of operation. It was observed that the field capacity increased with the increase of forward speed at all levels of depth of operation in all the crops both at 45 cm intra row spacing. It was observed that the fuel consumption was almost constant for further increase of forward speed from 1.0 to 1.8 km h-1. Cost of operation with developed inter and intra row weeder was observed to be low when compared with traditional method of weeding operation. The saving in cost was about Rs. 5,220 ha-1 over traditional method of weeding. keywords: Semi-automatic, inter and intra row, depth, weeding efficiency, plant damage, draft, field capacity.
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    DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF COTTON STALK UPROOTER CUM SHREDDER
    (guntur, 2022-08-17) RAJU YADAV, Er. K.; JOSEPH REDDY, S.
    Cotton is the most important fiber and cash crop of India and plays a dominant role in industrial and agricultural economy of the country.Cotton is both tropical and subtropical crop.One of the most difficulties in cotton producers is the need to clear the ground stalk odd cotton plants after final harvesting. At present, only manual uprooting or cutting of the plant stalks are followed, which is highly labour intensive, time consuming and costly. In some area’s farmers used repeated heavily disking to cut the cotton stalks and cover it with soil. Pink boll warm (PBW) insect causes maximum damage to cotton crop. Commonly available cotton stalk shredder cut the plant 5-6 inches above the soil surface. Shredders are not handling with root and the root system measures as a disposal problem to the cotton growers. If the roots are not uprooted, the insects and pests will remain alive and transfer to the next year. The experimental study was conducted on “Development and evaluation of cotton stalk uprooter cum shredder” was carried out at RARS Nandyal. In the experimental plot the row to row and intra spacing are 60 and 30 cm. The physical properties of cotton stalks were calculated initially. The average values of height of cotton plant, taproot length, diameter, stalk moisture and soil moisture are 117.4 cm, 34.7 cm, 2.2 cm, 27.1 % and 11.1 % respectively.Three widths of blades (10, 15 and 20 cm) were selected for uprooting of cotton stalks at three depths (5, 10 and 15 cm) and operation speeds at (1.3, 1.5 and 1.65 km.h-1). The uprooting efficiency was 95.2% maximum for 20 cm width of the blade at 15 cm depth the operating speed of 1.65 km.h-1 but it requires more draft force 341.4 kgf and wheel slip was 17.2%. The uprooting efficiency 91.6% for the blade of 20 cm width slightly less at depth of 10 cm require less draft force of 257.4 kgf and was slip wheel was less 10.3 % at operating speed of 1.65km. h-1. The minimum U.E was obtained 79.9 % and 83.2 % for 10 and 15 cm width of the blade at depth of 10 cm and operating speed was 1.65 km.h-1 respectively. The draft obtained for 10 and 15 cm width of the blade at 10 cm depth were 239.8 and 253.2 kgf and wheel slip was 8.3 and 9.3% at operating speed of 1.65 km. h-1. The operating speed of 1.3 got minimum uprooting efficiency of 52.5, 62.2 and 69.5 % and speed of 1.5 km.h-1 has uprooting efficiency of 62.5, 64.4 and 79.9 % more than1.3 km.h-1 14 for the 10, 15 and 20 cm width of the blade at10 cm depth. The theoretical field capacity was 0.33 ha.h-1was maximum at operating speed of 1.65 km.h-1 and minimum of 0.26 ha.h-1for the blade width of 20 cm at operating speed of 1.3 km.h-1. The effective field capacity for 20 cm width of the blade was maximum of 0.28 ha.h-1at operating speed of km.h-1 and minimum of 0.16 ha.h-1at operating speed of 1.3 km.h-1. The field efficiency of 84.4 % was at 1.65 km.h-1 and minimum field efficiency of 61.5 % at operating speed of 1.3 km.h-1.The cost economics of cotton stalk Uprooter cum shredder was less 2550 Rs.h-1 when compared with manual method. Key words:Uprooting efficiency, draft force, wheel slip, width of the blade, depth of operation, speedof operation and field efficiency.