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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION MAPPING OF GENOMIC REGIONS GOVERNING BLAST RESISTANCE AND QUALITY TRAITS IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-04-30) M. VINOD KUMAR NAIK; Dr. V. LAKSHMINARAYANA REDDY
    The present investigation “Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Genomic Regions Governing Blast Resistance and Quality Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)’’ was carried out during rabi seasons of 2018 and 2019 years at Agricultural Research Station, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 230 rice genotypes comprise of landraces, wild species, japonica, mutants, aromatic, and modern cultivars were evaluated under field conditions with artificial inoculation using the uniform blast nursery (UBN) and clipping method for their reaction for blast and Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) pathogens, respectively. A total of 25 genotypes were consistently showed resistant disease reaction for both blast and BLB diseases, during rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20 years. The genotypes are NLR3247, NLR 3302, NLR 3083, NLR 3042, NLR 145, NLR 3276, FR 13A, NL 22, NL32, NL 60, Tetep, MTU 7029, Azucena, Wild rice-1, Kanchan, Solumpiket, WGL 163, WGL 915, Dular, Koshihikari, Krishna, Minghui 63, MTU1121, Pothana and RPBIO-507. Rice genotypes were classified into five clusters viz., cluster 1 (resistant), cluster 2 (moderately resistant), cluster 3 (moderately susceptible), cluster4 (susceptible), and cluster 5 (highly susceptible) based on both blast and BLB disease reactions similarities among 230 rice genotypes in rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for rice genotypes revealed significant differences for all the traits under study suggesting the existence of required genetic variation in the material. The correlation analysis revealed, that the traits plant height, panicle length showed a negative association with SPY during rabi 2018-19, and in rabi 2019-20 traits BER, ASV, and LER showed a significant positive association with BLB and blast disease resistance respectively. while none of the remaining traits showed any significant correlation with SPY. The population structure analysis divided 142 rice genotypes in to four population, Population1 (pop1), population2 (pop2), population3 (pop3) and population4 (pop4) consists of 55, 14, 44, and 29 genotypes, respectively. The genotyping of rice genotypes employing was carried out using ddRAD sequencing which generated as many as 37,808 SNP markers. Using SNP marker data and xix phenotypic data in GAPIT software, a total of 552 MTAs through General Linear Model (GLM) and 96 MTAs through Mixed Linear Model (MLM) were identified on all 12 chromosomes in rabi 2018-19 with a LOD value of >3.5 and PVE range of 7.68% – 28.61%, of all MTAs, 75 were found to be novel, similarly in rabi, 2019-2020, a total of 752 MTAs were detected through General Linear Model (GLM) while 103 QTLs were detected through Mixed Linear Model (MLM) with a LOD value of >3.5 and PVE range of 8.12%- 28.96 %, on all 12 chromosomes, of which 82 were novel QTLs for 23 traits related to blast disease, bacterial leaf blight, quality traits, and yield and yield associated traits. Among all the QTLs detected through MLM, a total of 78 QTLs were found to be consistent in both the years, hence, considered as stable QTLs, whereas one QTL for blast disease resistance, none of the QTLs found commonly for BLB disease resistance, 46 QTLs were found commonly for quality traits and 31 QTLs were found commonly over the years for yield and its associated traits. A total of 8 stable QTL clusters were identified. The stable QTL clusters observed consistently across seasons are usually governed by major genes that were found to be governing eight traits with PVE values ranging from 10.45 % to 28.61 %. Ten candidate genes viz., OsATL12, ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2, OsDegp7, CycD3;1, OsXTH25, OsDAO1, OsSLD, OsISC1, OsXTH2, and NAD-dependent epimerase were predicted under these MTAs based on publicly available rice genomic resources such as RiceVarmap and RiceXPro for gene expression. The identified candidate genes belongs to several gene families such as transcription factors (ERF, hormonal regulation, Zinc finger proteins, MYB family, and others), signal transduction, macromolecular proteins, proteolytic machinery, transferases, and others. Around 82 novel genes were identified in the current study whose function in relation to blast, BLB disease resistance, quality traits, and yield associated traits is yet to be established. Transfer of the identified QTL clusters into elite breeding lines will help in the simultaneous improvement of all the desired traits.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC ANALYSIS OF GRAIN YIELD, MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND NUTRITIONAL TRAITS IN CGMS BASED HYBRIDS OF PEARL MILLET (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-04-30) B. SANTHOSH KUMAR NAIK; Dr. M. REDDI SEKHAR
    The present investigation on “Genetic analysis of grain yield, morphophysiological and nutritional traits in CGMS based hybrids of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.)” was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Podalakur from 2019-20 to 2020-21 with the objective of identifying most stable hybrids, to understand the nature of gene action in governing yield and yield components, to identify potential general combiners and specific hybrid combinations and to estimate the magnitude of heterosis for grain yield, morpho-physiological and nutritional traits in pearl millet. A Line ×Tester mating design was used to develop 50 F1 hybrids using five male sterile lines (ICMA 98222, ICMA 99222, ICMA 08666, ICMA 04999 and ICMA 06111) and ten restorer lines (ICMR 08444, ICMR 13999, ICMR 12555, ICMR 100087, ICMR 1809, ICMR 100089, ICMR 100549, ICMR 100556, ICMR 100584 and ICMR 100587) during rabi 2019-20. The hybrids generated were evaluated in a randomised block design with three replications over four different seasons viz., kharif 2020 (E1), late kharif 2020 (E2), rabi 2020- 21 (E3) and summer 2021 (E4) along with five checks including public and private hybrids / varieties viz., HHB 67 improved as early duration check (SH1), Prathap as medium duration check (SH2), Kaveri super boss as long duration check (SH3), Dhanshakti (SH4) and ABV 04 (SH5) as nutritional checks, respectively. Data was recorded for 15 grain yield, morpho-physiological and nutritional traits viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), productive tillers plant-1 , panicle length (cm), panicle girth (cm), 1000 grain weight (g), grain yield (t ha-1 ), green fodder yield (t ha-1 ), dry fodder yield (t ha-1 ), SPAD chlorophyll xxi chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR), relative water content (%), harvest index (%) and nutritional traits viz., grain Fe content (ppm) and grain Zn content (ppm). Mean sum of squares of lines, testers and hybrids were highly significant in all the four seasons for all the 15 characters under study. Furthermore, pooled analysis over seasons also revealed that the mean sum of squares due to genotypes, seasons and genotypes × seasons were significant for all the characters suggesting that differential response of genotypes to seasons. The mean, genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean were studied for 15 characters among 15 parents and 50 hybrids. High estimates of heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean were recorded in all seasons and pooled over seasons for all the characters except plant height and relative water content in rabi, panicle length in summer indicating that additive gene action was involved in the genetic control of these traits. Thus, simple selection would be effective to isolate the superior lines for these traits as these are less influenced by environment. Based on per se performance, among the fifteen parental lines studied, ICMB 98222 and ICMB 04999 among lines, while ICMR 13999, ICMR 100549 and ICMR 100556 among testers recorded high mean performance for grain yield and most of the yield contributing characters in all four seasons as well as in pooled over seasons. Among the 50 hybrids studied, a total of 23 hybrids registered superior grain yield over the best check hybrid Kaveri super boss. Out of 23 hybrids, the three hybrids viz., ICMB 98222 × ICMR 13999, ICMB 98222 × ICMR 100556 and ICMB 04999 × ICMR 100556 recorded the highest per se performance for grain yield plant-1 along with comparable levels of grain Fe and Zn contents when compared to the two nutritional checks Dhanshakti and ABV04 in all four seasons as well as in pooled over seasons. Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed significant differences for all the 15 characters in all the four seasons indicating the existence of sufficient variability in the material for the traits. This suggested that both additive and non-additive gene actions were involved in the expression of all the characters. Among the fifteen parents, the line ICMB 98222 recorded desirable significant gca effects for nine characters. Among the testers ICMR 100556 and ICMR 13999 were identified as the best general combiners as they have registered significant gca effects in desired direction for 10 characters. The tester ICMR 100549 for dry fodder yield and ICMR 13999 for panicle length were registered as the good general combiners. The top five hybrids for grain yield in pooled over seasons, viz., ICMB 08666 × ICMR 12555, ICMB 99222 × ICMR 100587, ICMB 06111 × ICMR 08444, ICMB 04999 × ICMR 100549 and ICMB 98222 × ICMR 100584 recorded significant positive sca effects. Among them, the hybrid ICMB 08666 × ICMR 12555 (good × poor) registered desirable and significant sca effects in all the four seasons and pooled over seasons for most of the characters. xxii Among the best five heterotic hybrids identified in pooled over seasons for grain yield, the hybrids viz., ICMB 08666 × ICMR 13999 (Long duration) and ICMB 98222 × ICMR 100556 (Medium duration) have recorded substantial standard heterosis of 33.37 per cent and 82.40 per cent over the standard checks Kaveri super boss and Prathap, respectively. The hybrid ICMB 98222 × ICMR 13999 (Medium duration) also recorded high mean performance for most of the yield components coupled with elevated Fe and Zn contents. Two hybrids viz., ICMB 04999 × ICMR 100556 and ICMB 04999 × ICMR 100549 recorded high mean performance along with higher positive and significant sca effects and standard heterosis for grain yield, SPAD reading and earliness traits. Further, the hybrid ICMB 04999 × ICMR 100549 (Early duration) was out yielded the best check HHB 67 by 84.29 per cent heterosis coupled with earliness. Considering nutritional traits, the hybrids ICMB 99222 × ICMR 100584 for grain Fe content and ICMB 98222 × ICMR 100587 for grain Zn content were identified as the best hybrids to develop as biofortified hybrids as these hybrids registered highly significant positive heterosis over two nutritional standard checks Dhanshakti and ABV 04 in pooled over seasons. But the yield levels in these hybrids were shown poor performance compare to best check hybrids. Hence, it is suggested to use these hybrids in development of biofortified inbred lines and further selection in segregating generation. However, considering both grain yield and nutritional traits, the hybrids ICMB 99222 × ICMR 100556 for grain Fe content and ICMB 08666 × ICMR 12555 for grain Zn content shown significant standard heterosis over standard yield and nutritional checks. Hence, these two hybrids could be considered for development of high yielding Fe and Zn biofortified hybrids. AMMI analysis showed that mean sum of squares due to genotypes, environments and genotype × environment interaction were significant for all the characters under study. The results revealed that, out of fifty hybrids, the hybrids G22 (ICMB 08666 × ICMR 13999), G37 (ICMB 04999 × ICMR 100549), G23 (ICMB 08666 × ICMR 12555) and G36 (ICMB 04999 × ICMR 100089) were identified as stable ones. Among the environments, kharif 2020 was conducive for expression of SPAD chlorophyll meter reading, harvest index and grain Fe content, while rabi 2020-21 was found favorable for expression of productive tillers plant-1 , panicle length, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, relative water content and grain zinc content. Summer 2021 favoured for early maturity in all genotypes. Genotype-by-trait biplot analysis, revealed that the traits viz., SPAD chlorophyll meter reading, panicle girth, harvest index and grain Fe content in kharif; panicle length, panicle girth, plant height, 1000 grain weight and grain Fe content in late kharif; panicle length, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and grain Zn content in rabi and panicle girth, harvest index and relative water content in summer were identified as important associated traits for improvement of grain yield, morpho-physiological and nutritional traits in Pearl millet. Among all the parental lines, ICMR 12555 in kharif and late kharif, ICMR 100584 in rabi and ICMB 98222 in summer were identified as ideal lines. xxiii In overall, two hybrids viz., ICMB 04999 × ICMR 100549 and ICMB 08666 × ICMR 13999 were identified as heterotic superior stable hybrids for the traits grain yield, morpho- physiological, grain Fe and grain Zn content and could be recommended for commercial cultivation after thorough testing under MLT’s and on-farm trials
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC ANALYSIS FOR POD YIELD AND STEM ROT RESISTANCE IN PEANUT [Arachis hypogaea (L.)]
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-04-26) K. AMARNATH; Dr. M. REDDI SEKHAR
    The present experiment entitled “Genetic analysis for pod yield and stem rot resistance in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)” was carried out in both stress (sick plot) and control condition at Dry land farm, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Five lines viz., Kadiri-6, Narayani, TAG-24, ICGV 07262 and four testers viz., TCGS-1862, TCGS-2149, J-11 and CS-19 were hybridized in a Line x Tester design during kharif, 2019. The resulting 20 F1 crosses along with their parents were evaluated during rabi, 2019 under both sick plot and control condition simultaneously. The analysis of variance revealed the existence of substantial variation among lines, testers and F1 crosses for all the 23 traits. Based on mean performance and gca effects, the line i.e., ICGV-07262 and the testers viz., J-11 and CS-19 were identified as the best parents for yield and yield attributing traits in both sick plot and control condition. Hence, these parents and their crosses could be exploited for improvement of pod yield and its attributes in groundnut. The estimates of mean sum of squares due to lines, testers, crosses and their interaction showed significant variation for all the characters. The magnitude of SCA variance was higher than GCA variance for all the characters indicating the preponderance of non-additive gene action in the expression of these traits. On the basis of per se performance and sca effects, the F1 crosses viz., Kadiri-6 x CS-19, Narayani x J-11, ICGV-07262 x TCGS-1862 and ICGV 07262 x TCGS-2149 were found as superior crosses for yield, yield components and percent disease incidence (PDI) at maturity in sick plot and control condition and could be exploited to obtain desirable transgressive segregants in advanced generations with increased pod yield coupled with stem rot resistance. Based on heterosis ICGV-07262 x TCGS-1862 was adjudged as the best heterotic cross for pod yield plant-1 and percent disease incidence (PDI) at maturity among 20 F1 crosses. In overall, Narayani x J-11, Kadiri-6 x CS-19, xxii ICGV-07262 x TCGS-1862 and ICGV-07262 x TCGS-2149 were selected as desirable heterotic cross combinations for pod yield and its components coupled with stem rot resistance. Generation mean analysis of four crosses viz., Narayani x J-11, Kadiri-6 x CS-19, ICGV-07262 x TCGS-1862 and ICGV-07262 x TCGS-2149 for 20 yield and yield components deciphered the importance of epistatic effects in all the crosses for all the traits. Predominance of dominance gene effects were expressed for pod yield plant-1 in ICGV-07262 x TCGS-1862 and for kernel yield plant-1 in Narayani x J-11 under both sick plot and control condition. Significant additive x additive [i] gene effects were exhibited in the crosses viz., Narayani x J-11 and ICGV-07262 x TCGS-1862 in both sick plot and control condition for pod yield plant-1 while additive x dominance [j] gene effects were displayed in the crosses, Narayani x J-11 in sick plot and Kadiri-6 x CS-19 in control condition for yield and its attributes. Duplicate type of epistasis was involved in expression of pod yield and its components in all four crosses in both sick plot and control condition. Hence, biparental mating in early generations followed by selection in advance generations of all four crosses is advocated to isolate high yielding purelines in groundnut. On contrary, complementary type of epitasis was predominant in the cross, Narayani x J-11 for SLA at 60DAS, number of flowers plant-1 from 25 to 50 DAS and hundred kernel weight in both sick plot and control condition. Similarly, the cross ICGV-07262 x TCGS-2149 showed complementary epitasis for hundred kernel weight and dry haulm weight plant -1 in both sick and control condition while, ICGV-07262 x TCGS-1862 also displayed complementary epitasis for hundred kernel weight in both sick plot and control condition. Two or three cycles of intermating of selects followed by selection in later generation is suggested for exploitation of superior transgressive segregants in these crosses. The monogenic inheritance of stem rot resistance was confirmed in F2 generation of the crosses viz., Kadiri-6 x CS-19 and Narayani x J-11. Duplicate type of gene action involving two major genes was evident in inheritance of stem rot resistance in the F2 generation of crosses viz., ICGV-07262 x TCGS-1862 and ICGV-07262 x TCGS-2149, respectively. Significant and positive heterosis over mid parent, better parent and standard parent was displayed in the cross, ICGV-07262 x TCGS- 1862 with high inbreeding depression for pod yield plant-1 and kernel yield plant-1 in both sick plot and control condition indicating non additive gene action on trait governance and could be exploited through heterosis breeding. However, the cross ICGV-07262 x TCGS- 2149 exhibited significant mid parent heterosis, better parent heterosis and standard heterosis with low inbreeding depression in control condition suggesting the preponderance of additive gene action governing the trait expression and preceeding its suitability for advancement through recombination breeding. High frequency of transgressive segregants were obtained in F2 populations of ICGV-07262 x TCGS- 2149 (42.77%) followed by Narayani x J 11 (25.55%), Kadiri-6 x CS-19 (21.66%) and ICGV-07262 x TCGS-1862 (19.44%) for pod yield and its attributes. These crosses could be selected for xxiii recovery of transgressive segregants, which could be advanced in single plant progenies through later generations in pedigree breeding for development of high yielding purelines for yield and its attributes in groundnut. Disease reaction of genotypes to stem rot identified ten genotypes as immune (TCGS-1862, TCGS-2149, J-11, CS-19, Abhaya, TCGS-2018, TCGS 2197, TCGS-2196, TCGS-1877, TCGS-2015), one genotype as highly resistant (TCGS-2122), two genotypes as resistant (TCGS-2198 and TCGS-2015), 13 genotypes as moderately susceptible (Kadiri -6, TAG-24, ICGV-07262, ICGV 91114, ICGV-00350, Prasuna, JL-24, Kadiri -9, Kadiri Amaravathi, Bheema, TCGS-2160, TCGS-2200 and TCGS-1399) and four genotypes as highly susceptible (Narayani, Kadiri-7, Greeshma and TCGS-1522), respectively and could be further utilized in resistance breeding programme. Three SSR markers viz., DGR 294, DGR-470 and DGR-510 displayed 60.00 % of polymorphism among 30 groundnut genotypes. Among the polymorphic primers, DGR-294 was found as informative marker with PIC value of 0.24 and Heterozygosity value of 0.3. Hence, the primer DGR-294 could be employed as a reliable marker for marker assisted breeding programmes in groundnut.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC STUDIES FOR EARLY MATURITY, YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES IN GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-04-26) GUMMA VINEELA NEEHARIKA; Dr. C. KIRAN KUMAR REDDY
    Breeding for earliness in groundnut is always a significant part of the objectives in many crop improvement programs across the globe. However, limited studies were available on sources of earliness and its contributing traits coupled with yield and yield components. No coherent character association studies were available for early maturity and its contributing traits. Therefore, the present study was conducted to estimate the extent of genetic variability, genetic divergence and trait associations for high yield, earliness and their contributing traits in groundnut where thirty six groundnut genotypes were evaluated in alpha lattice design with two replications at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati, during Rabi, 2021-22. Variability among all the 36 genotypes is highly significant for all the traits studied. Of all the thirty six entries tested, TAG 24, TCGS 2339, TCGS 2326, UBEK 21-40, UBEK 21-43 and UBEK 21-74 were noteworthy early maturing entries (90 days) with superior agronomic characters. All these genotypes were visualized with 100 pod weight below 90g, 100 kernel weight below 40g and harvest index below 50%. These characters are to be confirmed in future studies and in designing ideal plant type for early maturity. Study of genetic variability revealed high PCV and GCV for characters viz., days from opening of 1st flower to opening of 25 number of flowers and number of primary and secondary branches per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean were recorded for days from opening of 1st flower to opening of 25, 40, 50 number of flowers, plant height, number of primary and secondary branches per plant, number of mature pods per plant, harvest index, 100 pod weight and 100 kernel weight. Genetic divergence studies revealed the diversity among 36 genotypes by grouping them into 6 clusters. Maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster VI and III followed by cluster V and III, cluster II and III, cluster IV and VI and cluster I and VI. Genotypes from cluster III and genotype (UBEK 21-67) from cluster IV can be selected for developing early maturing genotypes. To develop genotypes with higher pod yields, genotypes from cluster II and V are to be utilized in hybridization programs. Character association studies revealed two phenological traits viz., days to accumulation of 25 and 40 flowers from emergence contributed significantly to days to maturity. Even though other traits exhibited significant inter-se correlations among them, their association with days to maturity was negligible. Therefore, for developing early maturing genotypes, selection for early accumulation of 25 and 40 flowers from emergence would be advantageous. For pod yield plant-1, significant positive correlations were observed with days to maturity, seed yield plant-1, number of mature pods plant-1, 100 pod weight, 100 kernel weight and harvest index but number of immature pods plant-1 was observed to be negatively correlated. Thus, for developing high yielders, selection should be focused on number of mature pods plant-1, days to maturity, harvest index, 100 pod weight, 100 kernel weight and seed yield plant-1. For developing early maturing genotypes with optimum yield levels, selection criteria could be days to accumulation of 25 flowers and 40 flowers from emergence with optimal number of ripened pods at 90 days duration with a harvest index (<50%), 100 pod weight (90g) and 100 kernel weight (<40g).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CHARACTERIZATION AND GENETIC DIVERGENCE STUDIES IN INDIGENOUS FINGER MILLET [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn] GERMPLASM
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-04-26) POOLA SOUMYA; Dr. L. MADHAVILATHA
    The present investigation was conducted at Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Perumallapalle, Tirupati during kharif, 2021 to characterize indigenous germplasm lines for DUS traits and to identify potential germplasm lines by estimating genetic parameters (variability, heritability and genetic advance), genetic divergence, character association and path coefficient. Morphological characterization of 60 finger millet genotypes using 26 DUS traits highlighted the existence of sufficient variability for the characters studied. In the present study for plant growth habit erect was predominant, for plant pigmentation at leaf juncture, non-pigmented was predominant, for leaf sheath pubescence, absence was predominant, for days to 50% flowering, late duration was predominant, for glumes colour, light green was predominant, for stem culm branching, absence was predominant, for flag leaf blade length, long blade length was predominant, for flag leaf blade width, narrow blade width was predominant, for peduncle length, medium type was predominant, for ear shape, compact type was predominant, for finger branching, absent type was predominant, for finger position of branching, at thumb finger, was predominant, for multiple whorl, absence was predominant, for ear head length, finger length, finger width and plant height medium length genotypes was predominant, for character finger number on main ear, medium number was predominant, for number of productive tillers, low number was predominant, for seed shattering, absence was predominant, for seed covering by glumes, enclosed was predominant, for seed colour, light brown was predominant, for seed shape, round type was xiv predominant, for seed surface, smooth was predominant, for pericarp after threshing, non-persistent type was predominant and for 1000 grain weight, medium weight was predominant. The analysis of variance carried out among 60 germplasm lines for 13 yield and yield attributes revealed significant differences for all the characters indicating the presence of considerable amount of genetic variability for the characters in the studied material. The characters such as finger length, number of productive tillers plant-1 , 1000 grain weight, grain yield plant-1 and fodder yield plant-1 showed higher estimates of PCV and GCV indicating ample amount of variation among indigenous germplasm lines for these traits. Thus, direct selection for these traits would result in further improvement of grain yield. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for days to 50% flowering, peduncle length, ear head length, finger length, finger width, number of productive tillers plant-1 , 1000 grain weight, grain yield plant-1 and fodder yield plant-1 indicating the predominance of additive gene action and direct selection would be effective for improvement of these traits. D2 analysis grouped 60 germplasm lines into six clusters. Among all the characters studied, days to 50% flowering (80.00%), 1000 grain weight (10.51%) and fodder yield plant-1 (3.62%) contributed relatively maximum towards the total genetic divergence. Inter cluster distance was observed maximum between cluster II and VI followed by cluster II and IV, cluster V and VI, cluster II and III and cluster I and VI representing that germplasm lines belonging to these clusters are more divergent. Based on divergence analysis, the crosses IC00622007 × IC00622057 (cluster II x cluster VI) and IC00622007 × EN 70 (cluster II x cluster IV) could be recommended for crop improvement. Character association analysis revealed that the traits viz., flag leaf blade length, finger number on main ear, finger width, number of productive tillers plant-1 , flag leaf blade width and fodder yield plant-1 had significant positive association with grain yield plant-1 indicating simultaneous selection of these traits would result in improvement of grain yield. Further, path analysis estimates in the present investigation revealed that finger number on main ear, fodder yield plant-1 and finger width had true relationship with grain yield plant-1 by establishing significant positive association and high positive direct effect on grain yield plant-1 . Days to 50% flowering exhibited negative direct effect and had negative association with grain yield plant-1 indicating that negative association of this trait would be more rewarding for selection of early maturing germplasm lines. xv Evaluation of 60 indigenous finger millet germplasm resulted in identification of trait specific germplasm lines viz., early maturing germplasm lines IC00622057 (1 genotype); long flag leaf blade germplasm lines (47 genotypes); lengthy ear heads (6 genotypes), IC0478442 (13.13 cm); lengthy fingers (19 genotypes), IC0478442 (13.10 cm); wide fingers (2 genotypes), high finger number on main ear (9 genotypes), EN 46 (9.70 cm); tall germplasm lines (4 genotypes), IC00622031 (135.99 cm); high 1000 grain weight (5 genotypes), EN 70 (3.50 g), IC0478656 (3.10 g) and IC0007954 (3.05 g); high grain yield plant-1 EN 70 (19.36 g), IC0478640 (17.00 g), IC0478543 (16.94 g); high fodder yield plant-1 , EN 70 (145.90 g), IC00622053 (145.60 g), IC0475386 (137.40 g). Germplasm line EN 70 exhibited superior performance when compared with Standard varieties GPU 48, GPU 67, VL376 and PR 202.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DUS CHARACTERIZATION AND DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF INBRED LINES IN PEARL MILLET (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-04-24) INUKOLLU PRAVEEN KUMAR; Dr. M. SHANTHI PRIYA
    The present investigation was conducted at Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Perumallapalle, Tirupati during rabi, 2021 to characterize pearl millet inbred lines for DUS traits and to identify potential germplasm lines by estimating genetic parameters (variability, heritability and genetic advance), genetic divergence, character association and path coefficient. DUS characterization of 70 pearl millet genotypes using 28 DUS traits revealed existence of abundant diversity for these characters. In the present studied pearl millet inbred lines appreciable differences were observed for the traits viz., anthocyanin pigmentation, leaf sheath length, leaf blade length, leaf blade width, spike stigma pigmentation, anther colour, plant node pubescence, number of nodes plant-1, node pigmentation, internode pigmentation, spike length, anthocyanin pigmentation of glume, spike bristle, spike bristle colour, bristle appearance, spike girth, number of productive tillers plant-1, plant height, spike shape, spike-density, seed color, seed shape and 1000 seed weight. Based on the DUS descriptors inbred lines were characterized effectively which would be useful for their documentation and registration. These descriptors would aid in explicit identity of inbred lines and help in maintenance of their purity in field for use in future breeding programmes. The analysis of variance carried out among 70 germplasm lines for 21 yield and yield attributes revealed significant differences for all the characters indicating the presence of considerable amount of genetic variability for the characters in the studied material. The characters such as grain yield plant-1, 1000 grain weight panicle weight, green fodder yield plant-1, dry fodder yield plant-1 and harvest index showed higher estimates of PCV and GCV indicating ample amount of variation among germplasm lines for these traits. Thus, direct selection for these traits would result in further improvement of grain yield. High xix heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for days to 50 % flowering, spike length, spike girth, number of productive tillers plant-1, plant height, 1000 grain, panicle weight, green fodder yield plant-1, dry fodder yield plant-1, threshing percentage, harvest index and grain yield plant-1 indicating the predominance of additive gene action and direct selection would be effective for improvement of these traits. D2 analysis grouped 70 inbred lines into 12 clusters. Among all the characters studied, 1000 grain weight, days to 50% flowering and number of productive tillers plant-1 contributed relatively maximum towards the total genetic divergence. Inter cluster distance was observed maximum between cluster VI and XII followed by cluster X and XII, cluster III and XII and cluster IV and XII representing that germplasm lines belonging to these clusters are more divergent. Correlation studies revealed that characters viz., panicle weight followed by green fodder yield plant-1, dry fodder yield plant-1, number of productive tillers plant-1, spike girth, plant height, leaf blade length, number of nodes plant-1, 1000 grain weight, spike length, harvest index, threshing percentage, leaf blade width and specific leaf area at 45 DAS had significant positive association with grain yield plant-1 indicating simultaneous selection of these traits would result in improvement of grain yield. Further, path analysis estimates in the present investigation revealed that panicle weight followed by threshing percentage, green fodder yield plant-1 had true relationship with grain yield plant-1 by establishing significant positive association and high positive direct effect on grain yield plant-1. Low residual effects at both phenotypic and genotypic level demonstrated that choice of traits in the present study were able to explain most of the effects on grain yield. Superior inbred lines PPBi-3, PPBi-46, PPBi-47, PPBi-50 and PPBi-59 identified in the present study could be utilized for the development of composites.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON GENETIC VARIABILITY FOR YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTING TRAITS IN GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-04-24) RAGIRI PAVAN KUMAR; Dr. K. JOHN
    The present investigation was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Tirupati, during kharif, 2021 to assess variability, genetic parameters, genetic divergence, character association and path analysis among 30 advanced breeding lines of groundnut under rainfed conditions. Analysis of variance carried out among 17 physiological, yield attributes and quality traits revealed that highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied indicating the presence of ample amount of variability among the genotypes. Based on per se performance, the genotypes viz., TCGS-2443, TCGS-2198, TCGS-2442, TCGS-2440 and TCGS-2108 were found as promising genotypes and these genotypes could be exploited for improvement of yield and its contributing characters in the breeding programme as donors. The characters, pod yield plant-1, kernel yield plant-1, dry haulms yield plant-1 and number of mature pods plant-1 exhibited high GCV and PCV indicating ample amount of variation among the genotypes and simple selection may be sufficient for these characters to bring genetic improvement in desired direction due to preponderance of fixable additive gene action. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for characters viz., plant height, hundred pod weight, dry haulms yield plant-1, number of mature pods plant-1, harvest index, pod yield plant-1 , number of primary branches plant-1, kernel yield plant-1 and hundred kernel xvi weight indicating preponderance of additive gene action in expression of these characters and selection would be effective for improvement of these characters. Using D2 analysis, thirty genotypes of groundnut were grouped into six clusters. Cluster III is observed as the largest cluster with eleven genotypes. Cluster II contain ten genotypes and cluster I contain six genotypes and remaining clusters (IV, V and VI) are monogenotypic clusters Based on inter cluster distances, the clusters IV × V, IV × VI, III × IV, I x IV and I × V were found to be more divergent in decreasing order of their magnitude. Hence, the genotypes from these clusters can be utilized as potential parents. The characters viz., protein content, hundred kernel weight, plant height, oil content, number of mature pods plant-1, dry haulms yield plant-1, hundred pod weight were the major contributors towards genetic divergence. A perusal of character association indicated highly significant positive association of kernel yield plant-1, number of mature pods plant-1, number of primary branches plant-1, harvest index, hundred pod weight, hundred kernel weight and dry haulms yield plant-1 with pod yield plant-1 as well as among themselves at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Hence, these characters could be used in the further selection programme for improvement of pod yield plant-1 . Path analysis revealed that kernel yield plant-1 had high magnitude of positive direct effect on pod yield plant-1 followed by harvest index, dry haulms yield plant-1 and hundred pod weight. This infers the importance of these component traits in selection of superior genotypes for higher pod yield in groundnut.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    HAPLOTYPE ANALYSIS OF MOLECULAR MARKERS LINKED TO EARLY SEEDLING VIGOUR RELATED TRAITS IN A SET OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) GENOTYPES
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-04-24) YAMASANI MOUNIKA REDDY; Dr. R.P. VASANTHI
    Rice is the most important and staple food crop in the world. The eventual shifting of cultivation from puddle transplanted rice (PTR) to direct seeded rice (DSR) to save water prompted breeders to identify the donor parents, genes, haplotypes and cross combinations suitable to develop varieties for dry DSR conditions. The present investigation was carried out on haplotype analysis of molecular markers linked to early seedling vigour-related traits using 40 rice genotypes. From the mean performance, the genotypes SM211, BMF536, BMF517, BMF574 and 81C were found superior with higher grain yield plant-1. The genotypes, Lalanakanda, Varalu, BMF536, BMF517 and MM129 registered desirable performance under dry DSR conditions for most of the characters studied. The characters, number of chaffy grains panicle-1, 1000-grain weight, grain yield plant-1, number of filled grains panicle-1 and seedling vigour index – II recorded high PCV, GCV, heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance as per cent of mean indicating these characters are amenable for simple phenotypic selection for further improvement. Mahalanobis’s D2 analysis grouped 40 genotypes into eight clusters based on yield, yield attributes and early seedling vigour-related traits. A perusal of the results revealed Cluster I to be the largest comprising of 23 genotypes followed by cluster II comprising of 7 genotypes and Cluster III with 5 genotypes. Whereas, clusters IV, V, VI, VII and VIII had single genotype. Among all the traits studied, seedling vigour index-I followed by seedling vigour index-II and days to maturity contributed relatively maximum towards total genetic divergence. Molecular diversity analysis with markers related to early seedling xv vigour traits using DARwin software grouped the 40 rice genotypes into 3 clusters. From character association studies, grain yield plant-1 was found to possess significant positive association with traits viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, panicle length, number of panicles plant-1, number of filled grains panicle-1, number of chaffy grains panicle-1, 1000 grain weight, grain breadth and seedling height whereas spikelet fertility exhibited negative significant association with grain yield plant-1 . Haplotype analysis of molecular markers linked to early seedling vigour related traits was carried out using flanking markers of three QTLs viz., qSV-6a (RM204 and RM402) for root length; qVI (RM20429 and RM3) for seedling vigour index; qGP-6 (RM528 and RM400) for germination percentage on chromosome 6. Haplotype analysis of these molecular markers grouped the 40 rice genotypes into different haplotypes which were significantly different according to students’s t-test and this helped in the identification of rice genotypes with superior and novel haplotypes. These could be utilized to develop rice varieties suitable for dry DSR conditions.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GT BIPLOT ANALYSIS FOR YIELD TRAITS AND MOLECULAR PROFILING OF SELECTED LINES IN BLACKGRAM [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2024-04-24) DIGUMARTHI LAKSHMI VINEESHA; Dr. D. BHARATHI
    The present investigation was carried out at dryland farm of Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati during Rabi, 2021-22 to study genetic parameters, genetic diversity, genotype by trait biplot analysis for twelve traits and to develop molecular profiles of 35 blackgram genotypes. Moderate estimates of GCV and higher estimates of PCV were observed for the traits plant height, number of pods per plant, number of clusters per plant and harvest index. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for number of primary branches per plant. Genetic divergence analysis using Mahalanobis D2 statistics grouped 35 genotypes into eight clusters. Among the clusters, cluster III had the maximum intra cluster distance followed by cluster I and cluster V. The maximum inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster IV and V followed by cluster V and VIII, cluster I and V, cluster V and VII and cluster VII and VIII. Hence, the crosses viz., LBG 645 × P 112, LBG 645 × IP4-10-4, LBG 645 × PU 31, LBG 645 × P 1032 and P 1032 × IPU-10-4 could be suggested for the exploitation of transgressive segregants for yield. Based on genotype by trait biplot analysis, the seed yield was positively correlated with number of pods per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per pod, plant height, days to maturity, pod length, number of pods per cluster and harvest index. The trait number of primary branches per plant was considered as best, similarly, the genotype LGG 645 was identified as ideal cultivar. Molecular profiling disclosed, out of 16 SSR markers, ten were polymorphic and generated unique DNA profiles for 35 blackgram genotypes studied. Based on the level of polymorphism detected by individual marker, four SSR markers (CEDG 20, CEDG 44, CEDG 243 and BM 170) were most informative and this set of markers had the enormous potential to identify most of the blackgram genotypes studied