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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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2018 - 2019252020 - 202420
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Subject: Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry × Start date: 2018 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF MICROBIAL INOCULANTS ON YIELD AND SOIL FERTILITY IN SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum) SHORT CROP
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-22) GOBIDESI RAVITEJA; Dr. B. VAJANTHA
    Integrated use of microbial inoculants and fertilizers was evaluated for crop response, soil fertility and economic feasibility in sugarcane short crop through field experiment during 2021-22 at Agricultural Research Station, Perumallapalle, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. The experimental soil was neutral in reaction, non saline, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potassium. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with ten treatments and three replications. The treatments comprises of viz., Control 100% RDF (T1), 125% RDF (T2), 100% RDF + soil application of solid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T3), 100% RDF + sett treatment with solid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T4), 75% RDF + soil application of solid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T5), 75% RDF + sett treatment with solid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T6), 100% RDF + soil application of liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T7), 100% RDF + sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T8), 75% RDF + soil application of liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T9) and 75% RDF + sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T10). The recommended dose of fertilizers for sugarcane short crop is 224-112-112 kg N-P2O5-K2O ha-1 . Solid Gluconacetobacter, PSB and KSB were applied @ 10 kg ha-1 each for soil application. The recommended dose of solid biofertilizers for sett treatment was 10 kg - 1.25 kg - 1.25 kg ha-1 of Gluconacetobacter, PSB and KSB, respectively. Recommended dose of liquid Gluconacetobacter, PSB and KSB for soil xvi application was 1 l, 1.25 l and 1.25 l ha-1 , respectively. Similar quantity of liquid Gluconacetobacter, PSB and KSB was used for sett treatment. Among ten treatments significantly the highest germination percentage of sugarcane short crop was observed with 100% RDF + sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T8). Significantly the highest dry matter production was recorded with 100% RDF + sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T8) at tillering, grand growth and harvest stages. Significantly the highest number of tillers, shoot population, stalk population, cane length and cane yield was produced with the application of 100% RDF + sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T8). Combined application of 100% RDF and sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T8) resulted significantly the highest N, P, K, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu uptake by plant at tillering, grand growth and harvest stages. Significantly the highest available N, P2O5, K2O and S in soil was observed with the application of 100% RDF + soil application of liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T7) at tillering and grand growth stage while, at harvest it was at par with 100% RDF + soil application of solid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T3). The DTPA extractable Fe and Zn in soil were significantly superior with 100% RDF + soil application of liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T7) at tillering, grand growth and harvest stages. Application of 100% RDF + soil application of liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T7) resulted significantly the highest urease, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity at tillering and grand growth stage whereas, it was on par with 100% RDF + soil application of solid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T3) at harvest. All these enzymes activities were increased from tillering to grand growth and later decreased at harvest. Among the treatments, the highest number of soil microbial population viz., bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were observed with 100% RDF + sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T8) which was on par with 100% RDF + soil application of liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T7) at tillering, grand growth and harvest stages. Higher benefit cost ratio was obtained with 100% RDF + sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T8) followed by 100% RDF + sett treatment with solid Gluconacetobacter + PSB + KSB (T7). In conclusion, the study indicated that application of 100% RDF along with sett treatment with liquid Gluconacetobacter, PSB and KSB to sugarcane is found to be ecologically and economically feasible nutrient management practice to achieve sustainable yields in Southern Agroclimatic Zone of Andhra Pradesh.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PERFORMANCE OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) AS INFLUENCED BY THE APPLICATION OF FORTIFIED ZINC
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-22) NARASAPURAM RANGASAWMY; Dr. P. KAVITHA
    The present field experiment entitled “Performance of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by the application of fortified zinc” was conducted on sandy loam soils at Agricultural College Farm, Mahanandi during rabi, 2021-2022. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, with neutral in reaction (pH 7.33), low in organic carbon (0.48 %) and available nitrogen (248 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (49 kg ha-1), high in available potassium (586 kg ha-1), low in available zinc (0.54 mg kg-1) and manganese (3.08 mg kg-1), medium in available Iron (7.13 mg kg-1) and high in available copper (0.92 mg kg-1). The design adopted was randomized block design with eleven treatments, which were replicated thrice. The treatments comprise of (T1) Control (100 % RDF), (T2) FYM @ 10 t ha-1, (T3) ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1, (T4) FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1, (T5) Foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 at knee - high stage, (T6) FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB, (T7) FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 at knee - high stage, (T8) Soil application of ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 , (T9) Seed treatment with ZnSB @ 10 g kg-1 of seed, (T10) Soil application of ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 +foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 at knee - high stage and (T11) Seed treatment with ZnSB @ 10 g kg-1 of seed + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 at knee - high stage. The Recommended dose of fertilizers for maize is 240-80-80 kg N-P2O5-K2O ha-1 . Maximum plant height and dry matter production at knee - high, tasseling and harvest stages were recorded with the application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T4). The highest kernel yield, stover yield, cob yield with husk and yield attributing characters viz., cob length, cob girth, number of cobs plant-1, number of rows cob-1, number of kernels row-1 and total number of kernels cob-1 were produced with the application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 xvii kg ha-1 (T4) which was on par with application of FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 (T7) and FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1) (T6). The highest content and uptake of macronutrients (N, P and K) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) of maize crop were registered with the application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T4), which was on par with application of FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 (T7) and FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1) (T6). Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T4) recorded maximum available N, P and Zn, which was on par with the application of FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 (T7) and FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1) (T6). The highest dehydrogenase activity, bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were registered with the application of FYM @10 t ha -1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1) (T6), which was on par with FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T4) and FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 (T7). Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T4) recorded the highest cost of cultivation and gross returns. Maximum zinc use efficiency, net returns and B:C ratio were observed due to the application of FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 (T7), which was on par with FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1) (T6) and FYM @ 10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T4). In conclusion, the study indicated that application of FYM @10 t ha-1 enriched with ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1 + foliar application of 0.2 % ZnSO4 (T7) to maize is found to be ecologically and economically feasible nutrient management practice to achieve sustainable yields in Scarce Rainfall Zone of Andhra Pradesh.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON THE RICE GROWING SOILS OF YSR KADAPA DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-22) R. MAMATHA; Dr. M. SREENIVASA CHARI
    The present investigation involves characterization of fly ash, evaluation of ground water quality and its suitability for irrigation and effects of fly ash on physical, chemical and biological properties of soils in YSR Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh. Fly ash samples were collected at monthly intervals from the Rayalaseema Thermal Power Plant and totally six samples were collected from Decemberʼ 2021 to Mayʼ 2022. The collected samples were analyzed for physical and chemical properties. Soil samples were collected from four directions and in each direction soil samples were collected from four radiant distances of 1.0 km, 2.0 km, 4.0 km and 8.0 km. From each distance fives soil samples were collected and analyzed for physical, chemical and biological properties. Water samples were collected from four directions (north, south, east and west) and from each direction samples were collected from four radiant distance 1.0 km, 2.0 km, 4.0 km and 8.0 km. From each distance three water samples were collected and analyzed for various constituents and its suitability for irrigation was assessed. Leaf samples (rice, cotton, bengal gram and red gram) were collected and analyzed for chemical constituents. Composition of SiO2, Al2O3, FeO, CaO, MgO in fly ash were higher in Marchʼ 2022 among all six months. Bulk density, particle density were higher in Mayʼ 2022. Highest water holding capacity was observed for the sample xxviii collected during Januaryʼ 2022. pH of all samples were alkaline in nature. The order of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was in the order of K > P > N. The order of micronutrients and heavy metals were Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn and Pb > Cd > Ag respectively. The soil samples analyzed data reveals that bulk density, particle density, pH were more in west direction, porosity, water holding capacity, EC, potassium and exchangeable cations were more in east direction, whereas organic carbon, phosphorus and micronutrients were more in north direction and available nitrogen was more in south direction. Highest phosphatase activity was found in the north direction. Highest dehydrogenase activity was observed in west direction. Soil quality index developed revealed that quality of soil follows the order east > south > west > north. Groundwater collected in different directions were colourless and odourless with less quantities of suspended and dissolved solids. The groundwater had alkaline pH and EC was within the permissible limits with appreciable quantities of Cl- , SO4 -2 , CO3 -2 , HCO3 - , Na+ , K+ , Ca+2, and Mg+2 and variable amount of heavy metals. The order of abundance of cations in all directions was Na+ > Ca+2 > Mg+2 > K+ . The content of Ca+2 and Na+ were recorded higher value which is above the critical limit according to FAO, (1985). The order of anions in groundwater samples were observed as Cl- > HCO3 -> CO3 - > SO4 -2 > F- . Fluoride concentration in groundwater was within the permissible limit. The micronutrient and heavy metal concentration were within the permissible limit in all distances and directions which follow the order of Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn and heavy metal follow the order of Pb > Cd > Ag. The concentration of heavy metals in the groundwater are within the permissible limits of WHO, 2006 and FAO, 1985. Groundwater samples at north, south, east and west direction was categorized as very high saline low sodium water (C3S1) but in east direction at 8.0 km radius and west direction 1.0 km radius was classified as very high saline medium sodium water (C3S2). Fly ash applied soils increased the concentration of phosphorus and potassium in crops. Highest content of nitrogen was found in west direction, phosphorus was found in south direction and highest potassium was found in south direction. The mean concentration of beneficial heavy metals present in crops followed the order of Fe > Cu > Mn > Zn. The heavy metal order was Pb > Ag > Cd. Though the heavy metal concentration was recorded below the permissible limits, bioaccumulation of iron, lead, cadmium and silver was noticed
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SOIL STRUCTURE AND ORGANIC CARBON STABILITY OF RAINFED ALFISOLS UNDER LONG-TERM APPLICATION OF MANURE AND FERTILIZERS
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-22) HEMANTH. C.C; Dr. M. MADHAN MOHAN
    The present study entitled “SOIL STRUCTURE AND ORGANIC CARBON STABILITY OF RAINFED ALFISOLS UNDER LONG-TERM APPLICATION OF MANURE AND FERTILIZERS” was carried out as part of the long-term experiment during kharif, 2021 on red sandy loam (Haplustalf) soils at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eleven treatments and four replications. The treatments includes T1: control (no manure and fertilizers), T2: Farm yard manure @ 5 t ha-1 (once in 3 years), T3: 20 kg nitrogen (N) ha-1, T4: 10 kg phosphorus (P) ha-1, T5: 25 kg potassium (K) ha-1, T6: 250 kg gypsum ha-1, T7: 20 kg N + 10 kg P ha-1, T8: 20 kg N + 10 kg P + 25 kg K ha-1, T9: 20 kg N + 10 kg P + 25 kg K + 250 kg gypsum ha-1, T10: 20 kg N + 10 kg P + 25 kg K + 100 kg lime ha-1, T11: 20 kg N + 10 kg P + 25 kg K + 250 kg gypsum + 25 kg ha-1 zinc sulphate (once in 3 years). Soil samples were collected from each treatment at two depths viz., 0-15 and 15-30 cm after harvest of crop during kharif, 2021. The data was recorded on soil physical, physio-chemical properties along with yield and yield attributing characters. The physical properties viz., bulk density, porosity, maximum water holding capacity and structural indices viz., mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter, per cent water stable aggregates (>0.25 mm) and per cent aggregate stability were improved by the long-term application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 (T2) once in three years for the past 41 years compared to other treatments. xvi The treatmental combinations viz., NPK+gypsum+ZnSO4 (T11), NPK+lime (T10), NPK+gypsum (T9) and NPK (T8) were showed improvement in soil physical properties viz., bulk density, porosity, water holding capacity and structural indices compared to the control, whereas long-term application of K fertilizers alone showed deterioration in soil physical properties compared to the control. Long-term application of manure and fertilizers to groundnut showed a slight decrease in soil pH compared to initial soil pH recorded during 1981. Whereas the accumulation of salts was not observed over a period of 41 years of experimentation in surface and sub-surface layers. However, soil organic carbon (SOC) content was improved in all the treatments including control over 41 years of cropping and application of manure and fertilizers. However the SOC was higher at surface layer than sub-surface layer in all the treatments. Long-term application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 (T2) once in three years was recorded significantly highest SOC stocks, build-up (%) and carbon sequestration rate at surface and sub-surface layers and which was comparable with other treatmental combinations viz., NPK+gypsum+ZnSO4 (T11), NPK+lime (T10), NPK+gypsum (T9) and NPK (T8). Whereas the application of single nutrient fertilizers viz., N alone (T3), P alone (T4) and K alone (T5) treated plot showed negative SOC stock build-up (%) compared to control in both the soil layers. Soil aggregate fractions under long-term application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 (T2) and treatmental combinations viz., NPK+gypsum+ZnSO4 (T11), NPK+lime (T10) and NPK+gypsum (T9) were showed significantly higher proportion of large and small macro-aggregates fractions compared to control. Whereas, single nutrient fertilizer treatments showed higher micro-aggregates fractions. The aggregate associated-C was significantly higher in large macro aggregates compared to small macro and micro-aggregate fractions in both the soil layers. However, aggregate associated-C was higher in surface layer compared to sub-surface layer. The significantly highest pod and haulm yields were recorded with FYM alone (T2) and NPK+gypsum+ZnSO4 (T11), respectively compared to all other treatments. However, comparable with other treatments viz., NPK+lime, NPK+gypsum and NPK treated plots. The treatments received with single nutrient fertilizers viz., N or P or K alone were inferior interms of soil structure, organic carbon stability and pod yield as compared to the combined application of nutrients. The study clearly indicated that application of FYM and treatmental combinations viz., NPK+lime, NPK+gypsum+ZnSO4 and NPK+gypsum would be better for the improvement of soil structure, organic carbon stability and groundnut pod yield on sustainable basis.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF BIOFERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND SOIL PROPERTIES IN BLACK GRAM (Vigna mungo L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-22) K. DUNDI SAI ROHAN; Dr. A. PRASANTHI
    Combined application of biofertilizers and fertilizers was evaluated for crop response, soil fertility and enzyme activity in black gram through field experiment during rabi, 2021 in Wetland farm at S.V. Agricultural College, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. The experimental soil was slightly alkaline, non-saline, low in organic carbon and nitrogen and medium in available phosphorus and potassium. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with ten treatments and three replications. The treatments include control (0% RDF) (T1), 100% RDF (T2), 75 % RDF + Seed treatment with liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T3), 100 % RDF + Seed treatment with liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T4), 75 % RDF + Seed treatment with solid Rhizobium + solid PSB + solid KSB (T5), 100 % RDF + Seed treatment with solid Rhizobium + solid PSB + solid KSB (T6), 75 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T7), 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8), 75 % RDF + Soil application of solid Rhizobium + solid PSB + solid KSB (T9) and 100 % RDF + Soil application of solid Rhizobium + solid PSB + solid KSB (T10). The recommended dose of fertilizers for rabi black gram is 25:50:25 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1 Combined application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) recorded numerically the highest plant growth parameters viz., dry matter production, plant height, number of branches plant-1 , number of nodules plant-1 at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and harvest stages. Yield parameters like number of pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1 were registered numerically the highest under combined application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) treatment. xvi Significantly the highest seed yield and straw yield was noticed in 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) treatment. Combined application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) resulted in the highest numerical values of N, P and K uptake by plant at all growth stages of crop. The highest soil microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) were observed at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and harvest stages with the application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8). The microbial activity was increased from 30 DAS to 60 DAS later on decreased at harvest Combined application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) showed numerically the highest values of soil urease, alkaline and acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase enzyme activity at all growth stages of crop. All these enzymes activity was increased from 30 DAS to 60 DAS and decreased at harvest stage of crop. Numerically the highest values of available N, P2O5 and K2O in soil were exhibited due to combined application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) treatment at all stages of crop growth. The pH, EC, OC, exchangeable Ca and Mg, available sulphur and DTPA extractable micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) were not significantly affected by combined application of inorganic fertilizers along with biofertilizers after harvest. The highest gross returns, net returns, benefit-cost ratio were obtained under combined application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) followed by T3, T4 and T7 treatments. In conclusion, the study indicated that application of 100 % RDF + Soil application of liquid Rhizobium + liquid PSB + liquid KSB (T8) to black gram crop is found to be ecologically and economically feasible nutrient management practice to achieve sustainable yields in Southern Agroclimatic Zone of Andhra Pradesh.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF NANO-GYPSUM IN RECLAMATION OF SODIC SOILS
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-05-22) D. ANUSHA; Dr. CH. Bhargava Rami Redd
    Nano-gypsum was used in this study to reclaim the sodic soils collected from Kukkambakam village of B.N Kandriga (Mandal), Chittoor district during 2021-22. Nano-gypsum was synthesized and characterized in the Department of Soil Science and Agricultutal Chemistry, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati. Two amendments viz., nano-gypsum (NG) and conventional gypsum (CG) were used in a pot culture experiment that was set up using a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments involves combination of primary nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) with two sources of amendments such as conventional gypsum and nano-gypsum are: Control (T1), RDF (30:40:50 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1 ) (T2), RDF + 100 % GR as conventional gypsum (T3), RDF + 25 % GR as nano-gypsum (T4), RDF + 50 % GR as nano-gypsum (T5), RDF + 75 % GR as nano-gypsum (T6), RDF + 100 % GR as nano-gypsum (T7) and replicated four times. The response of groundnut (Dharani) grown in the reclaimed soil was studied. The soil was non calcareous, non saline sodic with a pH of 8.79 and ESP of 35.05 Per cent. The physical, chemical, spectral (SEM, TEM and FT-IR) and structural (XRD) properties of the synthesized nano-gypsum were studied. The surface area of the nano gypsum is 900 m2g -1 . Conventional gypsum appeared as scattered and sparse in the SEM picture while, nano-gypsum was clustered and consolidated. Gypsum was found to be loaded into the nano-clay according to the FT-IR spectra and according XRD pattern crystal structure was monoclinic. The results of the percolation study revealed the significant displacement of Na+ from the exchangeable clay complex by the Ca+2 which was originated from the nano gypsum. Maximum decline in the concentration of Ca+2 in the leachates over a period of time was clearly observed with the application of nano-gypsum. In the pot culture experiment, sodic soil was analyzed for its initial parameters like, pH, EC, CEC, ESP, exchangeable Na+ , Ca+2 and Mg+2 . The plant growth attributes viz., plant height, branches plant-1 and dry matter production were recorded at flowering and harvest stage of crop. Yield and the yield attributes viz., number of pods plant-1 , 100 xvi pod weight, 100 kernel weight, pod yield and haulm yield were recorded. The total nutrient content macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca+2, Mg+2 and S) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in the haulm were analyzed at flowering and harvesting stages and the nutrient uptake by plant was also determined. The post harvest soils were analyzed for the available macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca+2 , Mg+2 and S), micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) and soil organic carbon. On reclamation, pH of the soil was reduced to 7.96 and ESP to 8.07 per cent with the application of RDF + 100 % GR as nano-gypsum (T7). Maximum concentration of Na+ in the leachates recorded by the application of RDF + 100 % GR as nano-gypsum (T7) indicates the successful reclamation of sodic soil. Reclamation with RDF + 100 % GR as nano-gypsum (T7) also improved the physical properties of the sodic soil by reducing the bulk density to 1.27 Mg m-3 from 1.32 Mg m-3 in the control (T1). Groundnut responded well to the reclamation by gypsum application and recorded significantly higher number of pods plant-1 in RDF + 100 % GR as nano gypsum (T7), when compared to control. The highest nutrient uptake (N, P, K, Ca+2 , Mg+2, S and micronutrients) at flowering and harvesting was recorded with the application of RDF + 100 % GR as nano-gypsum (T7). Groundnut grown in the soil reclaimed with RDF + 100 % GR as nano-gypsum (T7) recorded the highest pod yield (42.50 g pot-1 ) and haulm yield (61.69 g pot-1 ). The application of RDF + 75 % GR as nano-gypsum (T6) was proven to be effective as it was comparable to RDF + 100 % GR as conventional gypsum (T3) at both the stages of groundnut crop. The effectiveness of nano-gypsum at RDF + 100 % GR as nano-gypsum (T7) in recovering sodic soils was significantly higher than that of conventional gypsum at RDF + 100 % GR as conventional gypsum (T3) which can be attributed to its smaller particle size, greater surface area, and consequently greater solubility. Moreover, application of RDF + 75 % GR as nano-gypsum (T6) was comparable to RDF + 100 % GR as conventional gypsum (T3). According to the findings of the current study, nano-gypsum can be considered as a viable alternative to conventional gypsum for reclaiming sodic soil at either 100 % or 75 % GR.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF BIOCHAR ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND YIELD OF GROUNDNUT
    (guntur, 2022-08-17) PRATIBHA, D.; PRASAD, P.R.K.
    A field experiment entitled “Effect of biochar on soil properties and yield of groundnut” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during kharif, 2019-2020. The experimental soil was loamy sand in texture, neutral in reaction and non-saline. The soil was low in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus, available potassium, sufficient in sulphur and sufficient in all available cationic micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu). The biochar of Redgram stalk, Prosopis juliflora and Sugarcane trash was prepared by pit method under anaerobic condition. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with nine treatments replicated thrice. The treatments consisted Control treatment (without biochar and inorganic fertilizers) (T1); 100% RDF (T2); 100% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 (T3); 100% RDF + Redgram stalk biochar @ 4 t ha-1 (T4); 75% RDF + Redgram stalk biochar @ 4 t ha-1 (T5); 100% RDF + Prosopis juliflora biochar @ 4 t ha-1 (T6); 75% RDF + Prosopis juliflora biochar @ 4 t ha-1 (T7); 100% RDF + Sugarcane trash biochar @ 4 t ha-1 (T8); 75% RDF + Sugarcane trash biochar @ 4 t ha-1 (T9). FYM @ 5 t ha-1 two weeks before and Biochar @ 4 t ha-1 were applied one week before sowing to the respective plots. Nitrogen was applied in the form of urea at different levels as per the treatments in 2 splits (at basal dose and at 30 DAS). Entire phosphorus and potassium was applied as basal dose in the form of SSP and MOP. The effect of FYM and biochar on soil properties and performance of groundnut at different stages were determined by following standard procedures. Reduction in soil bulk density was observed in FYM and biochar treated treatments (4 t ha-1). Significant increase in porosity, water holding capacity and soil moisture content was noticed in FYM and biochar applied treatments. The treatments imposed had non-significant effect on soil pH and EC. The CEC and organic carbon was increased in FYM treated plot followed by biochar treated plots. The available N, Name of the Author : D. PRATIBHA Title of thesis : “EFFECT OF BIOCHAR ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND YIELD OF GROUNDNUT’’ Degree to which it is submitted : Master Of Science In Agriculture Faculty : AGRICULTURE Major field of study : SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY Major Advisor : Dr. P.R.K. PRASAD University : Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University Year of submission : 2021 xvi P2O5, K2O and S were highest in treatment which received 100% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 and this was on par with the treatments supplied with 100% RDF + biochar through different sources @ 4 t ha-1 through different sources (T4, T6 and T8). The treatment supplied with inorganic fertilizer alone (T2) showed greater values compared to treatment which received 75% RDF + biochar through different sources @ 4 t ha-1 through different sources (T5, T7 and T9). However, the influence of treatments on soil micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) was not significant. Soil microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) and soil enzymes (urease, dehydrogeanse, acid and alkaline phosphatase) were significantly superior in treatment T3 which received 100% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 compared to biochar added treatments. The lowest values were recorded in control (T1). Dry matter production, growth parameters, yield parameters and quality parameters were highest in treatment which received 100% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 and this was on par with the treatment supplied with 100% RDF + biochar through different sources @ 4 t ha-1 (T4, T6 and T8). The corresponding lowest values were recorded in control (T1). Groundnut pod yield was highest (2522 kg ha-1) in T3 treatment received 100% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1, which was on par with 100% RDF + biochar through different sources @ 4 t ha-1 (T4, T6 and T8). The N, P, K concentration and their uptake by the plants were significantly higher in 100% RDF + FYM and biochar applied treatments (T4, T6 and T8) compared to the control (T1). Sulphur and Micronutrient concentrations (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) were not significantly influenced by biochar applied treatments. Significant increase in uptake of sulphur and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) were noticed due to increased dry matter production. The results further showed that combined application of 100% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 along with biochar applied treatments have been proved to be superior treatments for the best management of soil fertility. Among 100% RDF + biochar @ 4 t ha-1 and 75% RDF + biochar through different sources @ 4 t ha-1 the values noted were highest in 100% RDF + biochar through different sources @ 4 t ha-1.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF COMBINED USE OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY IN KHARIF MAIZE
    (guntur, 2022-08-12) SARATH KUMAR, GOWDU; VENKATA SRIDHAR, T.
    A field experiment entitled “Effect of Combined Use of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Soil Chemical Properties and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Kharif Maize” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during 2018. The test soil was non-saline, sandy loam in texture with acidic reaction. The soil was low in available nitrogen, high in phosphorus and high in potassium status. The available Cu, Mn and Fe were sufficient while Zn was deficient. The experiment was laid out in RBD with seventeen treatments replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of T1-Absolute control; T2- 75% of RDF (N in three splits);T3- 75% RDF (N in four splits); T4 – 100% RDF (N in three splits); T5- 100% RDF (N in four splits); T6- 75% of RDF (N in three splits)+ Vermicompost (2.5 t ha-1); T7- 75% of RDF (N in four splits) + Vermicompost (2.5 t ha-1); T8- 100% RDF (N in three splits)+vermicompost (2.5 t ha-1); T9-100% RDF (N in four splits)+vermicompost(2.5tha-1);T10- 75% of RDF ( N in three splits)+azosprillum+PSB+ KSB;T11- 75% of RDF (N in four splits)+Azosprillum+PSB+KSB; T12–100% RDF (N in three splits) +azosprillum+PSB+KSB; T13- 100% RDF (N in four splits)+azosprillum +PSB+KSB;T14-75%RDF(N in three splits)+vermicompost+azosprillum+ PSB+ KSB; T15- 75%RDF (N in four splits)+vermicompost +azosprillum+ PSB+KSB;T16-100%RDF(N in three splits)+vermicompost+azosprillum +PSB+KSB;T17-100%RDF (N in four splits)+vermicompost+azosprillum +PSB+KSB. xvi The influence of various treatments on plant height, grain &stover yield, nutrient content, uptake and soil properties (physical, physico-chemical, available nutrients and biological) were determined by standard procedures at different stages. Among the treatments, 100%RDF(N in four splits)+vermicompost +azosprillum+ PSB+KSB treated plot recorded maximum dry matter, grain and stover yield followed by 100% RDF (N in three splits)+vermicompost +azosprillum+PSB+KSB.However the treatments with 100% RDF with N in 3 or 4 splits and also with bio fertilizer alone or in combination with vermicompost did not show any significant difference. The treatments imposed had no significant effect on harvest index. Higher N,P and K contents content was recorded by the application of 100% RDF (N in four splits) +vermicompost+azosprillum+PSB+KSB, at all stages of crop growth. Micronutrient (Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn) contents were also maximum with same treatment which was on par with treatment which received 100% RDF (N in three splits)+vermicompost+azosprillum+PSB +KSB. The uptake of macronutrients (N,P, K) and micronutrients at all stages was markedly influenced by the treatments with maximum values recorded by the treatment that received 100% RDF (N in four splits)+vermicompost +azosprillum+ PSB+ KSB. Which was at par with 100% RDF (N in three splits)+vermicompost+azosprillum+PSB+KSB and 100% RDF (N in four splits) +azosprillum+PSB+ KSB. The soil properties viz. pH and EC were not significantly influenced by the imposed treatments, while highest organic carbon was recorded in 100% RDF (N in four splits)+vermicompost+azosprillum+PSB+KSB treated plot. Similar trend was observed in available macro (N P and K) and micro nutrients (Fe, Cu, Mn and Zinc) . The highest available nutrient content was recorded in the treatment with 100% RDF (N in four splits)+vermicompost +azospirulam+PSB+KSB but no significant difference was observed in the treatment treated with N in three split or four splits . However the plots treated with organics showed significant positive effect on soil properties when compared with the plots treated with inorganic. Application of inorganics, biofertilizers, vermicompost showed significant influence on biological activity of soil. Addition of organic fertilizers proved to be more efficient in improving the enzyme activities (urease, dehydrogenase and phosphatase) significantly.
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    EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON SOIL PROPERTIES, GROWTH AND YIELD OF RABI MAIZE
    (guntur, 2022-08-12) MADHURYA, POONDLA; LATHA, M.
    A field experiment entitled “Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on soil properties, growth and yield of rabi maize” was carried out during the year 2020 at Agricultural College Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh India. The objective of this research was to study the influence of different sources of inorganic fertilizers with varied levels of nitrogen fertilization in combination with FYM and biofertilizers on soil properties, growth, yield, quality, nutrient content and uptake of maize. The variety Pioneer - 3396 was taken as Test crop. The treatments consisted viz., T1: Control, T2: 100% RDN, T3: 125% RDN, T4: 75% RDN + 25% N through FYM, T5: 75% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers, T6: 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM, T7: 100% RDN + Biofertilizers and T8: 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers. The initial status of soil was non saline, sandy loam in texture, neutral in reaction, low in organic carbon low in available nitrogen, high in available phosphorus, high in available potassium and sufficient in sulphur. The micronutrient status of the soil was sufficient regarding available iron, manganese and copper contents, but was deficient in zinc. The FYM @ 10 t ha-1 was applied as per the treatments as an organic component of INM. The inorganic fertilizer dosage of 200:60:50 N-P2O5 -K2O kg ha-1 was followed as RDF via Urea, SSP and MOP respectively. Nitrogen was applied in two equal splits as per the treatments. The biofertilizers (Azospirillum, PSB (pseudomonas sp.)) were applied @ 5 kg ha-1each. The effect of applied organic and inorganic source of nutrients was found to be non-significant on soil physical properties & physico-chemical properties assessed i.e soil texture, bulk density, water holding capacity, porosity ; soil reaction, electrical conductivity and CEC. However a significant effect was observed in organic carbon content of the soil. xviii The effect of different treatments on available macronutrient status of soil was found significant except for available sulphur content. Among all the treatments tried, the highest available macro and micro nutrient status in soil and their contents in plant was found in 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8). Regarding soil available N and plant N content, the treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) was found on par with 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM (T6) and 125% RDN (T3). For soil available P and plant P content,the treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) was found on par with the treatments which contained biofertilizers as a component viz., 75% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T5), 100% RDN + Biofertilizers (T7). Regarding soil available K and plant K content, the treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) was found on par with the treatments where FYM was in combination with inorganic doses i.e 75% RDN + 25% N through FYM (T4) ,75% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T5), 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM (T6). However a non significant effect was noticed regarding soil available sulphur and micronutrient status of soil and their contents in maize, but a comparably better performance of the integrated treatments than sole inorganic fertilized treatments was noticed. The lowest of all soil available macro and micronutrient status and their contents in plant was noticed in the unfertilized control treatment (T1). Application of inorganics, biofertilizers and FYM showed significant influence on bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes population of soil and also on the activity of dehydrogenase. For all biological parameters, the best performed treatment i.e 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) was found on par with the treatment in which both FYM and biofertilizers were added i.e 75% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T5). However the superior performance of FYM added treatments than sole inorganic treatments was also observed. The lowest value of all microbial counts and dehydrogenase enzyme activity was noticed in the control treatment (T1). The performance of maize with respect to plant height, dry matter production, kernel, stover yield of maize and carbohydrate, protein content of maize kernels were significantly influenced by the imposed treatments. Among all treatments, the treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) performed best and it was found on par with 125% RDN (T3) and 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM (T6). The effect of different treatments on maize test weight was found insignificant. The lowest value for all growth and quality parameters was noticed in the control treatment (T1). The treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) has recorded the highest uptake of N, P, K and S. For N uptake of maize, the treatments 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM (T6) and 125 % RDN (T3) were found on par with 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8). Regarding P uptake, the treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) was found on par with the treatment 75% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T5) except at xix knee high stage and with 100% RDN + Biofertilizers (T7) at knee high, harvest stages. Regarding potassium uptake, the best performed treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) was found on par with 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM (T6) at all stages of crop growth and with 125 % RDN (T3) at knee high and tasseling stage. The potassium uptake in grain, the treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) which was found on par with 75% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T5). The lowest uptake values of N, P and also for K were noticed in the control treatment (T1). Regarding sulphur, iron, manganese, copper and zinc uptake by maize, the treatment 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM + Biofertilizers (T8) had recorded highest uptake values and it was found on par with 125 % RDN (T3) and 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM (T6) in most instances. The lowest value for all uptakes was noticed in the control (T1) treatment.