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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    VALIDATION OF IDENTIFIED QTLs IN RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES FOR STAGNANT FLOODING TOLERANCE IN RICE.
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) SRIKANTH KUMAR, G; GIRIJA RANI, M
    The present study was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Maruteru, West Godavari district of Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) during Kharif 2018-19 to validate identified QTLs in Recombinant Inbred Lines for stagnant flooding tolerance in rice, to study character association and also effect of one character on the other character for 19 characters. Phenotypic data were recorded for physiological traits (plant survival %, stem elongation at 30 DAT, stem elongation at 60 DAT, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, kneeing ability), lodging related traits (basal internode length, culm diameter, culm thickness, culm strength, per cent of lodging) and yield traits (plant height, days to 50 % flowering, ear bearing tillers plant-1, number of grains panicle-1, panicle length, spikelet fertility, 1000 grain weight and grain yield plant-1). The analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant differences among checks, checks vs genotypes for all 19 characters denoting variability among genotypes. The result implies that RILs exhibit superiority over the susceptible parent Indra for the characters studied. Screening of 167 RILs for stagnant flooding using augmented randomized block design revealed the survival of 146 RILs. Among them, two RILs (SF 7, SF 75) exhibited 100 % plant survival % and 93 RILs exhibited less than 50 % plant survival. These results indicated that plant survival % is essential to realize considerable yields under stagnant flooding. Character association studies revealed that stem elongation at 60 cm, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, basal internodal length, culm diameter, plant height, days to 50 % flowering, ear bearing tillers plant-1, number of grains panicle-1, panicle length, spikelet fertility, 1000 grain weight exhibited positive significant correlation with grain yield plant-1 denoting selection of these traits helps in realizing potential yields under stagnant flooding. Per cent of lodging and kneeing ability showed negative correlation with grain yield plant-1 suggesting that lower per cent of lodging, lower values of kneeing ability are essential to achieve higher yields under stagnant flooding. xii Path analysis revealed that all the yield parameters exhibited positive direct effect on grain yield, all the physiological traits except kneeing ability showed negative direct on grain yield and all the lodging related parameters except per cent of lodging expressed negative direct effect on grain yield. Selection of plants with higher plant survival %, moderate plant height and elongation, high tillering ability having wider and strong culms with longer panicles would be useful for varietal improvement under stagnant flooding. The QTL qSF10.1 affecting plant survival % under stagnant flooding was validated between flanking markers RM 304 and RM 6737 on chromosome 10 with a LOD score of 1.60 explained by phenotypic variance of 7.56 % and additive effect of 7.71 during kharif 2018-19. Fine mapping of previously identified QTL region (RM 304 – RM 6100) using more SSR markers resulted in reduction of QTL region from 166 to 62 kbp. These results implies that QTL region (RM 304 – RM 6737) confers for plant survival %. In addition to validation of QTL qSF10.1, we have also identified 17 QTLs for physiological, lodging related and yield traits with in QTL region. These results were supported by correlation of plant survival % with the physiological, lodging related and yield traits. Out of 17 QTLs, qSE10.1 for stem elongation at 30 DAT, qLOD10.1 for per cent of lodging, qNG10.1 for number of grains panicle-1 and qGY10.1 for grain yield plant-1 with higher values of phenotypic variation can be exploited as major QTLs for yield improvement apart from validated QTL qSF10.1 for plant survival under stagnant flooding.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF ECOFRIENDLY TECHNIQUES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF STEM BORERS, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) AND Sesamia inferens (Walker) IN MAIZE
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) ANIL KUMAR, K; MADHUMATHI, T
    Investigations on the effect of organic amendments at high and normal densities of maize on the incidence of stem borer, influence of morphological and biochemical plant characters of maize on the stem borer incidence, evaluation of organics and botanicals in the management of stem borer were conducted at College Farm and Department of Entomology, Agricultural College, Bapatla and a roving survey was conducted in Guntur and Krishna districts of Andhra Pradesh to ascertain the occurrence of maize stem borers. All these experiments were conducted for four consecutive seasons i.e., on kharif 2017-18, rabi 2017-18, kharif 2018-19 and rabi 2018-19 on Chilo partellus Swinhoe (in kharif) and Sesamia inferens Walker (in rabi) The two plant densities (main plots) of maize tested were on par with each other with regard to the stem borer infestation and organic amendments (sub plots) significantly differed from others with lowest per cent leaf infestation (12.23%), dead hearts (1.48%), stem tunneling (2.66%), number of exit holes (0.45), number of larvae (0.31) and number of pupae (0.18) observed in untreated control and highest leaf infestation (22.91%), dead hearts (5.36%), stem tunneling (16%), number of exit holes (1.55), number of larvae (1.00) and number of pupae (0.74) in RDF treatment against C. partellus during kharif 2017-18 & 18-19. Similarly during rabi the same trend was followed with lowest per cent leaf infestation (16.0%), dead hearts (3.25%), stem tunneling (8.52%), number of exit holes (0.93), number of larvae (0.63) and number of pupae (0.28) observed in untreated control and highest leaf infestation (29.54%), dead hearts (7.32%), stem tunneling (17.47%), number of exit holes (2.16), number of larvae (1.36) and number of pupae (0.75) in RDF treatment against S. inferens. However all the organic amendments alone treated plots are on par with untreated control having lower infestation levels and yields while organic manures + 75% RDF treated plots are almost on par with RDF treated plots in terms of infestation levels and yield of maize. xxii Correlations of morphological plant characters with stem borer incidence revealed that some of morphological characters have correlation with the stem borer infestation and showed significance in both normal plant density and high plant density of maize. During kharif 2017-18 & 2018-19 the morphological plant characters like number of nodes, plant height, cob height, leaf length and leaf width recorded nonsignificant positive correlation with leaf infestation and dead hearts by C. partellus. Significant positive correlations with leaf infestation and dead heart damage were observed with cob length, internodal length, stem diameter, 100 grain weight and dry matter. However, significant negative correlation was observed between leaf infestation, dead heart and trichome density. Similar results were also observed with high density planting. During rabi 2017-18 & 2018-19, the morphological plant characters like cob height, leaf length, leaf width recorded non-significant positive correlations while, number of nodes, plant height, cob length, internodal length, stem diameter, 100 grain weight recorded significant positive correlation with S. inferens leaf infestation and dead heart damage whereas, trichome density recorded significant negative correlation. At high density, the morphological characters like number of nodes, plant height, cob height, leaf length, leaf width, total dry matter of the plant, cob length recorded nonsignificant correlation with S. inferens leaf infestation and dead heart damage whereas 100 grain weight, internodal length and stem diameter showed significant correlation with both leaf infestation and dead heart damage. During kharif 2017-18 & 2018-19, at 45 days after sowing (normal plant density), the biochemical plant characters like nitrogen, carbohydrate and protein recorded significant correlation with leaf infestation of C.partellus while, phenols recorded non-significant negative correlation. Similar correlation results were observed at 75 days after sowing. During rabi 2017-18 & 2018-19, at 45 days after sowing (normal plant density), the biochemical plant characters like nitrogen, carbohydrate and protein recorded significant correlation with leaf infestation of S. inferens while, phenols recorded non-significant negative correlation. Similar correlation results were observed at 75 days after sowing. Survey conducted during kharif 2017-18 and 2018-19 revealed that in Guntur district, the least infestation of maize by C. partellus in terms of per cent leaf infestation (12.37%), dead heart percentage (8.64%), stem tunneling length (1.83), no. of larvae (0.32), no. of pupae (0.17) and no. of exit holes (0.33) was observed in Narasaraopet mandal. The highest per cent leaf infestation (23.39%), with high dead heart percentage (21.56%) recorded in Pedanandipadu mandal while, Ponnur recorded highest tunneling length (3.6) and found more no. of larvae (0.49), no. of pupae (0.29) and no. of exit holes (0.58) compared to other mandals surveyed. In Krishna district, Veerullapadu mandal recorded the least infestation of maize by C. partellus in terms of per cent leaf infestation (10.25%), dead heart percentage (6.67%), stem tunneling length (1.87) and found less no. of larvae (0.24), no. of pupae (0.11) and no. of exit holes (0.23) and Musunuru mandal recorded the highest per cent leaf infestation (22.66%), dead heart percentage (20.16%), tunnel length (3.00) and found more no. of larvae (0.42), no. of pupae (0.22) and no. of exit holes (0.48) compared to other mandals surveyed during kharif 2017-18 and 2018-19. More number of spiders and coccinellids were recorded in Pedanandipadu mandal (2.96 & 7.09) and xxiii least in Narsaraopet mandal (1.58 & 3.82) of Guntur district and in Krishna district more number of spiders and coccinellids were recorded in Musunuru mandal (3.53 & 7.33) and least in Veerullapadu mandal (1.40 & 3.68). During rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19, Narasaraopet mandal recorded the least infestation of maize by S. inferens in terms of per cent leaf infestation (18.28%), dead heart percentage (15.16%), stem tunneling length (2.66) and found less no. of larvae (0.39), no. of pupae (0.22) and Battiprolu mandal recorded the least no. of exit holes (0.38). However, Ponnur mandal recorded the highest per cent leaf infestation (28.05%) with stem tunneling length (5.71), Battiprolu mandal recorded highest dead heart percentage (22.66%) and no. of pupae (0.34), Pedanandipadu mandal recorded more no. of larvae (0.63), and no. of exit holes (0.48) compared to other mandals surveyed in Guntur district. In Krishna district, Veerullapadu mandal recorded the least infestation of maize by S. inferens in terms of per cent leaf infestation (15.33), dead heart percentage (12.97), stem tunneling length (2.10) and found less no. of larvae (0.24), no. of pupae (0.18) and no. of exit holes (0.17) and Mylavaram mandal recorded the highest per cent leaf infestation (24.28), dead heart percentage (21.26) and musunuru mandal recorded highest tunnel length (3.81) and G. Konduru found more no. of larvae (0.51), Mylavaram mandal recorded more no. of pupae (0.33) and no. of exit holes (0.57). More number of spiders and coccinellids were recorded in Battiprolu mandal (2.42); Ponnuru mandal (4.74) and least in Narsaraopet mandal (1.39), Battiprolu (3.54) in Guntur district and more number of spiders recorded in Mylavaram mandal (2.69), coccinellids in Musunuru mandal (7.12) and least in Veerullapadu mandal (1.18; 2.58). During kharif 2017-18 and 2018-19 carbofuran 3G@ 12.5 kg ha-1 recorded 47.7 per cent mean reduction of leaf infestation of maize by C. partellus over untreated control (UTC), lowest per cent dead hearts (2.28%) followed by NSKE (5%) which recorded 35.2 per cent mean reduction of leaf infestation over UTC with 4.33% dead hearts. However, UTC recorded highest dead hearts (8.52%) by C. partellus. Similarly, during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19 carbofuran 3G @ 12.5 kg ha-1 found to be the best over other treatments and recorded 45 per cent mean reduction of leaf infestation of maize by S. inferens over UTC, lowest per cent dead hearts (7.05%) followed by NSKE (5%) which recorded 33.7 per cent mean reduction of leaf infestation over UTC with 8.00% dead hearts. However UTC recorded highest dead hearts (13.96%). The data of stem tunneling, exit holes, larvae of C. partellus and S. inferens also followed the same trend. The results of benefit to cost ratio inferred NSKE (5%) as the best treatment in reducing the C.partellus infestation and increasing of yields with 3.89 in kharif and 2.99 in rabi. It was followed by carbofuran 3G @ 12.5 kg ha-1 with 2.53 in kharif and 2.35 in rabi. All other botanicals and organics tested proved to be ineffective and showed very low benefit to cost ratios. The pooled data (four seasons) pertaining to effect of botanicals and organics on natural enemies showed highest number of spiders in UTC (1.15), NSKE (5%) (1.10) and cow urine (10%) (1.06) and lowest number of spiders found in carbofuran 3G@ 12.5 kg ha-1 (0.38) and panchagavya (3%) (0.51). Similarly, highest number of coccinellids were recorded in UTC (1.38), NSKE (5%) (1.34) and cow urine (10%) (1.25) and lowest in carbofuran 3G@ 12.5 kg ha-1 (0.49) and panchagavya (3%) (0.61)
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF FIELD BEAN ANTHRACNOSE INCITED BY COLLETOTRICHUM SPP.
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) NARASIMHA RAO, S; SREE LAKSHMI, B
    Field bean (Lablab purpureus var. lignosus) is a grain legume species and is known by several common names across the world. It is one of the most ancient crops among cultivated plants and is presently grown throughout the tropics, especially in South Asia and African countries. The crop is attacked by a wide range of diseases that infect leaf, stem, root, pod and seed. Among the fungal diseases, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is an important disease occurring throughout the world and infects all above ground plant parts including pods and seeds thereby adversely affecting the yield. Studies were conducted on collection of anthracnose pathogen in major field bean growing areas of Andhra Pradesh and cross infectivity was tested on different beans; variability among the collected isolates with respect to cultural, morphological and molecular characters; assessment of yield losses and influence of weather parameters on the progress of anthracnose and management of disease through botanicals, bioagents and fungicides both in vitro for pathogen and in vivo were assessed. Anthracnose was observed in all the major field bean growing areas of Andhra Pradesh. The causal organism infecting the field bean was isolated, purified and tentatively identified as Colletotrichum lindemuthianum based on cultural and morphological characters and further the pathogenicity was proved by spraying spore suspension (5 x 106) on to ten days old seedlings and confirmed that field bean anthracnose was incited by C. lindemuthianum. The pure culture of representative sample was characterized by slow to medium growth, olive brown to pinkish red colonies on Potato Dextrose Agar Petri plates. Conidia were hyaline, cylindrical and unicellular with obtuse ends, measuring about xxiii 12.00 x 4.35μm. Orange coloured acervuli were produced on 20 days old culture measuring about 120-330μm. Setae were light brown to dark brown in colour measuring about 74-118 x 2.3- 4.2μm with two oil globules. A total of thirty six anthracnose infected samples selected consisting of 24 from stem and four samples from each leaves and pods representing the agro-ecologically distinct bean growing areas of Andhra Pradesh in two types field bean viz., nineteen samples from pole types, ten samples from bush types and seven from semi bush types. Characteristic symptoms were observed on leaves, petioles, stems, pods and seeds. The lesions with small reddish-brown, slightly-sunken spots filled with many spores were present on the stem and pods. Large numbers of acervuli were found scattered all over the necrotic area and clearly evident by naked eye. Cultural traits of different Colletotrichum isolates were studied on PDA and mycelium of Colletotrichum isolates was branched, septate hyphae. The initial growth on PDA was slow and abundance sporulation occurred after 12 DAI. Among the 36 isolates, CI 33 and 32 had superior cultural characters, while morphological characters varied widely among the isolates with conidial length of 9.85 to 14.85 μm and width of 3.50 to 4.65 µm. Of the 36 isolates, 22 isolates (61.11%) recorded maximum mycelial growth (61.00 to 80.00 mm) and 27 isolates (75.00%) were classified as good (>4.0 to 9x 104 per 5mm disc in terms of sporulation. Conidial mass was whitish to brick red in colour. Conidia were hyaline, single celled, straight, cylindrical, dumb-bell shaped, oblong with rounded ends. The conidia contained zero to three oil globules, most of the isolates contained two oil globules per conidia. Molecular variability of twenty isolates of Colletotrichum by amplification of rDNA region by using ITS1 and ITS4 primers produced amplicons of 660bp. PCRRFLP with four restriction enzymes produced the different size bands. High degree of genetic diversity among the Colletotrichum isolates was noticed with Hinf1, while high similarity (polymorphism) was noticed with Taq1. Four solid media were tested for cultural and morphological variability among the isolates. PDA supported cultural characters, while host leaf extract agar supported the morphological characters. Cross pathogenicity of Colletotrichum isolates on different beans revealed that isolates C 8 from horsegram and C 4 from cowpea were most virulent, produced characteristic anthracnose symptoms in all the test hosts, except pole type beans like yard longbean, wingedbean, swordbean and clusterbean. Among the test plants, cowpea expressed the highest susceptibility to all Colletotrichum isolates, while clusterbean expressed the host specificity. Three times spraying of thiophanate methyl (0.1%) at 10 days interval resulted in lowest per cent disease index and area under disease progress curve, and thus highest green pod yield and cost benefit ratio. Highest avoidable losses of green pod yield due to the anthracnose infection were noticed in two sprays of thiophanate methyl (0.1%), which resulted in minimum disease severity and maximum profit. A strong negative correlation was detected between disease scores and green pod yield where, r = (-) xxiv 0.986 and (-) 0.989, and for test weight r = (-) 0.993 and (-) 0.994 during 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. Weather variables on field bean anthracnose indicated that disease severity was significantly influenced by dates of sowing. The PDI increased gradually and progressed up to the harvesting stage. The progress of PDI (weekly increase or decrease of PDI, logit and Gompertz transformation) in relation to the weather variables exhibited sigmoidal pattern of the curve in both the years irrespective of sowing dates. The comparative account of disease progress curves on two growth models (Logistic and Gompertz) revealed that Logistic model provided better fit and linearization of progress curves on the basis of high correlation co-efficients and least standard error of estimation. Correlation studies revealed that, the PDI had significant and positive correlation with maximum temperature and significant negative correlation with evening relative humidity; minimum temperature, sunshine hours and evaporation showed non significant positive, while rainfall expressed non significant negative correlated with PDI. Multiple correlation co-efficients indicated strong relationship between PDI and weather variables, contributing more than 95.10 per cent variation in PDI during 201617 and 93.90 per cent during 2017-18. Among five fungicides, propiconazole at 0.15 per cent inhibited mycelial growth as well as spore germination followed the thiophanate methyl. In case of botanicals, Lantana camara leaf extract at 10.0 % concentration was significantly superior to the rest of the concentrations and inhibited mycelial growth and also spore germination. Trichoderma viride was superior and found most effective with highest mycelial growth inhibition and inhibition of spore germination followed by Bacillus subtilis. Propiconazole was significantly superior in reducing the disease severity and rate of infection thereby increasing the yield followed by thiophanate methyl in management of anthracnose under field condition. Considering incremental cost: benefit ratio (ICBR), the most economical treatment, which recorded highest cost: benefit ratio was the fungicide carbendazim +mancozeb followed by thiophanate methyl and propiconazole. Fungicides were more effective followed by bioagents and botanicals in reducing the terminal PDI and increasing the per cent disease control of Field bean anthracnose.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON ASSOCIATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS WITH YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENT CHARACTERS IN RICE FALLOW BLACKGRAM [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) ANUHYA, VALLURI; NAGENDRA RAO, K
    The present investigation was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Ghantasala, Krishna Dt., Andhra Pradesh during Rabi 2018-19 to generate information on the nature and extent of the genetic variability, genetic divergence, correlation and path analysis in 50 genotypes of blackgram for 18 characters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, 100 seed weight (g), pod length (cm), seed yield per plant (g), specific leaf weight (g cm-2), leaf nitrogen content (g m-2), total biomass per plant (g), harvest index (%), number of nodules per plant, weight of nodules per plant (mg), leaf area index and specific leaf area (cm2 g-1). Analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant differences among the 50 genotypes for all the traits studied. The genotypes viz., MBG 1069, TGBG 136, VBG 4-14, Buttaminumu and OBG 40 showed higher mean values, high GCV and PCV, high heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean for yield contributing characters viz., number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant among yield characters and total biomass per plant, harvest index, number of nodules per plant and leaf area index among physiological characters suggesting an ample scope for selection of these characters in rice fallow blackgram. Genetic divergence estimated by using Mahalanobis‟ D² statistic, grouped the 50 genotypes into 17 clusters. Out of 17 clusters, cluster I was the largest comprising of 32 genotypes followed by cluster X with three genotypes and the clusters II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI & XVII are solitary (one genotype). The genotypes MBG 1069, TGBG 401, MBG 1050, VBG 13-003 and TADTU 45 have showed maximum inter-cluster distance in Mahalanobis‟D2 analysis, while PCA analysis revealed the genotypes, MBG 1069, TADTU 45, OBG 40 and Buttaminumu as more divergent genotypes. Combining both D2 and PCA, the genotypes MBG 1069 and TADTU 45 are viewed as more divergent. xiv Genotypic correlations in general were higher than phenotypic correlations indicating that the apparent associations are largely due to genetic reasons. The traits days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, pod length, leaf nitrogen content, harvest index, number of nodules per plant, weight of nodules per plant and leaf area index were found to possess significant positive association with grain yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels, thus revealing the possibility of simultaneous selection of all these characters for yield improvement. Path coefficient effects can be concluded as high direct effects were shown by days to 50% flowering, number of pods per plant, total biomass per plant, harvest index and number of nodules per plant at phenotypic level. High direct effects for days to maturity, plant height, number of seeds per pod, total biomass per plant, harvest index, weight of nodules per plant are shown at genotypic level. The character number of pods per plant showed high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, high heritability, high genetic advance as per cent of mean, higher positive significant correlations with seed yield per plant and higher positive direct effects. Hence, number of pods per plant could be considered as most efficient selection criteria for yield improvement in rice fallow blackgram.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ELITE GENOTYPES FOR SALINITY TOLERANCE IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) HRUDAYA RAJ, K; SRINIVAS, T
    The present investigation was carried out to evaluate and characterize 80 rice genotypes for seedling and reproductive salinity tolerance and also to study character association for reproductive salinity tolerance parameters, namely, grain yield and yield components and salinity score at seedling stage under saline conditions. The investigation was undertaken at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru during kharif 2016. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all characters studied. Phenotyping of the genotypes for reproductive and seedling salinity tolerance revealed the superiority of Nonabokra and Pokkali. Hence, these genotypes are identified as promising salinity tolerant lines with both seedling and reproductive salinity tolerance. The results on character associations between reproductive salinity tolerance parameters, namely, grain yield and yield components and seedling salinity scores revealed positive and significant association of grain yield with panicle length, number of filled grains per panicle, ear bearing tillers per plant and 100-seed weight under saline conditions. The study of 80 genotypes for their molecular diversity with 14 SSR markers revealed that banding pattern of MCM-41, MCM-48, MCM-100, MCM-223, MLT-5, MLT- 7, MTU-1064, MTU-2077, MTU-3626, MTU-1078, MTU-1153, MTU-1156, FL-478 was analogous to Pokkali (wild donor) and Nonabokara (salinity tolerant variety) at 180bp with RM10793on chromosome 1. The genotypes, MCM-41, FL-478, CST-9, MTU-1078, Pokkali and Nonabokra showed similar amplicon size of 210 bp and were distinct from banding pattern of remaining genotypes with the SSR marker, RM10964. xiii Among the markers used for study of diversity, marker RM 10793 reported highest PIC value of 0.838 followed by RM 10694 (0.763), RM 20224 (0.637) and RM 518 (0.603). RM 10793 showed maximum number of four alleles along with RM 10694 (4) followed by RM 20224 (3), RM 492 (3). Cluster analysis and dendrogram for the 80 genotypes by UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages) revealed distribution of the 80 genotypes into two major clusters. Cluster I comprised of three sub clusters, while, Cluster II comprised of two sub clusters. Most of the salt tolerant varieties viz.,Pokkali, Nonabokra, CSR -27 were grouped in sub cluster II B. It is concluded that Pokkali and Nonabokra, genotypes can be used as donor for varietal improvement or for introgression of salinity tolerance into a susceptible variety.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON IMPACT OF WATER USERS ASSOCIATIONS IN KRISHNA DELTA OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) MEENA, D; MUKUNDA RAO, B
    The shortage of water has raised due to the unbalances between the precipitation distribution and population and improper management practices. This situation has resulted in the need of the collective efforts of the farmers, intellectuals and other stakeholders to ensure store and distribute the water as efficiently as lead to the sustainable development in both agricultural and industrial sectors, these call for participatory approaches. So the government of Andhra Pradesh has introduced the participatory irrigation management as ―The Andhra Pradesh Farmers Management of Irrigation Systems (APFMIS) Act‖ in 1997. The legal framework created out of the APFMIS Act resulted in creation of farmers‘ organizations at different levels of irrigation system like Water User Associations (WUA), Distributory Committee (DC) and Project Committee (PC). The main role of Water Users Associations is to regulate and distribute water within its command area. A study on Impact of Water Users Association in Krishna delta of Andhra Pradesh was carried out during 2016 by selecting 240 respondents from Krishna delta region on proportionate random basis for the study. The dependent variables considered were opinion, direct and indirect changes. The Ex-post facto research design was followed to conduct the study and the data was collected using pre-tested schedule then followed by interview schedule. For the purpose of statistical analysis appropriate statistical tools were used and interpreted the data. The profile of the respondents revealed that majority of the respondents were middle aged, educated up to high school, having 4-10ha of land holding, medium in extension contact, high social participation and trained. Majority of the respondents were medium in perceived workload, information and communication behaviour, depends on WUA members, friends, irrigation officials and mobile phones for getting information regarding WUAs. Coming to psychological characteristics majority of the respondents were under medium level of decision making, innovativeness, risk orientation, achievement motivation, management orientation and high level of economic orientation. xxi The major functions performed by the Project Committee, Distributory Committee and Water Users Associations were maintain an inventory of irrigation system, resolve disputes, organization of meetings, water budgeting, social audit, preparation and implementation of warabandhi schedule, monitoring the flow of irrigation. The opinion scale was constructed with 22 statements by using summated rating scale developed by Likert. Majority of the respondents were having favourable opinion towards WUAs. Majority of the respondents had strong favourable opinion towards performance of WUAs in terms of increased crop yield, helps in restoring the confidence of farmers in the irrigation system and there was a need for conducting technical training programmes, particularly on efficient and effective water application practices and their impacts on environment. The study also focused on the impact of water users associations in Krishna delta in terms of direct and indirect changes. Majority of the respondents had medium level of direct changes. Availability of sufficient irrigation, water during crop growth period, creation of employment, implementation of warabandhi system, rehabilitation of water courses, equidistribution of irrigation water among head, middle and tail-end farmers, reduction of conflicts among farmers, maintaining good relations with irrigation and revenue officials, practicing avenue plantation along the bunds of the canals, enhancement of yields of paddy, sugarcane, turmeric, maize and pulses, magnification of average income, introduction of less water use rice production technologies like Direct Sown Rice (DSR) were the major direct changes as perceived by the farmers due to implementation of WUAs. The study revealed a detailed analysis on indirect changes were majority of them had medium level of indirect changes. Mechanization, increased wage rates, enhancement of land values, positive change in attitude, improved land use pattern, increased knowledge on water use efficiency, less water theft, change in knowledge, increased credit needs, increased fish/aquaculture, change in social life, improved communication behaviour and increased personal empowerment, enhancement of availability of water, autonomy in decision making, conjunctive use of canal water, ground water and drain water, change in skill, decrease in migration of farmers and development of self respect. The chi square tests revealed that variables such as social participation, perceived workload, information and communication behaviour, cropping pattern, decision making, achievement motivation and management orientation showed significant association with the opinion of the respondents. In case of direct changes the variables such as source of information, information and communication behaviour, cropping pattern, decision making and innovativeness showed significant association with the direct changes. Regarding indirect changes the variables such as social participation, source of information, information and communication behaviour, cropping pattern, decision making, innovativeness, achievement motivation and management orientation showed significant association with the indirect changes. The major strengths of WUAs as expressed by the respondents were involvement of water users associations; good support from the irrigation department officials; sufficient water is available during crop season; increased crop yields. Regarding weaknesses as perceived by the respondents were expressed were allocation of insufficient funds; inadequate training facilities; inadequate maintenance of drains; xxii poor quality of works. The possible opportunities for the WUAs as perceived by the respondents were empowerment of farmers to manage irrigation system; facilitates the effective implementation of warabandhi schedule; resolution of disputes among farmers. The major challenges faced by WUAs as perceived by the respondents were management of aquatic weeds; equal distribution of water among head middle and tailend areas; improving the drainage networks. The prime strengths of WUAs as perceived by the irrigation officials were involvement of WUAs in water management; good support from irrigation department official; improved the efficiency and performance of irrigation systems; sufficient water is available during crop season; increase in social relations among farmers. The major weaknesses as perceived by the irrigation officials were allocation of insufficient funds; non involvement of members of WUA in management of water users associations; inadequate maintenance of drains. The opportunities as perceived by the irrigation officials were WUAs facilitates the effective implementation of warabandhi schedule; improved decision making based on local knowledge; empowerment of farmers to manage irrigation system. The major challenges faced by WUAs as perceived by the irrigation officials were improving the drainage networks; equal distribution of water among head middle and tail-end areas; weak institutional set up; development of friendly relationship among water users associations; Finally the hypothetical strategies were developed for the sustainability of water users associations based on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges (SWOC) perceptions in which Garrett ranking technique was followed for SWOC and other results obtained from the study. The government should release sufficient funds timely, regular monitoring should be done during construction of works, to motivate all the members by conducting more trainings and meetings, institutional set up for irrigation department, WUAs should get their share of funds from water tax collected by revenue department and irrigation officials should take proper action to enhance the strengths and opportunities and to resolve the weaknesses and challenges of water users associations. The suggestions offered through the study, if followed, there would be possibility of improving the efficiency of water users associations and thereby socioeconomic conditions of farmers of Krishna delta of Andhra Pradesh.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM AND NICKEL NUTRITION ON WATER STATUS, BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN MAIZE UNDER HEAT STRESS
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) GOWTHAMI, P; ASHOKA RANI, Y
    A study entitled influence of potassium and nickel nutrition on water status, biomass production and yield in maize under heat stress was carried out at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19 in split plot design, with three dates of sowing (December 20, January 10 and January 30) as main plots and eight treatments viz., S1: 100% RDK (Control); S2: 125% RDK; S3: 1 kg Ni ha-1; S4: 2 kg Ni ha-1; S5: S1+S3; S6: S1+S4; S7: S2+S3; and S8: S2+S4 as subplots in three replications. From the findings of the experiment it was revealed that increased mean maximum and minimum temperatures creates a heat stress for late sown crops resulting in significant influence on growth, biomass production, water status, leaf associated parameters, biochemical parameters, yield and yield components. Application of potassium and nickel also significantly affected the recorded parameters. Plant height was reduced by 14.7 to 24.6 per cent during 2017-18 and 9.6 to 20.7 per cent during 2018-19 in late sown crops whereas application of potassium and nickel enhanced the plant height by 6.7 to 33.6 per cent during 2017-18 and 5.6 to 28.2 per cent during 2018-19. During both the years, reduction in leaf area due to heat stress ranged from 7.9 to 17.1 per cent and 9.4 to 16.4 per cent respectively and an enhancement of 7.4 to 35.2 per cent and 7.8 to 38.3 per cent respectively was recorded with nutrient treatments. December 20 sown crop had taken maximum number of days to 50 per cent tasseling and minimum for 50 per cent silking. In January 30 sown crop it was observed that 50 per cent tasseling was hastened and silking was delayed. xviii Application of potassium and nickel enhanced the days to 50 per cent tasseling and reduced the days to 50 per cent silking resulting in reduced anthesis silking interval. Drymatter partitioning and total drymatter was greatly influenced by dates of sowing, potassium and nickel application. Higher leaf drymatter was observed at 60 DAS with a reduction of 10.7 to 24.1 per cent during 2017-18 and 10.2 to 22.5 per cent during 2018-19 due to heat stress under delayed sowing. Application of potassium and nickel enhanced the leaf drymatter to an extent of 4.4 to 21.7 per cent during 2017-18 and 1.9 to 20.4 per cent during 2018-19. Stem drymatter was reduced by 9.0 to 18.9 per cent during 2017-18 and 4.1 to 8.1 per cent during 2018-19 due to heat stress in late sown crops. The application of potassium and nickel increased it from 4.3 to 20.9 per cent during 2017-18 and 5.3 to 21.0 per cent during 2018-19. Reduction in root drymatter under delayed sowing ranged from 12.0 to 24.7 per cent during 2017-18 and 9.0 to 20.6 per cent during 2018-19. The increment with potassium and nickel application ranged from 6.8 to 33.6 per cent during 2017-18 and 3.4 to 22.6 per cent during 2018-19. Reproductive parts drymatter reduced to an extent of 5.6 to 13.3 per cent during 2017-18 and 4.7 to 8.2 per cent during 2018-19 due to heat stress under delayed sowing and with potassium and nickel application it was enhanced by 6.5 to 30.9 percent during 2017-18 and 4.4 to 23.1 per cent during 2018-19. During both the years a reduction of 8.3 to 18.4 per cent and 6.6 to 11.9 per cent was recorded in TDM due to the increased temperatures with delayed sowing and an increment of 6.5 to 31.5 per cent and 4.9 to 24.6 per cent was obtained with the application of potassium and nickel. Heat stress under delayed sowing resulted in 4 to 10.8 percent reduction in RWC. Potassium and nickel application increased the leaf water status and restored the normal conditions. Soil and canopy temperature were increased with increased temperature. Hence higher temperatures were recorded in M3 and application of potassium and nickel reduced the temperatures with the lowest values recorded in S8. Photosynthetic rate was declined by 5.5 to 11.1 and 4.5 to 9.0 m mol CO2 m-2 s-1 during 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively due to heat stress induced by delayed sowing. An enhancement of 1.9 to 9.5 and 1.7 to 10.9 m mol CO2 m-2 s-1 during 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively was observed with potassium and nickel application. Similarly stomatal conductance, internal CO2 and transpiration rate were also reduced with high temperatures and enhanced to some extent with nutrient treatments. xix Delayed sowing resulted in reduction of CSI to an extent of 6.1 to 14.2 percent due to increased temperatures. Potassium and nickel application enhanced the CSI by 3.7 to 19.3 per cent. An enhancement in MII (7.4 to 14.7 %) was observed in late sown crops with the increased temperatures, whereas with the application of potassium and nickel MII decreased by 2.5 to 13.5 per cent. Proline content was increased with enhanced temperatures by 11.6 to 20.7 percent during 2017-18 and 13.3 to 20.8 per cent during 2018-19. Potassium and nickel increased the proline content by 3.7 to 17.6 per cent and 2.7 to 18.3 per cent during 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively. Enhanced activity of SOD (0.4 to 1.0 U mg-1 protein) and peroxidase (2.6 to 8.5 U mg-1 protein) was observed in late sown crops with the raise in temperatures. Application of potassium and nickel also increased the SOD and peroxidase activity. Yield components as number of rows per cob, number of kernels per row, test weight except number of cobs per plant were significantly reduced with increased temperatures in late sown crops and enhanced to some extent by potassium and nickel application, resulting in yield reduction by 18.0 to 50.2 per cent during 2017-18 and 16.6 to 48.8 per cent during 2018-19 and increment among the nutrient treatments except in S3 and S4 by 6.6 to 30.0 per cent during 2017-18 and 6.2 to 28.4 per cent during 2018-19. HUE was lowered by 18.7 to 48.8 per cent during 2017-18 and 18.0 to 47.5 per cent during 2018-19 in late sown crops indicating M1 produced greater yield per each heat unit absorbed. Nutrient treatments enhanced it by 6.6 to 30.2 per cent during 2017-18 and 6.0 to 28.3 per cent during 2018-19. Among the yield based stress indices except SSI all other as RHI, STI, GMP, MP and YSI were more in M2 than M3. Among the potassium and nickel all other treatments except S3 and S4 enhanced the stress indices with the highest values in S8 and S3 the lowest with high SSI.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CROP RESIDUE AND NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN PULSE-MAIZE SEQUENCE
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) PADMA, S; SREE REKHA, M
    A field study on “Crop residue and nitrogen management in pulsemaize sequence” was conducted over two years (2017-18 and 2018-19) on clay soils of Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The experimental trial was conducted in split-split plot design, replicated thrice with P1-cowpea, P2blackgram, P3-greengram and P4-fallow as four main plots during kharif season. The main plots were divided into three subplots after the harvest of pulses viz., R1-residue retained, R2-residue incorporated and R3-residue removed. Each residue management sub plots were further subdivided into sub-sub plots with four nitrogen levels to maize i.e., N1-75% RDN, N2-100% RDN, N3-125% RDN and N4-150% RDN. Among pulses cowpea produced higher seed and haulm yields during the two years trial when compared to blackgram and greengram. The soil microbial count enhanced in the plots where pulses were included and the higher values were with cowpea. The undecomposed crop residue by litter bag method was lesser for blackgram and greengram as compared to cowpea and fallow. Residue retained plots had greater undecomposed matter than residue incorporated plots. The plant height at various stages of plant growth from 30 DAS till harvest for rabi maize was remarkably higher with preceding cowpea than blackgram-maize, greengram-maize sequence and fallow-maize plots. However, the plant height during 2018-19 at 90DAS and at harvest for rabi maize remained comparable for preceded cowpea and greengram. Dry matter accumulation was not affected by preceding pulses. The plant height and drymatter accumulation were enhanced in residue retention plots and remained xvi comparable with residue incorporated plots. Nitrogen @150% RDN has resulted marked increase in growth characters i.e plant height and drymatter accumulation. The interaction effect of preceding pulses and nitrogen levels has significant on drymatter at harvest during 2017-18. Days to 50% tasseling and days to 50% silking were not influenced by preceding pulses and residue management while 150% nitrogen resulted in earlier tasseling and silking. Leaf relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) was higher in maize preceded with cowpea, residue retained and 150% nitrogen at 50% tasseling and 50% silking during both the years of study. Cob length, number of kernel rows cob-1, number of kernels row-1, number of kernels cob-1, kernel weight cob-1 and 100- kernel weight of rabi maize were enhanced in cowpea as preceding crop and remained comparable with blackgram-maize and greengram-maize sequence than fallow-maize. Residue retention plots had higher values for all yield attributing characters and remained comparable with residue incorporated plots. Incremental enhancement in nitrogen resulted in remarkably increased values of yield attributing characters among which 150% RDN proved its significant and superior over other levels during both the years of study. Shelling percentage was not affected by preceding pulses, residue management and nitrogen levels. Kernel and stover yields of maize were markedly enhanced with preceding cowpea, residue retained plots and nitrogen @ 150%. Interaction for pulses (P) and nitrogen levels (N) during 2017-18 and interaction for residue management (R) and nitrogen levels (N) were found to be significant during 2018-19 for kernel yield of maize. The nitrogen content was influenced by nitrogen levels but not by preceding pulses and residue management. The uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by both kernel and stover along with total uptake were higher in maize preceding with cowpea, residue retained plots and nitrogen @ 150% RDN. Soil available N, P2O5 and K2O were higher in preceding pulse crops, residue retained and incorporated plots. Increased nitrogen levels (150% RDN) had higher values of post harvest soil available N, P2O5 and K2O during both the years of study. The total maize equivalent yield was higher in preceding blackgram during 2017-18 while it was with preceding greengram during 2018-19. 150% RDN with residue retention had higher values of total maize equivalent yield. The higher gross return, BCR, net return and return per rupee investment were noticed with cowpea-maize sequence wherein residue retained plots with nitrogen application @ 150% RDN to maize. From the above, it can be inferred that maize with preceding cowpea residue retention can be adopted in Krishna agro-climatic zone of Andhra Pradesh for higher profitability along with nitrogen @150% RDN to maize.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON GRAIN QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY INHIBITION OF LEAF SENESCENCE IN BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo (L.) HEPPER)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) NANIBABU, CHOPPA; SREEKANTH, B
    The present investigation entitled “Physiological studies on grain quality improvement by inhibition of leaf senescence in blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)” was undertaken at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during kharif, 2018. Three different concentrations of kinetin (10-2, 10-3 and 10-4 M), potassium nitrate (5 and 10 g L-1) and urea (10 and 20 g L-1) along with untreated control and water application control were imposed as foliar treatments on blackgram cv PU-31 in a randomized block design with three replications. Treatments were applied at three different times of reproductive growth viz., 10 days before 50% flowering, 50% flowering and 10 days after 50% flowering. Leaf senescence was studied by measuring chlorophyll content, APX acitivity, NR activity and urease acitivity. Kinetin at 10-4 M concentration appeared to be better in inhibiting leaf senescence during the reproductive phase of blackgram. Results also showed that lower concentrations of nitrogen sources (0.5% KNo3 and 1% urea) were better in decreasing the leaf senescence in black gram. Nodule senescence was studied by estimation of Lb content, APX activity and soluble nitrogen in black gram. Results showed that foliar application of kinetin at lower concentration (10-4 M) and higher concentrations of nitrogen sources i.e., potassium nitrate (1%) and urea (2%) decreased the nodule senescence most effectively. Inhibition of leaf senescence by kinetin resulted in the inhibition of nodule senescence, showing the association between leaf and nodule senescence. Mobilization of nitrogen between leaf, stem and root nodules in black gram was complex during reproductive phase since the treatments resulting in significant soluble nitrogen content changes differed in each organ during the reproductive phase of black gram. xii Foliar application of urea at 1% and kinetin at 10-4 M though on par with each other significantly increased the grain yield per plant in blackgram, while potassium nitrate had no significant effect. Foliar application of both the nitrogen forms (KNO3 and urea) in the current experiment with black gram enhanced the test weight of seeds significantly over controls, while the effect of kinetin was non-significant on the same. Increasing concentrations of both potassium nitrate and urea increased the grain protein content significantly, while with kinetin there was a decrease with 10-2 M from 10-3 M. Urea at both the concentrations (1% and 2%) and lower concentration of kinetin (10-4 M) significantly enhanced the harvest index of black gram in the current experiment, while potassium nitrate didn‟t affect it in any significant manner.