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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Subject: Genetics and Plant Breeding × End date: 2022 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STABILITY OF PHENOLOGICAL TRAITS, SEED YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS IN ADVANCE BREEDING LINES OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)
    (guntur, 2022-11-11) PRASANTHI, GOLLA.; JAYALAKSHMI, V.
    The present investigation entitled “Stability of phenological traits, seed yield and quality traits in advance breeding lines of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was carried at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, during rabi 2020-21 to study the nature and extent of genotype by environment interaction on phenological traits, seed yield and quality traits in chickpea and to investigate the stability and adaptability of the advance breeding lines of chickpea to various sowing windows of Andhra Pradesh. The study was taken up with 10 advance chickpea breeding lines and four released varieties planted in Randomized Block Design with three replications sown during October (E1), November (E2) and December (E3) representing various sowing windows adopted by farmers in Andhra Pradesh. The analysis of variance for nineteen characters viz., phenological traits like days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, duration of vegetative phase, duration of flowering, duration of reproductive phase, days to maturity, leaf area index; yield attributing traits namely plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, harvest index, seed yield; and quality traits like hydration capacity, swelling capacity, cooking time, protein content, zinc content and iron content recorded in three days of planting revealed significant variation among genotypes for all these traits, except for harvest index and protein content in E1 and days to first flowering and duration of vegetative phase in E3. Across various environments, advance breeding lines NBeG 690, NBeG 776 and NBeG 699 and released variety NBeG 119 exhibited high per se performance for phenological traits. Desi genotypes, NBeG 776, NBeG 779 and NBeG 690 were identified as promising for seed yield while in Kabuli genotypes, NBeG 789 is promising for harvest index, 100 seed weight and zinc content. NBeG 833 is a large seeded Kabuli with desirable quality traits like high protein content, hydration capacity and swelling capacity. Stability analysis as per Eberhart and Russel (1966) revealed highly significant genotype × environment interaction for days to 50% flowering, duration of flowering, leaf area index, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, harvest index, seed yield, hydration capacity, swelling capacity and iron content indicating a variable response of the genotypes to different dates of planting studied. Environments + (genotype x environments) were significant for all characters except for leaf area index, hydration capacity, swelling capacity, iron content and zinc content. The higher magnitude of mean sum of squares for environment (linear), compared to genotype × environment (linear) indicated that linear response of environment accounted for major part of the total variation for all the traits studied and might be responsible for high adaptation of the genotypes in relation to yield and other traits. Except for days to first flowering, cooking time, protein content and zinc content, the mean squares for pooled deviation (non-linear) were also significant indicating the importance of both linear and non-linear components in genotype × environment interaction observed for the traits in the present investigation. The E1 environment (October) was favourable for phenological traits, yield attributing traits and quality characters and E2 environment (November) was congenial for yield attributing traits. NBeG 47, NBeG 798 and NBeG 690 were stable genotypes with respect to the seed yield and considered to be promising genotypes for achieving high yields under variable environments. Genotypes NBeG 699, NBeG 440, NBeG 789, NBeG 833, NBeG 119 and KAK 2 were recommended for December planting (late planting) where as NBeG 779, NBeG 776, NBeG 452, NBeG 857 and NBeG 810 could be suggested for rich environment (October) for realizing enhanced yield. With respect quality traits, Kabuli genotypes NBeG 833, NBeG 789 and NBeG 440 had stable performance in all three sowing windows. The studies on variability revealed that there is sufficient genetic variability for leaf area index, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, plant height, harvest index, seed yield, 100 seed weight, hydration capacity, swelling capacity, cooking time and iron content in the genotypes and the traits exhibited high heritability and high to moderate genetic advance. Breeders can exploit the additive gene effects of these traits and transgressive segregation in breeding programmes would be fruitful for further genetic improvement in chickpea to develop high yielding chickpeas with matching phenology to various environments and with faster cooking time and high iron content. Seed yield exhibited positive and significant association with phenological traits viz., duration of flowering and duration of reproductive phase in all the three sowing windows. These key traits were influencing seed yield indirectly via other contributing characters like days to first flowering, duration of vegetative phase, leaf area index and days to maturity in October sowing and traits like plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight and also harvest index in late planting situation where crop is exposed to high temperature. Number of pods per plant though exhibited highly significant correlation with seed yield but had negative direct effect in October planting and high positive direct effect in December planting. Its significant correlation during October planting was established indirectly through duration of vegetative phase, days to maturity and leaf area index. Plant height with significant positive correlation with seed yield in December planting had high positive direct effect and also high indirect effect via duration of vegetative phase, duration of flowering, number of branches per plant. Swelling capacity, hydration capacity and cooking time are positively associated with 100 seed weight, but cooking time increased with the increase in seed weight. Strong correlations have been established between seed size and cooking time especially in Kabulis and therefore, special emphasis may be given for improving the seed size with less cooking time in extra-large seeded Kabulis.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STABILITY OF PHENOLOGICAL TRAITS, SEED YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS IN ADVANCE BREEDING LINES OF CHICKPEA
    (guntur, 2022-09-12) PRASANTHI, GOLLA.; JAYALAKSHMI, V.
    The present investigation entitled “Stability of phenological traits, seed yield and quality traits in advance breeding lines of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was carried at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, during rabi 2020-21 to study the nature and extent of genotype by environment interaction on phenological traits, seed yield and quality traits in chickpea and to investigate the stability and adaptability of the advance breeding lines of chickpea to various sowing windows of Andhra Pradesh. The study was taken up with 10 advance chickpea breeding lines and four released varieties planted in Randomized Block Design with three replications sown during October (E1), November (E2) and December (E3) representing various sowing windows adopted by farmers in Andhra Pradesh. The analysis of variance for nineteen characters viz., phenological traits like days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, duration of vegetative phase, duration of flowering, duration of reproductive phase, days to maturity, leaf area index; yield attributing traits namely plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, harvest index, seed yield; and quality traits like hydration capacity, swelling capacity, cooking time, protein content, zinc content and iron content recorded in three days of planting revealed significant variation among genotypes for all these traits, except for harvest index and protein content in E1 and days to first flowering and duration of vegetative phase in E3. Across various environments, advance breeding lines NBeG 690, NBeG 776 and NBeG 699 and released variety NBeG 119 exhibited high per se performance for phenological traits. Desi genotypes, NBeG 776, NBeG 779 and NBeG 690 were identified as promising for seed yield while in Kabuli genotypes, NBeG 789 is promising for harvest index, 100 seed weight and zinc content. NBeG 833 is a large seeded Kabuli with desirable quality traits like high protein content, hydration capacity and swelling capacity. Stability analysis as per Eberhart and Russel (1966) revealed highly significant genotype × environment interaction for days to 50% flowering, duration of flowering, leaf area index, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, harvest index, seed yield, hydration capacity, swelling capacity and iron content indicating a variable response of the genotypes to different dates of planting studied. Environments + (genotype x environments) were significant for all characters except for leaf area index, hydration capacity, swelling capacity, iron content and zinc content. The higher magnitude of mean sum of squares for environment (linear), compared to genotype × environment (linear) indicated that linear response of environment accounted for major part of the total variation for all the traits studied and might be responsible for high adaptation of the genotypes in relation to yield and other traits. Except for days to first flowering, cooking time, protein content and zinc content, the mean squares for pooled deviation (non-linear) were also significant indicating the importance of both linear and non-linear components in genotype × environment interaction observed for the traits in the present investigation. The E1 environment (October) was favourable for phenological traits, yield attributing traits and quality characters and E2 environment (November) was congenial for yield attributing traits. NBeG 47, NBeG 798 and NBeG 690 were stable genotypes with respect to the seed yield and considered to be promising genotypes for achieving high yields under variable environments. Genotypes NBeG 699, NBeG 440, NBeG 789, NBeG 833, NBeG 119 and KAK 2 were recommended for December planting (late planting) where as NBeG 779, NBeG 776, NBeG 452, NBeG 857 and NBeG 810 could be suggested for rich environment (October) for realizing enhanced yield. With respect quality traits, Kabuli genotypes NBeG 833, NBeG 789 and NBeG 440 had stable performance in all three sowing windows. The studies on variability revealed that there is sufficient genetic variability for leaf area index, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, plant height, harvest index, seed yield, 100 seed weight, hydration capacity, swelling capacity, cooking time and iron content in the genotypes and the traits exhibited high heritability and high to moderate genetic advance. Breeders can exploit the additive gene effects of these traits and transgressive segregation in breeding programmes would be fruitful for further genetic improvement in chickpea to develop high yielding chickpeas with matching phenology to various environments and with faster cooking time and high iron content. Seed yield exhibited positive and significant association with phenological traits viz., duration of flowering and duration of reproductive phase in all the three sowing windows. These key traits were influencing seed yield indirectly via other contributing characters like days to first flowering, duration of vegetative phase, leaf area index and days to maturity in October sowing and traits like plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight and also harvest index in late planting situation where crop is exposed to high temperature. Number of pods per plant though exhibited highly significant correlation with seed yield but had negative direct effect in October planting and high positive direct effect in December planting. Its significant correlation during October planting was established indirectly through duration of vegetative phase, days to maturity and leaf area index. Plant height with significant positive correlation with seed yield in December planting had high positive direct effect and also high indirect effect via duration of vegetative phase, duration of flowering, number of branches per plant. Swelling capacity, hydration capacity and cooking time are positively associated with 100 seed weight, but cooking time increased with the increase in seed weight. Strong correlations have been established between seed size and cooking time especially in Kabulis and therefore, special emphasis may be given for improving the seed size with less cooking time in extra-large seeded Kabulis.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON GENETIC DIVERGENCE OF ELITE PARENTAL LINES USEFUL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF RICE HYBRIDS AND STUDY OF HETEROSIS OF SOME RESULTANT HYBRIDS IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
    (guntur, 2022-08-17) ANAND VARDHAN, C.; SUBBA RAO, M.
    The present investigation was undertaken in rice during kharif 2020- 21 to study the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic divergence, character association, path analysis, identification of maintainer / restorer reaction of parental lines, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis of hybrids for yield and yield components of promising hybrids. The present investigation was carried out at Regional Agricultural Research station (RARS), Nandyal with 8 CMS lines, 27 male parental lines and 38 hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to elicit information on the nature and extent of variability, heritability, genetic advance, character association, the magnitude of direct and indirect effects of yield components on yield and genetic divergence based on 10 characters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), productive tillers plant-1, panicle length (cm), total grains panicle-1, filled grains panicle-1, spikelet fertility (%), test weight (g) and grain yield plant-1 (g). High PCV, high GCV and high heritability coupled with high genetic advance were observed for grain yield plant-1 (g), filled grains panicle-1 and spikelet fertility per cent indicating the presence of broader variability for these traits in the genotypes studied. xv The results of Mahalanobios D2 analysis indicated the presence of considerable genetic divergence among 37 genotypes studied. The genotypes were grouped into seven clusters. Of the 10 characters studied, grain yield plant-1, total grains panicle-1, days to 50% flowering, test weight and plant height contributed maximum towards divergence. Correlation study indicated positive significant association of days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, days to maturity, productive tillers plant-1, panicle length, total grains panicle-1, filled grains panicle-1, and test weight at both genotypic and phenotypic levels with grain yield plant-1. So, increase in grain yield plant-1 can be attained by improvement of the above-mentioned characters in breeding programme. The path analysis indicated positive significant association and high positive direct effect for days to 50% flowering, plant height, productive tillers plant-1, total grains panicle-1, spikelet fertility per cent and test weight on the grain yield plant-1 at genotypic and phenotypic level and filled grains panicle-1 at phenotypic level. Floral studies indicated maximum out crossing per cent in CMS line APMS 6A followed by IR 58025A. This is attributed to floral traits viz. panicle exertion per cent and angle of floret opening. Eight superior WA based CMS lines viz., CMS 16A, CMS 23A, APMS 10A, IR 68888A, IR 68897A, IR 58025A, IR79156A and APMS 6A were crossed with 27 elite male lines during kharif, 2020-21. Pollen and spikelet sterility / fertility for 38 specific crosses were studied and of all 38 crosses studied and 14 hybrids showed maintainer reaction (75% spikelet fertility) and they are they are designated as partial restorers, 5 (50 – 75% spikelet fertility) showed partial fertility and 7 hybrids displayed partial fertility (< 45% spikelet fertility) and they are designated as partial maintainers. The male parents which showed maintainers reaction can be further studied for floral traits and best lines can be backcrossed for development of new CMS lines. The male parents which have showed fertility restoration can be further used for crossing with different CMS lines for development of new heterotic hybrid combinations. The hybrids NDLRH 244, NDLRH 304 and NDLRH 293 exhibited significant standard heterosis over the two check varieties BPT 5204 and MTU 1010 with desirable traits like days to 50% flowering, day to maturity, productive tillers plant-1, total grains panicle-1, filled grains panicle-1 and grain yield plant-1. These hybrids may be thoroughly tested over large number of locations for further confirmation before they are exploited commercially.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND DIVERGENCE STUDIES IN BARNYARD MILLET (Echinochloa frumentacea L.)
    (guntur, 2022-08-17) NEHRU, G.; TRIVIKRAMA REDDY, A.
    The present research investigation on “Morphological Characterization and Divergence Studies in Barnyard Millet [Echinochloa Frumentacea (L.)]” was conducted during kharif, 2020 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal, with sixty four germplasm accessions in lattice square design with two replications. Morphological characterization of germplasm accessions revealed the existence of wide range of variation among 22 DUS traits studied. For plant growth habit, it was dominant for erectness, for basal tillers all the germplasm are low (<4), medium duration for days to 50% flowering, medium type was dominant for flag leaf blade length and width, medium was dominant for peduncle length, non-pigmented was dominant for pigmentation at internode, pyramidal was dominant for inflorescence shape, green color was dominant for inflorescence color, open was dominant for panicle compactness, for spikelet arrangements one side was dominant, straight was dominant for lower raceme shape, slender was predominant for lower raceme thickness, absent of branching was predominant for lower raceme branching, culm branching, all the germplasm accessions were branched, medium was dominant for lower raceme length, for panicle length medium was dominant, for plant height tall was dominant, grey white was dominant for grain color, medium was dominant for 1000 seed weight, lodging was absent for all the germplasm accessions. The results of ANOVA indicated the existence of highly significant differences among the germplasm accessions indicating ample genetic variability in the germplasm for all the 18 quantitative traits studied. Based on per se performance, promising germplasm accessions viz., TNEf-216, TNEf-215, TNEf-218 and TNEf-202 that recorded higher values for majority of the traits viz., days to 50% flowering and days to maturity (earliness), basal tillers, peduncle length, flag leaf blade length, flag leaf blade width, plant height, panicle weight / plant, 1000 seed weight, lower raceme length, grain yield / plant, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, phosphorus were identified. A perusal to the analysis of various genetic parameters viz., genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean revealed higher values of GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean for the traits basal tillers and lower raceme length implying their amenability for improvement through simple selection strategies. Moderate GCV and PCV values coupled with high heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean was registered for the traits, days to 50% flowering, peduncle length, panicle length, 1000 seed weight, panicle weight per plant, grain yield per plant, zinc and protein indicating the prevalence of both additive and non-additive gene actions and hence genetic improvement can be achieved by intercrossing among the accessions followed by selection for this trait. Diversity in the germplasm accessions was assessed through D2 analysis and canonical root analysis. The results of D2 analysis showed formation of eight non-overlapping distinct clusters with maximum number of accessions in cluster I (57) and cluster II, III, IV, V, VI. VII and VIII were mono genotypic clusters with single accession per cluster. Minimum inter-cluster distance was reported between clusters IV and VI. Maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster VI and VII, IV and VI in the decreasing order of magnitude indicating the presence of diversity in the material which can be utilized for future hybridization programme. About 75.9 per cent of total genetic divergence was accounted through canonical root analysis. Based on the results of divergence studies and per se performance together, the promising accessions TNEf-216, TNEf-215, TNEf-218 and TNEf-202 were identified which can be used as ‘potential parents’ in future hybridization programmes. The correlation studies between grain yield and its attributes in sixtyfour accessions of barnyard millet revealed positively significant association of grain yield / plant with most of the traits viz., basal tillers, 1000 seed weight, panicle weight per plant and peduncle length implying that these traits may be employed as selection criterion for developing high yielding cultivars. The path coefficient analysis revealed that traits viz., panicle weight / plant, iron, calcium, panicle length and 1000 seed weight established true relationship with grain yield per plant by exhibiting positive associations and positive direct selection for these traits. Thus as a whole, the studies conclude that the germplasm accessions viz., TNEf-216, TNEf-215, TNEf-218 and TNEf-202 were promising for majority of the traits and might serve as ‘potential parents’ in future hybridization programmes. The traits, basal tillers and lower raceme length with higher estimates of variability parameters can be improved through simple selection strategies. Association studies through correlation and path analysis revealed that the traits panicle weight per plant and 1000 seed weight showed high positive direct effects on grain yield implying the scope of direct selection for these traits in genetic improvement of barnyard millet.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC DIVERSITY AND STUDIES ON NUTRACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE IN WHITE AND BROWN FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana (L.))
    (guntur, 2022-08-17) GOPAL, MEERA; HARITHA, T.
    The present investigation entitled “Genetic diversity and studies on nutraceutical importance in white and brown finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.))” was conducted during Kharif, 2020 at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh. Morphological characterization and genetic divergence studies were undertaken with 64 genotypes of finger millet including three checks using square lattice design with two replications. Morphological characterization revealed the existence of sufficient variability for the characters studied. Majority of genotypes exhibited erect growth habit, absence of plant pigmentation, presence of culm branching, semicompact earhead shape, absence of finger branching, absence of multiple whorl, absence of spikelet discontinuity, dark green glume colour and light brown colour seeds. Analysis of variance revealed the existence of significant difference among the genotypes for all traits studied. Based on per se performance, the brown seeded genotypes, namely, IC0477628, IC0477211-X, IC0477272, IC0477680 and white seeded genotypes, namely, VR1034 and VR1029 were observed to be superior for yield and yield contributing characters. Moderate to high variability and high heritability accompanied with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for days to 50% flowering, plant height, flag leaf blade length, flag leaf blade width, productive tillers per plant, fingers per earhead, finger length, finger width, earhead length, peduncle length, test weight, harvest index, grain yield per plant, seed protein content, seed calcium content, seed phosphorus content, seed iron content, seed zinc content, seed copper content, seed manganese content, tannin content and antioxidant activity indicating the predominance of additive gene action and effectiveness of direct phenotypic selection for improvement of the traits. The character association studies revealed grain yield per plant to be significantly and positively correlated with plant height, flag leaf blade length, productive tillers per plant, fingers per earhead, finger length, finger width, earhead length, harvest index and test weight, indicating scope for simultaneous improvement of the traits and grain yield per plant. xiv Path analysis revealed significant positive associations and positive direct effects for productive tillers per plant, fingers per earhead, finger length, finger width, earhead length, harvest index and test weight indicating the importance of these traits as effective selection criteria for yield improvement. The residual effect for path analysis was 0.277 and 0.211 at phenotypic and genotypic levels respectively, indicating that the characters included in the present study explained 73 and 79 percent of variability at phenotypic and genotypic levels respectively on the dependent variable, namely grain yield. In D2 analysis, based on intra and inter cluster distance, maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster Ⅳ, with white seeded genotype and cluster Ⅵ which consisted of brown seeded genotype indicating wide difference in performance of white and brown seeded genotypes especially in terms of nutritional and quality aspects and hybridization between genotypes from cluster Ⅳ and Ⅵ is suggested to obtain transgressive segregants Principal component analysis identified the maximum contributing variables i.e., grain yield per plant, harvest index, fingers per earhead, test weight, peduncle length, seed protein content and seed calcium content in first principal component. PCA scores of 64 genotypes (including three checks) were plotted in graph to get 2D and 3D scatter diagrams and from the diagram it was observed that genotypes IC0477628, IC0476988, IC0477206, VR1034, IC473950 and IC0477272 are diverse for yield and quality traits and hence hybridization between these genotypes is suggested for generating transgressive segregants. In Ward’s method, it was observed that maximum inter cluster distance was between cluster III, which consisted of brown seeded genotype and Ⅶ, which consisted of white seeded genotype. In both D2 analysis and Ward’s method separate cluster formation was observed between white seeded and brown seeded genotypes. Highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster of white seeded genotypes and cluster of brown seeded genotypes. In the present investigation, by considering per se performance and all the three divergence methods brown seeded genotypes such as IC0477628, IC0477211-X, IC0477272, IC0477680 and white seeded genotypes such as VR1034 and VR1029 are identified for yield improvement programmes. Further white seeded genotypes such as VR1016, VR1023, VR939, VR942, IC474231, IC473948 and VR950 are recommended in breeding programmes for biofortification as they recorded superiority for all nutritional traits studied compared to the brown seeded genotypes. Brown seeded genotypes such as IC0477680, IC0477628, IC0476988, IC0477014, IC0477211-X recorded high tannin and antioxidant activity on par with check variety Sri Chaitanya and hence can be used to develop varieties with potential health benefits. Crossing between brown seeded genotypes, IC0477628, IC0477272, IC0477680, IC0477211-X, IC0476988, IC0477014 and white seeded genotypes, VR1034, VR1029, VR1016, VR1023, VR939, VR942, IC474231, IC473948 and VR950 is recommended for obtaining transgressive segregants for yield and quality traits. It was observed that simultaneous selection for yield and quality traits may not be possible and balanced selection criteria should be followed depending on the objective.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR YIELD AND QUALITY CHARACTERS IN SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)
    (guntur, 2022-08-17) SAHITHI REDDY, M.; PRASANNA RAJESH, A.
    The present investigation was undertaken during kharif, 2019 at Indian Institute of Millets Research (ICAR-IIMR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad with the objective of estimating the amount of genetic divergence and genetic variability along with estimation of other genetic parameters like mean, heritability, genetic advance as per cent of mean, character association and magnitude of direct and indirect effects of 14 yield and quality traits in 60 sorghum germplasm accessions along with four checks. The analysis of variance exposed significant differences among 60 sorghum genotypes along with four checks for all the characters investigated. The values of PCV were observed higher than the values of GCV for all the traits, indicating the environmental influence on the expression of these characters. High values of PCV and GCV were noted for plant height, 1000-seed weight, ear head length, harvest index, crude fibre content, total antioxidant activity, dry fodder yield, total phenol content and grain yield per plant, implying high degree of variability among the genotypes studied. High heritability in addition to high GAM was observed for the traits viz., ear head length, total phenol content, dry fodder yield, days to maturity, plant height, water absorption capacity, protein content, harvest index, grain yield per plant, crude fibre content, days to 50% flowering, total antioxidant activity and 1000-seed weight, suggesting the functioning of additive gene action in the inheritance of these traits. Therefore, simple phenotypic selection is sufficient for improving these traits. Whereas the trait, total carbohydrate content showed high heritability along with moderate GAM thereby implying the operation of both additive and non-additive gene actions. The traits, total carbohydrate content and harvest index expressed significant positive association with grain yield per plant at phenotypic level. Path analysis expressed that the characters, harvest index and total carbohydrate content exhibited xiii true relationship with grain yield per plant by exposing significant positive association and positive direct effect. By taking into account the nature and magnitude of character associations and their direct and indirect effects, it can be implied that the traits, total carbohydrate content and harvest index could play a significant role in the plant breeding programme for the development of high yielding sorghum genotypes. Multivariate analysis revealed the presence of considerable amount of genetic divergence among the 60 sorghum genotypes along with four checks under study. D2 analysis grouped the 60 genotypes along with four checks of sorghum into 17 clusters. Cluster I was the largest comprising 18 genotypes whereas the clusters II, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI and XVII are smallest with single genotype each. The genotypes from the clusters XI (EC 542236) and XVII (EC 580579) exhibited maximum inter-cluster distance (120144.20) implying high genetic diversity among the genotypes from these clusters. The principal component analysis expressed that first five principal components registered eigen values greater than one and exhibited 79.25% of the total variability. Scatter diagrams of PCA denoted the genotypes, EC 542236 originated in U.S.A., EC 580579 originated in Burkina Faso, IC 291093 and IC 291124 originated in Tamil Nadu, India as more divergent genotypes because they scattered away from the other genotypes which is also evident from the results of Tocher‟s method, where all these genotypes are from separate clusters (XVII, XVI, XI, XIV and VIII). Hence, these genotypes can be used in future breeding programs since they exhibited high genetic divergence. The genotypes which are observed as more divergent genotypes in the present study (EC 542236, EC 580579, IC 291093 and IC 291124) are also expressing high mean performance for quality characters hence they can be preferred in hybridization programs for getting superior hybrids. Finally, the crosses EC 542236 x EC 580579 and IC 291093 x EC 580579 are having great chance of yielding heterotic hybrids.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
    (guntur, 2022-08-17) SUSHMA, DAMPNABOYINA; PRASANNA RAJESH, A.
    The present investigation was carried out with 25 rice genotypes at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla of Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University during kharif 2019 to identify stable genotypes across early, normal and late kharif seasons, in addition to assessment of variability parameters, character association and path coefficients for yield, yield components and quality traits. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for early kharif, normal kharif and late kharif revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters in all the three environments indicating the existence of sufficient variation among the genotypes. Pooled analysis revealed significant mean squares due to genotypes and environments for yield, yield components and quality traits indicating the existence of significant variation among the genotypes in addition to considerable environmental variance. Highly significant genotype x environment interaction was also observed for most of the traits indicating a variable response of the genotypes to the different seasons. Further, environmental indices of grain yield, yield components and quality traits revealed variable response of the environments to the different traits. Normal kharif was observed to be suitable for traits like plant height, ear bearing tillers per plant, panicle length, hulling %, milling %, head rice recovery, iron content and calcium content while early kharif was noticed to be conducive for days 50 % flowering, panicle length, test weight, grain yield per plot, hulling %, head rice recovery, protein content and iron content. In contrast, late kharif was observed to be suitable for number of grains per panicle, grain yield per plot, milling %, amylose content and zinc content. The ANOVA of Eberhart and Russell’s stability model revealed the significance of environment + (genotype x environment) interactions for all the traits. The significance of environment (linear) component of environment + (genotype x environment) for all the traits, except for days to 50 % flowering, hulling % and zinc content indicated significant differences between environments and their influence on xiii the genotypes for expression of these traits. Genotype x environment (linear) component was also observed to be significant for most of the characters indicating that the genotypes were diverse for their regression response to change with the environment. The mean squares for pooled deviation (non-linear) were also significant for most of the characters indicating that both linear and non-linear components contributed to the genotype x environment interaction observed for various characters of the present study. The stability parameters are mean (X), regression coefficient (bi) and deviation from regression coefficient (S2di) revealed greater number of genotypes were stable with wider adaptability across environments for various traits compared to specific environments (poor / favourable). Eight genotypes (BPT 5204, Bahadur, IR 50, DRR Dhan 46, BPT 2766, Jarava, Gontra Bidhan and BPT 2782) were noticed to possess high grain yield per plot in addition to non-significant regression coefficient (bi=1) and minimrm deviation from regression (S2di=0). The studies on genetic parameters of variability revealed high range combined with high GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean for number of grains per panicle indicating the pre-ponderance of additive gene action and scope for improvement of this trait through simple selection. A detailed study of the results on character associations revealed grain yield per plot had positive significant association with days to 50% flowering, hulling%, milling%, head rice recovery, amylose content and iron content. Path analysis also indicated positive direct effect of iron content followed by amylose content on grain yield per plot. High direct effects of these traits therefore appear to be the main factor for their strong association with grain yield per plot. Hence, these traits should be considered as important selection criteria in rice improvement programmes and direct selection for these traits is recommended for yield improvement. The results also revealed low residual effects for path co-efficient indicating that variables studied in the present investigation explained about 72.7 per cent of the variability in grain yield per plot and therefore, few other attributes, besides the characters studied are contributing for grain yield per plot.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IDENTIFICATION OF QTLS ASSOCIATED WITH OIL CONTENT RELATED TRAITS IN SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
    (guntur, 2022-08-17) NAVYA, RAVURI; ROJA, V.
    The present study was conducted at Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (IIOR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, to identify the Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) associated with oil content related traits in safflower. Safflower is a valuable oilseed crop well-known for its high-quality edible oil. Though it contributes to meet the demands of edible oil in the country, the cultivation of safflower is rapidly decreasing due to its low productivity. Serious efforts are required to improve the oil yield potential in safflower to make it attractive to the farmers. Genetic enhancement of a quantitatively inherited traits like oil content requires simultaneous improvement of seed yield and oil content. Molecular mapping of genes or genomic regions associated with oil content or its related traits would help in enhancement of oil yield potential. In this context, the present study was conducted with to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with oil content related traits using SSR markers in safflower. A set of 176 F2:3 progenies developed from a cross between A-1(low oil content, 26%) x EC-755673-1(high oil content, 37%) was used as mapping population. Polymorphism between the parents was analysed using 250 SSR loci which resulted in identification of a set of 30 polymorphic loci (12%) between the parents. The mapping population was genotyped using a set of 85 polymorphic markers including 60 polymorphic markers from the previous studies. The Chi-square (χ2) test revealed that, out of 85 polymorphic markers genotyped, 67 markers followed the Mendelian ratio of 1:2:1, whereas the remaining 18 markers deviated from the expected ratio. The genotypic data of 85 markers subjected to linkage analysis in JoinMap® version 3.0, which resulted in 17 linkage groups covering 83 markers and two ungrouped markers. The linkage map developed in this study provided the linkage information of a new set of 25 previously unmapped SSRs. However, the linkage map developed in this study is highly fragmented, mainly due to less number of markers screened. xiv Single marker analysis based on simple regression showed, 20 out of 85 marker loci were significantly associated with various seed traits located on different linkage groups identified in this study. The markers that significantly linked to different seed traits identified in the present study were CT12, CT40, CTDES265 (LG6) highly associated with seed length. The marker SAFM336 (UL1) was highly associated with seed breadth. The markers MCTIIOR89 (LG5a), SAFM10 (NA5), SAFM336 (UL1) and stp (UL2) were highly associated with seed thickness. The marker stp (UL2) was highly associated with L/B ratio. The markers MCTIIOR89 (LG5a) and stp (UL2) were highly associated with LBTP. The marker CT32 (LG5b) was highly associated with test weight. The markers CTDES91, CTDES72, CTDES81 (LG3a), CT40 (LG6), SAFM336 (UL1) and stp (UL2) were highly associated with oil content. Entire LG 6 associated with the seed length in the present study. Composite interval mapping (CIM) detected the putative genomic regions associated with these seed traits. The QTLs on LG5 (CAT85- MCTIIOR89, MCTIIOR89 - CT137) were common for seed thickness and LBTP. The QTL on NA5 (CAT18 - SAFM10) was associated with seed breadth, seed thickness and LBTP. SAFM336 was associated with seed breadth, seed thickness, L/B ratio and oil content. The putative QTLs for test weight (CTDES237 - CAT85, CT32 - CTDES92) and oil content (CTDES72 - CTDES81, SAFM336) were not common. Overall, the phenotypic variance explained (R2) by each QTL ranged from 4 to 24%. Most of the QTLs appeared to be minor while two QTLs, SAFM336 (seed thickness and L/B ratio) and CTDES72 - CTDES81 (oil content) showed larger R2 values (>20%) with LOD score 3.4 and 6.6, respectively. The results indicated the possibility of a potential major QTL for oil content on Linkage group-3a. The QTLs detected in this study can be considered as maiden QTLs for various seed traits in safflower. Considering the limitations encountered in the present study like population size, less marker coverage, lack of proper linkage map etc. the results need validation in a different mapping population.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STABILITY ANALYSIS IN SORGHUM [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] GENOTYPES
    (guntur, 2022-08-17) KAVYA, PATI; SATYANARAYANA RAO, V.
    The present investigation was carried out at Agricultural College farm, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh with the following objectives: Study of variability, diversity, correlation and path analysis, combining ability, stability analysis and generation mean analysis for 13 quantitative characters The data was recorded on Days to 50% flowering (Days), Days to maturity (Days), Plant height (cm), Number of nodes per plant, Stem girth (cm), Panicle weight (g), 1000 grain weight (g), Fresh stalk yield (T ha-1), Juice yield (l ha-1), Brix per cent, Total soluble sugars ( % ), Ethanol yield (l ha-1), Grain yield (T ha-1). The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the 110 genotypes indicating the existence of variability among the genotypes. Estimates of PCV were narrowly higher than the corresponding GCV values for the characters days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity and stem girth, while number of nodes per plant, fresh stalk yield (t/ha), grain yield (t/ha), brix %, T.S.S, juice yield (t/ha), ethanol yield (t/ha) showed moderate differences between PCV and GCV. Characters plant height (cm), 1000 grain weight, Panicle weight (gm) showed high magnitude of difference. Narrow and moderate difference between PCV and GCV indicating less environment influence on these characters. Therefore, selection based on phenotypic performance could be worth in achieving desired results. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for all the 13 characters studied. The diversity study for 110 genotypes were grouped into 8 clusters indicating the presence of a wide range of genetic diversity. Cluster- I, was possessing the highest number of genotypes i.e., 78 indicating the genetic similarity among them followed by Cluster- III with 15 genotypes, Cluster - II with 12 genotypes. Cluster - IV, V, VI, VII, VIII were monogenotypic indicating the uniqueness of the genotypes included in those clusters when compared to other genotypes included in the study. The cluster means for brix %, juice yield, ethanol yield and days to 50 % flowering were considered as criteria and for crossing, diverse parents were selected from various clusters. i.e., from cluster IV, cluster V, cluster VI, cluster VII, and cluster VIII for hybridization programme. xvii The correlation results in 110 genotypes for 13 characters revealed that ethanol yield has significant positive correlation with brix percent, total soluble sugars, juice yield while negative association with grain yield, plant height, days to 50% flowering and days to maturity. Path coefficient analysis revealed that juice yield exerted the highest positive direct effect on ethanol yield followed by brix %, total sugar yield along with positive correlation for all the above mentioned characters. Four lines were crossed with 4 testers selected from the divergence studies in L x T fashion. The pooled analysis of variance for 13 characters measured over three locations in the present investigation revealed significant differences among environments, lines, testers, crosses, environment x line x tester for all the characters studied except panicle weight. In the line x tester analysis, sca variance component estimates were greater than that of gca for the characters no of nodes, fresh stalk yield (t/ha),stem girth (cm), 1000 grain weight (g), panicle weight(g), brix%, total soluble sugars, juice yield(l/ha) and grain yield(t/ha) indicating the non-additive control of genetic variation in these traits. Female line 1 (ICSA-14029) was found to be promising general combiner for fresh stalk yield, brix%, total soluble sugars, juice yield, and ethanol yield with higher positive significant GCA effects, while line 4 (ICSA-14035) was negative significant for all the characters studied except stem girth and plant height indicating this line was poor combiner for all the characters. Among the testers which are used as male parents, tester 3 (ICSV 15006) has shown positive significant gca for all the traits like number of nodes, plant height, fresh stalk weight, stem girth, panicle weight, brix per cent, total soluble sugars, juice yield, ethanol yield followed by tester 2 (GGUB 28) possessing positive gca for juice yield and ethanol yield and tester 4 (IS 29308) had positive significant gca for brix %, total soluble sugars. Tester 1 (SEVS-08) recorded negative significant association for brix, total soluble solids, juice yield, ethanol yield and grain yield. Among the hybrids, hybrid ICSA 14029 x ICSV 15006 has excelled with high sca effects for brix%, total soluble sugars, juice yield and ethanol yield followed by hybrid ICSA 14029 x GGUB 28 having high sca effects for brix %, total soluble sugars, juice yield and ethanol yield, 1000 grain weight, panicle weight. Hybrid ICSA 14030 x IS 29308 showed high sca effects for brix, total soluble sugars, juice yield, ethanol yield, days to maturity, 1000 grain weight, panicle weight and negative significant for no. of nodes, days to 50 % flowering, fresh stalk yield, stem girth. Hybrid ICSA 14033 x SEVS-08 was possessing high sca effects for brix, total soluble sugars, juice yield and ethanol yield,1000 grain weight, days to 50% flowering and Number of nodes and negative effects for days to maturity, fresh stalk yield, stem girth and hybrid ICSA 14035 x SEVS-08 showing significant sca effects for juice and ethanol yield respectively. Among the Hybrids H-3, H-2, H-8 and H-10 were found to be superior for juice, brix percent and ethanol content. Hence the following hybrids can be used for further improvement. The range of heterosis over mid parent, better parent and commercial check indicated that it was high with respect to ethanol productivity related traits particularly juice yield and brix per cent. Considering standard heterosis as reference point for viz; xviii juice yield, brix and ethanol yields the following hybrids have performed well ICSA 14029 x ICSV-15006; ICSA 14030 x ICSV 15006; ICSA 14305 x ICSV-15006; ICSA 14029 x GGUB 28; ICSA 14030 x GGUB 28; ICSA 14033 x ICSV-15006. Stability analysis was conducted for 16 F1 hybrids at three different locations. In pooled analysis of variance for stability, the genotypes, environments, genotype-environment interaction, environment (linear) and pooled deviations showed significant differences for most of the characters studied. Stability analysis through “Eberhart and Russell’s model” resulted that Bapatla location was found to be most favourable location for brix %, total soluble sugars, ethanol yield and seed yield. Guntur was the most favourable location for number of nodes per plant and juice yield. Garikapadu was the favourable for days to fifty percent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, fresh stalk yield, stem girth, 1000 grain weight and panicle weight. According to AMMI analysis the following hybrids were stable over locations for these characters like H-2 for days to 50% flowering, H-3 and H-5 for days to maturity, H-10 and H-2 for plant height, H-7 and H-5 for no of nodes per plant, H-15 for stem girth, H-3 and H-4 for 1000 grain weight, H-5 for fresh stalk yield , hybrids 12, 10,11, 2 for grain yield, H -7 for brix%, H- 7 & H-8 for total soluble sugars and H-10 and 11 for juice yield and H-2 and 3 for ethanol yield. The classification for Eberhart and Russell’s model and AMMI model was similar for the traits Days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, Plant height, number of nodes per plant. For remaining characters the AMMI classification doesn’t present any similarity with the results obtained by Eberhart and Russell’s model. The stable performing hybrids ICSA 14029 x GGUB 28, ICSA 14035 x GGUB 28 and ICSA 14033 x IS 29308 which are tested in 3 locations may be further tested in All India trials before commercial expoliatation of ethanol production. In the generation mean analysis study of ICSB 14029 x ICSV 15006, mean performance of 6 populations indicated that the F2 means were lesser than the F1 means except for brix per cent and stem girth and between mid-parental values in respect of all the traits except panicle weight, fresh stalk weight, grain yield indicating high degree of inbreeding depression. These results depict the predominant role of non-additive gene action which includes both dominance as well as epistatic interactions. The scaling tests as well as chi square test from joint scaling test were highly significant in the cross ICSB 14029 x ICSV 15006’ cross for 11 characters excluding stem girth and 1000 grain weight, indicating inadequacy of simple additive-dominance model and justifying the use of six parameter model for the detection of gene interactions. The six generation mean analysis carried out for 13 quantitative characters indicated significance of dominance gene effects for days to flowering, plant height, fresh stalk weight, juice yield, grain yield and ethanol yield. Significance of one or more interaction types (additive × additive or additive × dominance or dominance × dominance) in all the 13 traits except nodes per plant, stem girth, 1000 grain weight, total sugars estimation and ethanol yield was observed. Based on the signs of [hˆ] and [lˆ] gene effects, complementary gene interaction was evident in the inheritance of days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, juice yield, ethanol yield, while, duplicate gene xix interaction in the inheritance was evident for plant height, number of nodes per plant, stem girth, panicle weight, 1000 grain weight, fresh stalk weight, brix %, total sugars estimation, grain yield indicating predominantly dispersed alleles at the interacting loci.