Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Open Access
MODELLING THE IMPACT OF SALINE AND WATERLOGGED AREAS IN KRISHNA CENTRAL DELTA
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) INDRAJA, P; HEMA KUMAR, H. V.
Land, a non-renewable resource, is central to all primary production system. It is estimated that some forms of land degradation constituting 75% of the earth's usable landmass affect 4 billion people in the world. About 15% of the world population is effected by land degradation which is likely to worsen unless adequate and immediate measures are taken to arrest the degradation processes. Mostly land is affected by wind and water erosion, which is about 80% of land degradation followed by salinization/alkalization and waterlogging. Krishna delta irrigates an ayacut of 5.14 lakh ha covering West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh. Eastern main canal’s command area is about 2.948 lakh ha in Krishna and West Godavari Districts. Krishna Central Delta is a part of Krishna Eastern Delta that constitutes the command area of Bandar canal. During monsoon, these lands are affected by waterlogging and salinity problems. Hence it is felt appropriate to study Krishna Central Delta with a special focus to identify the waterlogged and saline lands for reclamation by either drainage system or addition of amendments like gypsum etc. Under the aforesaid valid and farmers’ felt research needs, the present post graduate research work entitled “Modelling the impact of saline and waterlogged areas in Krishna Central Delta” is proposed to i) to estimate the extent of land under waterlogging and salinity in Krishna Central Delta. ii) to simulate the effect of waterlogging and salinity on crop yield using a model with various hypothetic scenarios. iii) to design location specific drainage parameters for combating waterlogging and salinity. Krishna Central Delta which is a part of Krishna Eastern Delta constitutes the command area of Bandar canal which has an irrigated ayacut of 274834.09 acres (111223.83 ha) in Krishna district. In this study Landsat 8 images and Sentinel-2A images were used and analyzed using ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 and ArcGIS 10.1 software's. From the literature, different salinity indices were selected to find out the best suited index for the study area. Salinity indices used to find the salt affected soils using GIS. Details of ground water quality parameters which were analyzed from the water samples collected from the observation wells located in the Krishna Central Delta were collected from Ground water Department, Vijayawada. Initially for the identified problematic patches, the input parameters some directly measured, some indirectly were assessed and fed into 'SALTMOD' model. Without the presence of any drainage systems, simulation for first, fourth, sixth and tenth year for depth of ground water table and root zone salinity was carried out and the output parameters were fed into AquaCrop model along with other crop, climate, irrigation requirement and other related parameters to predict the yields. WaSiM, Water balance Simulation Model is a physically based, distributed hydrologic model that runs on a regular grid and uses a modular system of sub-models to offer the possibility of creating a problem and scale adequate setup. Drain space, one of the modules of WaSim was used for sub surface drainage design. Based on the research work carried out, the major conclusions drawn are i) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was found to range from 0.72 to - 0.92 in Krishna Central Delta (KCD) region. In KCD region, Normalized Difference Salinity Index (NDSI) was found the best suitable and it ranged from -0.714 to 0.185 and best correlated with ground truth values. Soil salinity was characterized into five classes and it was found that highest area was under moderately saline with an area of 68754.01 ha followed by strongly saline, slightly saline, non saline and very strongly saline. ii) Spatial analysis of water table data revealed that most critically waterlogged zone was found in post monsoon covering an area of 597.65 km2 which was about 26.27% of the total study area. It was found that critically waterlogged area increased from 620.12 km2 (27.25%) in pre monsoon period to 1074.02 km2 (47.2%) in post monsoon period. The area under less critically waterlogged was found to be decreased from 704.49 km2 (30.95%) in pre monsoon to 163.06 km2 (7.16%) in post monsoon period. iii) Soil salinity was predicted for future ten years using SALTMOD and corresponding yield were predicted using Aquacrop. With increase of soil salinity from 0.5 dS m-1 to 6.5 dS m-1 there was about 42.28% reduction in the crop yield and 36.69% reduction in biomass yield. iv) Using 'Drain Space', a module of WaSim software, by using the Hooghoudts equation under steady state condition, the drain spacing for shallow drain depth placement of 0.6 m, 0.7 m and 0.8 m the spacing was arrived as 9.5, 16.6, 22.36 m. For deeper drain depth placements of 0.95, 1.0 and 1.15 m, the drain spacing was arrived as 30, 32.4 and 38.81 m respectively for a constant desired depth of water table as 0.5 m to make the root zone free from waterlogging.
Open Access
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FERTIGATION EQUIPMENT ON CHILLIES AND MAIZE CROPS IN SANDY SOIL
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2016) GOWTHAM SINGH, B; RAVI BABU, G
Soluble chemical fertilizers can be injected into the drip and sprinkler systems which can be easily applied to the crop. This way nutrients are delivered with the irrigation water, directly to the active root zone of the plants. The two operations namely, irrigation and fertilizer applications are done simultaneously which results savings of both in water and fertilizers along with labour requirement. Precise management of irrigation quantity along with the rate and timing of nutrient application are of critical importance to obtain desired results in terms of productivity and Nutrient Use Efficiency. Therefore, for injection of the fertilizer solution into the irrigation system three different fertigation equipments were used namely, venturi injector, fertilizer injection pump and fertilizer tank for the present study. The fertilizer injection pumps needs no external power supply, since the linear hydraulic motor contained within the unit, is powered by the hydraulic pressure of the irrigation system and directly connected to main line. A venturi injector with the size of ¾th inch manufactured by Netafim irrigation systems was used to evaluate the hydraulic performance. The pressure drop through a venturi must be sufficient to create a negative pressure (vacuum) as measured relative to atmospheric pressure. Under these conditions the fluid from the tank will flow into the injector. In fertilizer tank the water will flow because of pressure gradient between the entrance and exit of the fertilizer tank created by a pressure reducing valve (Throttle valve). The experimental field with an area of 453 m2 for chillies crop and 440 m2 for maize crop was selected at field irrigation laboratory, Department of Soil and Water Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla. The field was divided into 4 main plots with 4.8 m × 20.4 m with plant spacing of 0.6 m x 0.6 m size for chillies and ii 4.6 m × 20.6 m size for maize crop with plant spacing of 0.6 m x 0.2 m to conduct experiments. Different fertigation equipments like venturi injector, fertilizer injection pump and fertilizer tank were tested to study the hydraulic performance of the system. Venturi injector for fertilizer application was found to have high suction rate in comparison with fertilizer injection pump when pressure gradient increased between inlet and outlet. The percentage decrease in motive flow rate for venturi injector was 76 % which was higher than that of fertilizer injection pump 12 % and fertilizer tank 51 % for the pressure difference from 0.1 to 0.5 kg cm-2. Due to the high motive flow rate the venturi injector is suitable for application with large number of drippers where as fertilizer injection pump recorded less motive flow rate when compared to venturi injector at same pressure difference so we can use fertilizer injection pumps for smaller discharge rates also. The results revealed that the yield response was observed to be the best in fertigation with fertilizer injection pump treatment in chillies crop as 10.51 t ha-1 with water use efficiency of 16.26 kg ha-1 mm-1 was observed to be higher than the all other treatments followed by venturi injector, fertilizer tank and flood method as 15.52, 12.66 and 9.18 kg ha-1 mm-1 respectively. In maize crop, also the yield was best in fertigation with fertilizer injection pump treatment as 6.10 t ha-1 with water use efficiency of 10.90 kg ha-1 mm-1 was observed to be higher than the all other treatments followed by venturi injector, fertilizer tank and flood method as 9.97, 8.47 and 5.75 kg ha-1 mm-1 respectively. Increased FUE such as Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and Pottasium use efficiency (KUE) were observed in the chilli crop. The highest NUE of 35.53 kg of produce / kg of N was recorded in the treatment drip with fertilizer injection pump (T1) where as in maize crop the highest NUE of 30.96 kg of produce / kg of N was recorded in the treatment drip with fertilizer injection pump (T1). For chillies crop BCR was the highest for the treatment drip with fertilizer injection pump (T1) of 1.49 and the lowest for the control (T4) of 1.08. Venturi injector (T2) occupied the second position for BCR of 1.47 where as fertilizer tank (T3) recorded BCR as 1.20 whereas for maize crop BCR was the highest for the T1 of 1.48 and the lowest for the T4 of 1.15. Venturi injector occupied the second position for BCR of 1.41 whereas T3 recorded BCR as 1.20. It clearly indicates that at different methods of fertilizer application results had significant difference. Key words: fertilizer injection pump, venturi injector, fertilizer tank, suction rate, motive flow rate.
Open Access
SPRAY DRYING OF BITTER GOURD JUICE FOR RTS BEVERAGE
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) DURGAM SRINIVAS; Er. N. VINODA
Momordica charantia Linn. (Karela), commonly known as Bitter melon or Bitter gourd, is a tropical and subtropical climber of the family Cucurbitaceae. The total area of this crop during 2012-13 was 83 thousand hectares and the production was about 940 thousand metric tonnes. It has some medicinal properties and is recommended for curing blood diseases, rheumatism, diabetes and asthma. As it is a seasonal vegetable, steps should be taken to preserve them to make them available for consumption in off season as well. This could be achieved by extending the shelf life in fresh form or in the processed form. The spray drying process can produce a good quality final product with low water activity and reduce the weight, resulting in easy storage and transportation. Hence the present study is to be carried out to study the storage period of bitter gourd powder by optimizing the concentrations of carrier agent, inlet air temperatures and feed flow rates and also to determine the correct formulation for RTS beverage from bitter gourd powder. The bittergourd juice for spray drying was prepared by adding different concentrations 8, 10 and 12 w∕v of maltodextrin as carrier agent to the concentrated bitter gourd juice. After adding maltodextrine, the bitter gourd juice was fed into the spray drier under different feed flow rates such as 15, 20 and 25 ml/min and dried at different inlet air temperatures such as 130, 140 and 150  C in a spray drier. The storage period of bitter gourd was determined by measuring physical, chemical and sensory properties of bitter gourd powder for about 45 days. The correct formulation for RTS beverage was determined from three formulations (2 g powder + 5% sugar + 50 ml lemon juice + 2 g salt, 2 g powder + 10% sugar + 50 ml lemon juice + 2 g salt and 2 g powder + 15 % sugar + 50 ml lemon juice + 2 g salt) by sensory evaluation. The results showed that highest yield (12.35%) was obtained for the combination of 10% maltodextrin, 150°C inlet air temperature and 15 ml/min feed flow rate. After spray drying, initially the water activity, water absorption index (WAI), and bulk density were observed to be less. Whereas water soluble index (WSI), pH and reducing sugar Name of the Author : DURGAM SRINIVAS Title of the thesis : “SPRAY DRYING OF BITTER GOURD JUICE FOR RTS BEVERAGE” Degree to which it is submitted : Master of Technology Faculty : Agricultural Engineering Major field of study : PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING Major Advisor : Er. N. VINODA University : Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University Year of Submission : 2015 were found to be more for the combination of higher maltodextrin (12%), higher inlet air temperature (150°C) and higher feed flow rate (25 ml/min). With increasing temperature, the ascorbic acid decreased and observed less at 150°C inlet air temperature. During the storage period of 45 days, an increase in water activity, WAI, reducing sugar, titrable acidity level were observed to be with increase in storage period but this increase was less for combination of 8% maltodextrin, 130°C air inlet temperature and 15 ml/min feed flow rate. The decrease in bulk density, WSI, whiteness index, pH, ascorbic acid, and chlorophyll level was observed with increase in storage period of 45 days but this decrease was less at 8% maltodextrin, 130°C air inlet temperature and 15 ml/min feed flow rate. The texture, aroma, appearance and overall acceptance was good upto 45 days of storage and highest sensory rating was in the observed samples of 8% maltodextrin, 130°C air inlet temperature and 15 ml/min feed flow rate. It was concluded on 45th day of storage period that the quality of bitter gourd powder was good at 8% maltodextrin, 130°C inlet air temperature and 15 ml/min feed flow rate. Ready to serve beverage was prepared from various ratios of bitter gourd powder and sugar. The overall acceptance rating of RTS beverage was highest with B2 (2 g powder +10 % sugar + 50 ml lemon juice + 2 g salt) sample compared to B3 (2 g powder + 15 % sugar + 50 ml lemon juice + 2 g salt ) and B1 (2 g powder + 5 % sugar + 50 ml lemon juice + 2 g salt). The total cost of operation for the preparation of spay dried bitter gourd powder was Rs. 96.4/12.35 g and for the preparation of bitter gourd RTS beverage was Rs. 24.32/litre. Keywords: Bitter gourd, Spray drying of bitter gourd juice, Storage of bitter gourd powder, Sensory analysis of bitter gourd powder, RTS bitter gourd beverage.
Open Access
ENERGY UTILIZATION PATTERN IN DRYLAND PRODUCTION SYSTEMS OF COTTON AND MAIZE MECHANIZATION
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2015) ANIL KUMAR, DHYAVA; Dr. B. SANJEEVA REDDY
Agricultural technologies aid in improvising agricultural production in developing countries, and should be considered as an essential input to growth of agriculture. In development of agricultural process over a period of time, energy and mechanization played a key role in Indian agriculture, during which farm power availability increased from about 0.293 kW ha-1 in 1960-61 to 1.841 kW ha-1 in 2012-13. Agriculture plays a two-sided role as energy user as well as producer, because it uses different types of commercial and non-commercial energies in direct and indirect forms. However, the energy use pattern for unit operations of crop production varies under different agro climatic zones and across various farm categories. The use of various machines in a given crop production zone depends on the cropping pattern, availability of power sources, matching implements and machinery and also on socioeconomic status of the farmers. The structure of various power source use pattern in Indian agriculture has experienced a marked shift from animate to mechanical sources since, four decades due to introduction of various types of machines. Hence, this study attempts to assess energy utilization pattern for cotton and maize crops under dryland situations. For this study, two clusters were selected for each cotton and maize crops and in a given cluster three categories of farmers ten each were selected randomly for survey based on their farm holding size. Field survey data was collected face to face interview format for each crop. The survey was conducted using pre-prepared questionnaire which consists of relevant questions to get appropriate data from individual farmers. Data on energy used from different direct sources of energy (human, animal and mechanical) and their use pattern in different operations for cotton and maize cultivation from land preparation to harvesting were collected from the selected respondents. Similarly, the data on input sources like seed, fertilizer and plant protection chemicals used were also Name of the Author : DHYAVA ANIL KUMAR Title of the thesis : “ENERGY UTILIZATION PATTERN IN DRYLAND PRODUCTION SYSTEMS OF COTTON AND MAIZE MECHANIZATION” Degree to which it is submitted : Master of Technology Faculty : Agricultural Engineering & Technology Major field of study : FARM MACHINERY AND POWER Major Advisor : Dr. B. SANJEEVA REDDY University : Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University Year of Submission : 2015 collected for determining total energy consumption in production process of both the crops. For converting collected data of different power sources and inputs into energy units, different energy conversion coefficients were used. Energy use efficiencies, mechanization index and cost of energy were also analysed for cotton and maize crops. The mechanization pattern in cotton and maize crop production clusters were compared with the custom hiring centers (CHC’s) groups of farmers of Ranga Reddy district, who got the packaged machinery under subsidy scheme from Department of Agriculture. The results of the study revealed that, the highest energy utilization for crop production was observed in medium size farm holdings and lowest in case of small size farm holdings for both the crops, due to more use of power sources and inputs. Among field operations, land preparation consumed maximum energy across all categories of farmers and fertilizer was observed as the dominant source of input energy for cotton (46.0 to 71.1%) and maize (49.1 to 61.3%). Intercultural and weeding and harvesting / picking operations were carried out by animate sources of energy mostly in the clusters. The cost of production was observed to be highest in medium size farm holding (`38133 ha-1) for CC1 and large size farm holding `39273 ha-1 for cotton production. Large size farm holding `36582 ha-1 exhibited highest cost of production in MC1 cluster and in cluster MC2 there is not much significant difference among these farm categories. The cost of energy for land preparation was observed as lowest in the range of `3.00 to 3.8 per MJ and cost of energy forhuman and animal dependent operations were little more than the machinery involved operations. The correlation ‘r’ values of area under crop shows significant relationship with total energy input for both crop and productivity was also significant with total energy input. A positive correlation was observed between farming experience and cost of production in cotton crop; energy and cost of production in case of maize crop. The highest energy ratio values for CC1 and CC2 were 4.57 and 4.27 by large and small farmers, respectively in cotton and for maize clusters MC1 and MC2 were 5.12 and 4.53 by large farmers. Machinery energy ratio and mechanization index values were lowest in case of small farmers in all the clusters, which indicates that small farmers face difficulty in use of machinery for crop production due to financial constraints. Mechanization index values indicated that, these clusters were poorly mechanized, which causes stagnation in crop productivity. The cotton – CHC groups utilized more tractor hours (800 h/annum) than maize CHC groups as well as normal cluster farmers. Except in maize planting and harvesting, CHCs were not able to extend mechanization activities to operations such as interculture and weeding, spraying etc., which mostly are carried by animate power sources. Any machinery supplied under subsidy scheme need through performance checks, model wise at random by experienced third party agencies under field conditions to avoid financial burden on the farmers and as well as weed out poor quality manufacturers. The proven tillage implements / machinery slowly need to be restricted in government subsidy schemes. Periodic thorough scrutiny is essential to include upcoming machinery into the subsidy category to spread the mechanization activities across various operations uniformly. More emphasis needs to be given for small farm mechanization in dryland regions with appropriate policy frame work to promote suitable power sources and matching machinery.

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

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