Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Open Access
GENETIC STUDIES AND IDENTIFICATION OF QTLs ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH IRON AND ZINC CONTENT IN RICE KERNELS
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) SHALINI, TANNIDI; SATYANARAYANA, P.V.
The present study entitled “Genetic Studies and Identification of QTLs Associated with High Iron and Zinc Content in Rice Kernels” was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru, with the main objectives of screening the available rice germplasm for iron and zinc content and estimating the genetic diversity among the forty eight genotypes based on yield, yield contributing characters and quality characters and by employing the molecular markers and development of mapping population (F2) to identify the chromosomal regions relating to grain Fe and Zn content. Screening of forty eight germplasm was carried out in Augmented Design during kharif2014. Data on nine yield, yield contributing traits and thirteen quality and nutritional characters were recorded and the analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters viz., plant height at maturity, days to 50 per cent flowering, panicle length, number of productive tillers per hill, number of filled grains per panicle, number of total grains per panicle, spikelet fertility, grain weight per panicle, single plant yield, kernel length, kernel breadth, kernel L/B ratio, kernel length after cooking, kernel elongation ratio, water uptake (ml), alkali spreading value, gel consistency, amylose content, iron and zinc content indicating the presence of sufficient genetic variation in the material under study. A set of 48 rice genotypes were screened for the iron and zinc contents in brown and polished rice using ED-XRF and results revealed wide genetic variation for Fe and Zn among the tested rice genotypes. The values were ranged from 6.45ppm (MTU 1061) to 14.30ppm (FR13A) for an iron and 14.7ppm (MTU1156) to 26.7ppm (Chittimutyalu) for zinc in brown rice. In polished rice the iron and zinc content values were ranged from 0.8 (MTU 1075) to 4.4ppm (Azucena) and 6.90 (PLA1100) to 20.6 ppm (Chittimutyalu) respectively. The rice genotypes possessing higher grain Fe and Zn contents were selected as donors in hybridization programme and for the development of mapping population to locate the regions associated with these traits. xvi Morphological genetic diversity study among the forty eight genotypes based on twenty two yield, yield contributing characters, quality and nutritional characters revealed the presence of substantial diversity by forming large number of clusters with wide range of inter-cluster distances. The 48 genotypes were grouped into seven major clusters thereby confirming their usefulness in discrimination of rice genotypes. Out of seven clusters, cluster I was the largest comprising of 12 genotypes, followed by cluster IV and V with nine, cluster III with seven, cluster II with five, cluster VI with four and cluster VII with two suggesting the existence of high degree of heterogeneity among the genotypes present in a cluster. Molecular markers, a powerful tool for assessing the genetic variability was also used to characterize the forty eight rice genotypes. A total of forty five markers (forty two SSR markers and three gene specific markers) were dispersed on all the 12 chromosomes of rice genome and thirty eight markers showed polymorphism (84 %) with 103 alleles. The alleles per marker ranged from 2 to 5 with average number of alleles were 2.7. The PIC values were ranged from 0.04 (RGNMS2900B and RM1067) to 0.71 (RM481 and RM335) with an average of 0.38.The Nei’s genetic diversity (He) also revealed the presence diversity. The values were varied from0.044 to 0.75; the average number of He value estimated in the present study was 0.43.Molecular cluster analysis with 38 polymorphic molecular markers grouped 48 genotypes into three clusters in DARwin and two clusters in NTSYS analysis. The clustering analysis and dendrogram construction based on molecular analysis revealed the similarity of clustering pattern using DARwin and NTSYS softwares. In both the analysis the landraces, Chittimutyalu, Godavari isukalu and FR13A are present in a single cluster different from other genotypes. The genetic relationship studied based on the similarity coefficient matrix revealed that varieties, MTU 1075, MTU 1156, and KMP 105 are highly diverse from the genotype Chittimutyalu indicating that they can be used for future breeding programme for generating the transgressive segregants. To identify the chromosomal regions relating to grain Fe and Zn content, the F2 mapping population was developed from the cross between MTU 1075, a high yielding variety and the local landrace, Chittimutyalu possessing high iron and zinc content. The developed 188 F2 mapping population was analysed for iron and zinc content in brown rice and studied for single plant yield, kernel length, kernel breadth and kernel L/B ratio. Iron content ranged from 7.1 ppm to 14.9 ppm and zinc content ranged from 15.1 to 37.8 ppm. The lines with high concentration of both grain Fe and Zn were identified. Phenotypic variation of kernel length, kernel breadth, length/breadth ratio and single plant yield were plotted and observed normal distribution. Correlation studies revealed positive association of grain Fe and Zn concentrations. Both iron and zinc showed the significant negative correlation with single plant yield indicating the reduction in yield when selection is excuted for these traits. Parental polymorphism survey was conducted with 223 molecular markers distributed on all the 12 chromosomes of rice genome to identify the polymorphic markers between the parents MTU 1075 and Chittimutyalu. Out of 223 markers, 102 (45.8 %) polymorphic markers were used for screening the mapping population. The segregated markers scored manually and used for linkage analysis. The molecular linkage map was constructed using 81 molecular markers spanning a total map length of 3052.08 cM using Kosambi mapping function using IciMappingV.4.1 software. QTL mapping was carried out using single marker analysis and composite interval mapping (CIM) methods. xvii Single marker analysis revealed seven linked markers for Zn, four linked markers for Fe, two linked markers for single plant yield, two for kernel length, three for kernel breadth and two linked markers for kernel L/B ratio. Markers linked to zinc content are located on chromosomes 2, 3, 7 and 12 were accounted for the phenotypic variance % ranged from 3.54 to 10.07, whereas markers linked to iron content are located on chromosomes 2, 3, 7 and 8, with phenotypic variance from 4.86 to 7.52.Markers linked to single plant yield were present on chromosomes 1 and 12 and accounted for the phenotypic variance of 8.49% and 6.42%.Two markers (RM487 and RM22161) on chromosomes 3 and 7 were found to be linked to the trait kernel length and accounted for 27.04% and 7.02 %phenotypic variance; markers linked to kernel breadth are located on chromosomes 2, 5 and 8 and accounted for the phenotypic variance ranged from 4.86% to 7.63% and two markers (RM231 and RM487) on chromosome 3 linked to the trait kernel L/B ratio and contributed to 5.9 % and 29.3 % phenotypic variation. Among the markers, RM487 linked to kernel width and accounted for the largest phenotypic variance i.e. 29.3%. Composite interval mapping (CIM) method revealed a total of 18 QTLs for Fe and Zn content in brown rice. Out of 18, 7 QTLs for Fe concentration were located on chromosomes 2, 3, 7, 8 and 12 and 11 QTLs for Zn concentration were present on chromosomes 2, 3, 7 and 12.The phenotypic variation explained by these QTLs, was 0.78 to 5.68%. The highest phenotypic variance was explained by QTL for Fe on chromosome 12 (5.68%) and for Zn on chromosomes 2 (4.35%). On chromosomes 2, 3, 7 and 12 co localization of both the iron and zinc QTLs were observed. Single plant yield controlling QTLs, qSPY-1-1, qSPY-3-1 qSPY-8-1 andqSPY-12-1 were located on chromosomes 1, 3, 8 and 12 were identified and accounted for the phenotypic variation ranging from 3.12 to 9.57%. Total twelve QTLs were located for kernel length, kernel breadth and L/B ratio. Out of twelve, three QTLs for kernel length were located on chromosomes 3 and 7, four QTLs for kernel breadth on chromosomes 1, 2, 3 and 5, five QTLs for kernel L/B ratio on chromosome 1, 3 and 9. Two QTLs (qKL-3-1 and qKL-3-2) on chromosome 3 and one QTL (qKL-7-1) on chromosome 7 were identified for kernel length. Among the twelve QTLs, L/B ratio (qKL-3) accounted for the largest phenotypic variance i.e., 23.47 %, followed by kernel length (qKL-3-1. qKL-3-2) with 18.7% phenotypic variance. Thus present study revealed the presence of variability among the genotypes for iron and zinc content and various characters under study. The identified linked markers and QTLs for iron, zinc and other traits using F2 population should be validated in the stable population like RILs across the different environments to confirm the regions or genes associated with high iron and zinc content.
Open Access
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF AMYLOSE CONTENT IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
(ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) YUGANDHAR PANGA, RAVI; SATYANARAYANA RAO, V
Rice is one of the three most important grain crops in the world and contributing majorly to the food needs across the world. The role of rice crop in the present and the future global food security is unavoidable. In the past, increasing the yield potential was only the priority in research across the globe to meet the food demand for the increasing population. At present, the living conditions of the people are being gradually improved and the consumers are demanding for superior quality rice, especially for cooking and eating quality. Amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC) and gelatinization temperature (GT) are the major eating and cooking quality traits which are primarily influenced by the starch. Among them, amylose content is prime important as it determines the texture of cooked rice. A better understanding of the factors which are influencing the overall grain quality of rice offer the scope for the development of new breeding and selection strategies to mingle high yield with superior quality. Present investigation was conducted to identify the genomic regions governing the amylose content and gel consistency via molecular breeding approaches and also to examine the genetics of amylose content in rice. The results of ANOVA revealed significant differences among all the genotypes for 20 agro-morphological and quality traits studied. Highly significant genotypic effects were found for all the studied traits. The results suggested that the genotypes had high diversity for all the characters. The distribution of phenotypic values of all the traits was showing continuous across genotypes which clearly indicated the quantitative nature of genetic variation. The total genotypes were grouped into three clusters based on ward minimum variance method to identify diversity among the germplasm lines. There were 24 genotypes comprised in cluster I, 26 genotypes in cluster II and 51 genotypes in cluster III. xiv After evaluation of germplasm lines, six crosses viz., SR11 X IR64, SR10 X IR64, SR9 X swarna, SR7 X swarna, SR11 X Jaya and SR14 X Jaya were made by using SR2, SR7, SR9, SR10, SR11, SR14, IR64, Swarna and Jaya genotypes with diverse amylose contents. The F1 seed of all the crosses was harvested and evaluated for amylose content and advanced to the next generation. Among them, one cross, SR11 X Jaya was used developed F2:3 mapping population which was also used to study the inheritance pattern of amylose content. The population could essentially be classified into two distinct categories i.e. 3-15% and 16-30% and fitted into of 1:3 ratio which confirmed the role of single major gene governing the amylose content. The presence of a few individuals having higher or lower levels of amylose content as compared to parents indicated the role of polygenes or modifiers. F1seeds of all the crosses were harvested and were selfed during rabi, 2015-16 to develop F2 population and further advanced by single seed descent method. 439 F2 plants of the selected cross was used as mapping population to map the genes governing amylose content and gel consistency. Parental polymorphism between SR11 and Jaya was studied during rabi, 2015-16 by using 1173 SSR markers. Among them, 112 markers showed polymorphism between the two parents (SR11 and Jaya), used for genotyping of F2:3 mapping population. The phenotyping and genotyping for amylose content and gel consistency in the mapping population of the selected cross, SR11 X Jaya was done during kharif, 2016. Genotyping was done using 112 SSR markers which showed polymorphism between the two parents. The frequency distributions of amylose content and gel consistency showed bimodal distribution. A linkage map consisting of twelve linkage groups was constructed by using 112 polymorphic SSR marker loci. The linkage groups were assigned to different chromosomes based on presence of SSR markers in the respective groups in the mapping population. The association between the markers with amylose content and gel consistency in the population was studied using linkage analysis during rabi, 2016-17. The method of composite interval mapping used to identify the genomic regions governing the amylose content and gel consistency. Three QTLs on chromosome 6 viz., qAC-6-1 qAC6-2 and qAC-6-3 in the marker interval of JGT6_18.1 - RM190, RM190 - RM587 and RM587-RM204 were identified for amylose content and three QTLs viz., qGC-6-1, qGC-6-2 and qGC-6-3 were identified in the same location for gel consistency. The markers which are linked to the QTLs have stronger LOD score and phenotypic variance, these can be used for marker assisted selection to develop the rice varieties with desirable amylose content and gel consistency. The marker RM190 showed highest LOD score as well as highest phenotypic variance of amylose content was used to validate the QTLs of amylose content in 26 germplasm lines with different amylose contents. The marker RM190 could efficiently be able to differentiate the rice varieties with different levels (high and low) of amylose contents. Hence, it could be a useful component of the breeding programmes to breed the rice varieties with desirable amylose content. This finding has provided clues to resolving the molecular bases of AC and GC in future studies. The results also have direct implications for the quality improvement of rice varieties with desirable AC and GC
Open Access
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF YIELD, YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY RELATED TRAITS IN MUNGBEAN [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) RUPESH KUMAR REDDY, B; HARIPRASAD REDDY, K
The present investigation was carried out as two separate experiments subjecting seven varieties of mungbean in half diallel to study combining ability, heterosis, generation mean analysis and character association for yield, yield attributes and water use efficiency related traits at dry land farm of Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. The analysis of variance revealed that significant differences were existed in the mean performance of seven parents and 21 F1s for all the fourteen traits. Based on per se performance the parents viz., MGG 390, AKM 9904, LM 95, ML 267 and EC 362096 were adjudged as the best among seven parents and crosses involving these parents may throw desirable segregants for yield, yield attributing, water use efficiency and heat stress tolerance related traits. The cross combinations viz., MGG-390 × LM-95, LM 95 × EC 362096 and ML 267 × LGG 528 recorded high per se performance for yield, WUE and heat stress tolerance related attributes. The studies on combining ability revealed that mean squares due to gca and sca were highly significant for all the characters under study indicating the importance of both additive and non-additive gene action in the inheritance of the characters. The ratio of gca variance to sca variance was less than unity conforming the predominance of the non-additive gene action for all the traits under study except for plant height. An overall appraisal of gca effects revealed that the parents ML 267, EC 362096 and MGG 390 were identified as good xvii combiners for majority of the characters. Three crosses viz., ML 267 × LGG 528, MGG 390 × LM 95, LM 95 × EC 362096 were identified as the best specific combiners as these exhibited significantly high sca effects for majority of the yield, WUE and heat stress tolerance related components in desirable direction. Hence, these crosses could be utilized in further breeding programmes to isolate desirable segregants by pedigree method followed by selection in later segregating generations. Heterosis studies revealed that the cross combinations viz., LM 95 × EC 362096, MGG 390 × LM 95 and ML 267 × LGG 528 were adjudged as the best for majority of the yield, WUE and heat tolerance attributed traits. Based on the mean performance, combining ability and heterosis estimates, three cross combinations viz., LM 95 × EC 362096, ML 267 × LGG 528 and MGG 390 × LM 95 were found to be superior for yield, WUE and heat stress tolerance related characters. Hence, these crosses could be suggested for exploiting in future breeding programmes for obtaining transgressive segregants with high yield coupled with high WUE and heat tolerance. Correlation studies in F2 populations of three identified superior crosses viz., LM 95 × EC 362096, MGG 390 × LM 95 and ML 267 × LGG 528 revealed that improvement in seed yield coupled with drought and heat stress tolerance could be brought through component characters like number of pods per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, plant height, branches per plant, SLA, SCMR, SLW and relative injury. Analysis of the results of path analysis for seed yield revealed that direct effect of number of pods per plant was high and positive in all the three F2 populations of ML 267 × LGG 528, MGG 390 × LM 95 and LM 95 × EC 362096. It indicates that this trait is the major contributing factor to seed yield and hence emphasis should be given to this character while making selection for realizing improvement in seed yield in mungbean. Generation mean analysis carried out using six basic generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2) of three selected superior crosses viz., ML 267 × LGG 528, MGG 390 × LM 95 and LM 95 × EC 362096 indicated that F1 means exceeded better parent values in respect of majority of the characters under study indicating presence of over dominance. However, F1 performance did not surpass better parent for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, SLW and relative injury in all the three crosses. The F2 means were lesser than the F1 means for most of the traits. The means of backcross populations tended towards their respective parents. These results indicated predominant role of non-additive gene action which includes both dominance as well as epistatic interactions. Additive, dominance and epistatic effects contributed significantly for the inheritance of yield, yield attributes and water use efficiency related traits studied in all the three crosses. Hence, these crosses could be improved by exploiting both additive and non-additive types of gene effects through intermating of superior segregants at early generations followed by selection with pedigree method. xviii A good number of transgressive segregants in desirable direction were observed for yield, water use efficiency and heat stress tolerance related traits in all the three crosses. These transgressive segregants would greatly help in the development of improved cultivars with high yield and tolerance to drought and heat stress.
Open Access
MOLECULAR MAPPING OF QTLS FOR YIELD AND ITS COMPONENT TRAITS IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) REDDYYAMINI, B; HARIPRASAD REDDY, K
The rice yield is a complex trait and is mainly determined by three of its key component traits viz., grain number per panicle, number of panicles per plant and grain weight/grain size. In order to map QTLs using QTL-seq method, three important varieties i.e BPT5204, MTU3626 and NLR33892 have been used as parents. BPT5204 was crossed with two male parents MTU3626 (high grain weight) and NLR33892 (large panicle length and high grain number) to develop F1 seeds during kharif 2016. The F1 plants were confirmed for heterozygosity using SSR markers those are polymorphic between parents. True F1s of both the crosses were selfed and simultaneously backcrossed with BPT5204 to generate F2 and BC1F1 seeds, respectively. The F2 mapping populations of two crosses were evaluated phenotypically for yield and its components traits along with parents during kharif 2017 at wetland farm, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati. The DNA from 15 plants with extreme phenotype for the targeted traits was bulk sequenced along with the parents for rapid detection of QTLs using QTL-seq method. QTL-seq analysis of grain weight identified three genomic regions viz., qGW1, qGW7 and qGW8 on chromosomes 1, 7 and 8, respectively in F2 population of the cross between BPT5204 and MTU3626. InDel markers and SSRs in the QTL regions of chromosomes 1, 7 and 8 were used to identify polymorphic markers between BPT5204 and MTU3626 for confirmation of QTL regions through traditional QTL mapping. From the linear regression analysis it was concluded that RM3572 marker was significantly associated with grain weight in F2, F2:3 and BC1F2 populations, with a phenotypic variance of 17.88%, 16.78% and 15%, respectively. The qGW8 QTL region was verified with previously reported grain weight QTLs and concluded that qGW8 was the novel QTL for grain weight in rice. In the QTL region, five genes viz., LOC_Os08g01490 (Cytochrome P450), LOC_Os08g01510 (Cytochrome P450), LOC_Os08g01520 (Cytochrome P450), LOC_Os08g01680 (WD domain, G-beta repeat domain containing protein), LOC_Os08g01780 (OsIAA25-Auxin-responsive Aux/IAA gene family member) were considered as candidate genes controlling grain weight in rice as similar kind of genes were reported to control grain weight in rice and other crops. From RicevarmapV2.0, these genes were also found to be expressed in the embryo and endosperm at ripening stage. Therefore, we can conclude that these genes will play a significant role in controlling grain weight in rice. In order to identify grain number QTLs in rice, we employed QTL-seq approach in 297 F2 population derived from the cross between BPT5204 and NLR33892 and five regions viz., qGN1, qGN3, qGN7, qGN9 and qGN12 on chromosomes 1,3,7,9 and 12, respectively were identified as putative QTLs. To verify the QTLs identified in the present study, traditional QTL mapping was carried out using InDel markers and previously reported SSRs in the QTL region. Single marker analysis of RM6953 revealed the significant association of marker with the number of grains per panicle with a phenotypic variance of 24.58%, 22.10% and 17.20% in F2, F2:3 and BC1F2 populations, respectively at <0.0001 P-value. From the mean values for the marker classes, NLR33892 marker allele was identified as the source of favourable allele. Attempts to dissect the qGN12 QTL region revealed that no QTL for number of grains per panicle was registered in this region. Hence, qGN12 is the novel QTL for number of grains per panicle in rice. A total of 713 annotated genes were present in the qGN12 QTL region (23-27Mb) as per rice genome annotation project-database (RAP-DB). Among them, only seven genes viz., LOC_Os12g37690 (MYB family transcription factor), LOC_Os12g37970 (MYB family transcription factor), LOC_Os12g38400 (MYB family transcription factor), LOC_Os12g39330 (AP2 domain containing protein), LOC_Os12g41060 (AP2 domain containing protein), LOC_Os12g39640 (MYB family transcription factor) and LOC_Os12g40860 (Leucine Rich Repeat family protein) were the probable candidate genes controlling grain number in rice based on previous literatures and also found to expressed in the panicles from RicevarmapV2.0. Hence, these genes expected to play a key role in increasing grain number in rice. The markers associated with the grain weight and grain number i.e RM3572 and RM6953 can be used as foreground selection for improvement of the respective traits in low yielding cultivars. The predicted candidate genes in the present study are potential targets for functional analysis of grain weight and grain number employing development of RNAi lines, overexpressed transgenic lines and CRISPER/cas9 mutants.
Open Access
STUDIES ON COMBINING ABILITY, HETEROSIS AND STABILITY ANALYSIS IN CGMS BASED HYBRIDS OF PIGEONPEA [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) MALLIKARJUNA, S. J.; NAIDU, N.V.
The present investigation “Studies on combining ability, heterosis and stability analysis in CGMS based hybrids of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]” was carried out involving 24 hybrids derived from four lines viz., ICPA 2043, ICPA 2047, ICPA 2078 and ICPA 2092 and six testers viz., ICPL 87119, ICPL 20096, ICPL 20098, ICPL 20103, ICPL 20108 and ICPL 20116 in line × tester design generated at ICRISAT during Kharif, 2016-17. The 24 F1 hybrids along with 10 parents were evaluated to get the information on combining ability, heterosis and stability for yield and yield attributing traits during Kharif, 2017-18 under three environments viz., ICRISAT, Tirupati and Ananthapuramu. Analysis of variance for parents and hybrids revealed the presence of sufficient variation among the genotypes tested for all the characters studied in all the three environments. The overall means of parents and hybrids revealed that hybrids registered superior performance than parents for all the characters. Based on per se performance over environments, the parents viz., ICPB 2047, ICPB 2043, ICPL 87119 and ICPL 20116 and hybrids viz., ICPA 2078 × ICPL 87119, ICPA 2043 × ICPL 20103, ICPA 2047 × ICPL 87119, ICPA 2092 × ICPL 20116 and ICPA 2092 × ICPL 20103 were identified as the best parents and hybrids, respectively. Estimates of relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were significant in hybrids in a desirable direction. Heterosis for seed yield is mainly attributable to the simultaneous manifestation of heterosis for yield components. The highest standard heterosis for seed yield per plant was recorded by the hybrids viz., ICPA 2047 × ICPL 87119, ICPA 2078 × ICPL 87119, ICPA 2043 × ICPL 20096, ICPA 2047 × ICPL 20098 and ICPA 2043 × ICPL 20103 along with per se performance. These hybrids may be further evaluated in multilocation trials before releasing them for commercial cultivation. The pooled analysis of variance for combining ability revealed significant differences due to environments, parents, hybrids and various interactions indicating the existence of wider variability in the material studied. The predominance of non-additive gene action for all the characters was noticed from the ratio of GCA / SCA variance suggesting that there is a good scope for heterotic breeding. The ratio of variance due to additive and dominance components indicated the predominance of dominant gene action in the genetic control of all the characters. Combining ability analysis over environments revealed that among the parents viz., ICPB 2047, ICPB 2043 and ICPL 87119 were identified as the best parents with significant positive gca effects and per se performance and based on mean and sca effects, the hybrids viz., ICPA 2043 × ICPL 20096, ICPA 2043 × ICPL 20103, ICPA 2047 × ICPL 87119, ICPA 2047 × ICPL 20098, ICPA 2078 × ICPL 87119 and ICPA 2092 × ICPL 20116 were identified as promising hybrids for yield and yield components. Hence, the above good specific combiners could be recommended for heterosis breeding. Based on the per se performance, combining ability and heterosis the hybrids viz., ICPA 2043 × ICPL 20103, ICPA 2078 × ICPL 87119, ICPA 2047 × ICPL 87119, ICPA 2047 × ICPL 20098 and ICPA 2043 × ICPL 20096 were identified as the best hybrids over environments. The environmental index revealed that ICRISAT (E1) was the most favourable as compared to others with index values for the majority of the traits being positive, whereas, Ananthapuramu (E3) was the most unfavourable among all the environments studied. Stability analysis revealed that two parents viz., ICPB 2047 and ICPL 87119 and three hybrids viz., ICPA 2043 × ICPL 87119, ICPA 2043 × ICPL 20103 and ICPA 2078 × ICPL 87119 were identified as stable and best performing hybrids for seed yield per plant and other traits. Hence, these are suitable for wider environments. The hybrids, ICPA 2043 × ICPL 20096 and ICPA 2047 × ICPL 20108 performed well in favourable conditions, whereas the hybrids ICPA 2078 × ICPL 20103 and ICPA 2092 × ICPL 20108 excelled in seed yield under poor environments. Keeping in view of the above facts, by considering per se performance, sca effect, standard heterosis, relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and stability, the most promising hybrids identified include ICPA 2043 × ICPL 20103 and ICPA 2078 × ICPL 87119. These hybrids may be further tested over locations, seasons and years before recommending for commercial release.
Open Access
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF YIELD, YIELD COMPONENTS AND NUTRITIONAL TRAITS IN GREENGRAM [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) KALPANA, S; NAIDU, N.V>
The present investigation entitled “Genetic analysis of yield, yield components and nutritional traits in greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)” was carried out at dry land farm of Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati, and Andhra Pradesh from 2016 to 2018. The entire study was carried out in two separate experiments. In experiment-I, twenty crosses were generated by crossing five lines with four testers in L × T fashion and evaluated during Rabi 2016-17 for their per se performance, for combining ability and heterosis for yield and yield attributing traits and nutritional traits. While in Experiment-II, Generation mean analysis was carried out to ascertain the gene action for yield, yield components and nutritional quality traits in five best crosses identified in experiment-I. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes (parents and F1 s) indicating the existence of substantial variability in the present material for most of the traits under consideration. Based on per se performance, lines viz., LGG-574, LGG-460 and LGG-407 and testers viz., Pusa Vishal, IPM-2-14 and PM-5 were identified as best genotypes for most of the traits. Among the 20 crosses, LGG-574 × Pusa Vishal, LGG-574 × PM-5, LGG-460 × Pusa Vishal, LGG-460 × IPM-2-14 and LGG-407 × PM xviii 5 were found to be the best crosses as they recorded high per se performance for yield and quality traits. Hence these parents and crosses could be exploited for the development of improved cultivars with high yield and quality traits. Combining ability analysis indicated the preponderance of nonadditive gene action for yield, yield components and nutritional quality traits in greengram. High specific combining ability variances than general combining ability variances suggested ample scope for the exploitation of heterosis. High degree of heterosis for seed yield per plant was mainly due to multiplicative heterotic effects of number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of seeds per pod, harvest index and days to maturity. LGG-574 × Pusa Vishal, LGG-574 × PM-5, LGG-460 × Pusa Vishal exhibited significant heterosis with low inbreeding depression for most of the traits suggesting the possibility of improvement through pedigree method. Based on the gca effects, LGG-574, LGG-460, LGG-407, Pusa Vishal, IPM-2-14 and PM-5 were identified as best combiners for most of the traits. Studies on sca effects indicated that the crosses viz., LGG-574 × Pusa Vishal, LGG-574 × PM-5, LGG-460 × Pusa Vishal, LGG-460 × IPM2-14 and LGG-407 × PM-5 were identified as best specific combiners for majority of the traits. Hence these crosses could be exploited for obtaining transgressive segregants in subsequent generations with increased seed yield per plant and quality traits. Association studies revealed that the characters viz., number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, harvest index, 100-seed weight, number of branches per plant, plant height, number of pods per cluster, number of seeds per pod and total protein content registered significant and positive correlation with seed yield per plant. Hence these traits may be considered in selection process for the improvement of seed yield. Path analysis revealed high positive direct effect of number of clusters per plant and harvest index on seed yield per plant in both parents and crosses. These traits also recorded significant and positive correlation with other traits like number of pods per cluster, number of seeds per pod, 100seed weight, total protein content, non-reducing sugars. Therefore, selection for number of clusters per plant and harvest index and other traits viz., number of pods per cluster, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, total protein content, non- reducing sugars can be employed for construction of selection indices to facilitate selection of desirable elite genotypes. Generation mean analysis for yield, yield components and nutritional quality traits revealed the importance of epistatic effects, additive and dominance gene effects for most of the traits in majority of crosses. Though both additive and non-additive gene actions were found to be significant, xix pre-dominance of non-additive gene action was observed for majority of the traits. Further, majority of traits were under the influence of duplicate epistasis besides additive gene effects. Hence, biparental mating may be adopted followed by pedigree method of selection inorder to improve the genetic architecture for achieving higher yields along with quality traits. The crosses viz., LGG-574 × Pusa Vishal, LGG-574 × PM-5, LGG-460 × Pusa Vishal, LGG-460 × IPM-2-14 and LGG-407 × PM-5 could be exploited for development of transgressive segregants in greengram for seed yield coupled with quality traits. Among the five selected crosses viz., LGG-574 × Pusa Vishal, LGG-574 × PM-5, LGG-460 × Pusa Vishal exhibited positive and significant better parent heterosis coupled with significant and low to moderate inbreeding depression for most of the traits. Therefore, these crosses could be recommended for exploitation of heterosis and for obtaining transgressive segregants in subsequent generations for improvement of yield coupled with quality traits in greengram.
Open Access
GENETIC ANALYSIS FOR YIELD AND QUALITY ATTRIBUTES IN BLACKGRAM [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) BHARATHI, DUDDU; HARIPRASAD REDDY, K
The present investigation entitled “Genetic analysis for yield and quality attributes in blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]” was carried out to find out the genetic divergence among blackgram genotypes and to estimate the combining ability, heterosis and gene action for yield, yield contributing and quality traits at the Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College Farm, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh during 2015 to 2017. The whole experiment was carried out in three separate experiments. In the experiment-I, 89 blackgram genotypes were evaluated for 18 yield, yield attributes and quality traits by using Mahalanobis D2 statistics. The genotypes were grouped into 14 divergent clusters irrespective of their origin. Among all the characters studied methionine content contributed the maximum towards the diversity followed by lysine and tryptophan content. Maximum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters IX and X followed by clusters III and X indicating that the genotypes belonging to these clusters were genetically more divergent. The genotypes viz., LBG 752 (cluster IX), KU 1006 and MBG 1045(cluster X), TU 94-2 (cluster III), LBG 787 (cluster II) and TBG 104 (cluster I) were selected for crossing programme. In experiment II, six parents viz., LBG 787, LBG 752, TU94-2, TBG 104, MBG 1045 and KU 1006 and their 15 crosses were generated by crossing in a half diallel fashion for eighteen traits including yield, yield attributing traits and quality traits to obtain the information on their per se performance, combining ability and heterosis. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for most of the traits indicating the existence of sufficient variability in the material . xvi Based on per se performance the parents viz., TU 94-2, LBG 787 and LBG 752 were concluded as superior for they exhibited higher mean values for most of the yield and yield attributes and the parents viz., MBG 1045 and KU 1006 for quality traits. Among 15 cross combinations, the cross combinations viz., TU 94-2 × LBG 752, LBG 787 × LBG 752, LBG 787× TU 94-2, TU 94-2 × KU 1006 and LBG 752 × KU 1006 were found to be the best crosses as they recorded high per se performance for yield, yield attributes and quality traits. Hence, these parents and crosses could be exploited for development of cultivars with high yield coupled with quality traits. Based on the gca effects, the parents viz., LBG 787, TU 94-02, LBG 752 and TBG 104 were identified as a good combiners for yield and yield attributes, while MBG 1045 and KU 1006 were adjudged as a potential donors for quality attributes. The results on sca effects revealed that the crosses viz., TU 94-2 × LBG 752, LBG 787 × LBG 752, LBG 787 × MBG 1045, and TBG 104 × LBG 752 were identified as superior cross combinations for most of the yield attributes along with a few quality traits while the crosses LBG 787 × TBG 104 and TU 94-2 × KU 1006 were identified as best specific cross combinations for most of the quality traits along with early maturity. Hence, these crosses could be exploited for obtaining transgressive segregants in advanced generations with increased seed yield per plant along with better quality and early maturity. Based on estimates of heterosis, the crosses viz., LBG 787 × LBG 752, TU 94-2 × LBG 752, TU 94-2 × KU 1006 and TBG 104 × LBG 752 were exhibited positive and significant mid, better and standard parent heterosis for most of the traits. Based on the results of mean performance, combining ability and heterosis the crosses viz., TU 94-2 × LBG 752, LBG 787 × LBG 752, TBG 104 × LBG 752 and TU 94-2 × KU 1006 were identified as the best crosses and could be suggested for development of high yielding varieties with improved quality in future breeding programmes. In the experiment-III, generation mean analysis for yield and yield components in three best cross combinations viz., LBG 787 × LBG 752, TU 94-2 × LBG 752, TU 94-2 × KU 1006 revealed the importance of epistatic effects besides the major components viz., additive and dominance gene effects for most of the traits in majority of the crosses. Though both additive and non additive gene actions were significant, non additive gene actions played predominant role in the inheritance of majority of the traits. Majority of the traits are under the influence of duplicate epistasis besides additive type of gene effects for which bi-parental mating or recurrent selection may be adopted followed by pedigree method of selection to modify the genetic architecture of blackgram for attaining higher yields.
Open Access
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF GRAIN YIELD, QUALITY ATTRIBUTES AND INHERITANCE OF BLAST RESISTANCE IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) SREELAKSHMI, CH.; RAMESH BABU), P
The present experiment entitled was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh from 2014 to 2016. Analysis of variance and high estimates of variability estimates for number of unfilled grains per panicle, test weight, grain yield per plant, water uptake, volume expansion ratio, gel consistancy and alkali spreading value indicating that these characters were under the influence of additive gene action and simple selection would be effective for the improvement of these characters. Combining ability analysis indicated the predominance of non-additive gene action for most of the traits. Significant heterosis for most of the traits in BPT 5204 x NLR 34449, RNR 2465 x NLR 145 suggested that genetic potential for yield improvement through pedigree method. For better quality improvement BPT 5204 x IR 36, RNR 2465 x IR 64 found to be good crosses. Association studies indicated that the number of ear bearing tillers per plant, number of filled grains per panicle, days to 50% flowering, harvest index and days to maturity exhibited positive significant association with grain yield, among quality traits, amylose content exhibited high positive significant association with head rice recovery and negative association with kernal L/B ratio. Generation mean analysis for seed yield and quality traits revealed that majority of the traits are under the influence of duplicate epistasis. In the selected crosses, inheritance studies on the rice blast resistance affirmed the dominance of resistance to susceptibility and the role of two gene interactions viz., duplicate (15:1) type of epistasis was observed for RNR 2465 x NLR 145, BPT 5204 x IR 64, RNR 2465 x IR 64 and BPT 5204 x NLR 34449. Two crosses viz., BPT 5204 x IR 36 and WGL 48684 x IR 36 exhibited 3:1 type of phenotypic ratio (R:S) indicated that the resistance is governed by single dominant gene.
Open Access
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MOISTURE STRESS TOLERANCE, QUALITY AND YIELD TRAITS IN GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) RAVI, SAGGILI; MOHAN REDDY, D
The present experiment entitled “Genetic analysis of moisture stress tolerance, quality and yield traits in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)” was carried out at the Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College Farm, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh from 2014 to 2016. The whole experiment was carried out in two separate experiments. In the Experiment-I, fifteen crosses were generated by crossing six parents viz., Dharani, TCGS 1073, Kadiri 6, Narayani, ICGV 06100 and ICGV 06188 in a diallel fashion and were evaluated during rabi, 2014-15 under irrigated condition and late rabi, 2015 under both irrigated and moisture stress conditions to get the information on their per se performance, combining ability and heterosis for twenty two traits including yield, yield attributing traits, quality and moisture stress tolerance traits. Further, an attempt was made to study the trait associations and best cultivar identification among parents using G×T biplot analysis. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes (parents and F1s) for most of the traits in rabi 2014-15 under irrigated condition and in late rabi, 2015 under both irrigated and moisture stress conditions indicating the existence of sufficient variability in the material for most of the traits under consideration. Based on per se performance among the parents, the parent ICGV-06188 and ICGV-06100 in rabi 2014-15 under irrigated while, in late rabi, 2015 the parents ICGV-06100 and ICGV-06188 under irrigated and ICGV-06100 and TCGS-1073 under moisture stress condition showed high per se performance for most of the traits. Among 15 cross combinations, the cross TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 and Dharani × ICGV-06100 in rabi 2014-15 under irrigated condition, while in late rabi, 2015 the cross TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 and Narayani × ICGV-06100 under irrigated condition and Narayani × ICGV-06188 and TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 under moisture stress condition were found to be the best crosses as they recorded high per se performance for quality, yield attributes and drought related traits. Hence, these parents and crosses could be exploited for development of cultivars with high yield coupled with quality and drought tolerance cultivars. Based on the gca effects, the parents, ICGV-06100, ICGV-06188 and TCGS-1073 during rabi, 2014-15, while during late rabi, 2015 the parents, ICGV-06100, Dharani and TCGS-1073 under irrigated and ICGV-06100, TCGS-1073, ICGV-06188 xx and Narayani under moisture stress condition were identified as best general combiners for most of the traits. Studies on sca effects revealed that the crosses viz., Kadiri-6 × ICGV-06100, Dharani × ICGV-06100, Narayani × ICGV-06100, TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 and TCGS-1073 × Narayani during rabi, 2014-15, while during late rabi, 2015 the crosses viz., TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100, Narayani × ICGV-06100 and Kadiri-6 × ICGV-06100 under irrigated condition and Narayani × ICGV-06188, TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 and Dharani × Kadiri-6 under moisture stress condition were identified as best specific cross combinations for most of the traits. Hence, these crosses could be exploited for obtaining transgressive segregants in advanced generations with increased pod yield per plant and drought tolerance ability. Based on estimates of better parent heterosis, the cross Dharani × ICGV-06100 and TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 and Kadiri-6 × ICGV-06100 during rabi, 2014-15, while during late rabi, 2015 the cross Narayani × ICGV-06100 and TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 under irrigated and Narayani × ICGV-06188 under moisture stress conditions exhibited positive and significant better parent heterosis for most of the traits. Hence, these crosses could be exploited for obtaining transgressive segregants in advanced generations with increased pod yield per plant and drought tolerance ability. Based on traits association analysis using GT biplots, the traits viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, SCMR, number of well filled and mature pods per plant, 100- kernel weight, oil per cent, total carbohydrates and total free amino acids were identified as important traits for yield, quality and drought tolerance improvement in groundnut and these traits would be considered as key components during the selection. Similarly, it was concluded that the genotype ICGV-06188 during rabi and ICGV-06100 during late rabi under both irrigated and moisture stress condition were identified as ideal cultivars. In the Experiment-II, generation mean analysis was done to assess the gene action for yield and drought related traits in four best cross combinations viz., TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100, Narayani × ICGV-06100, Dharani × ICGV-06100 and TCGS-1073 × Narayani selected based on the performance on various parameters in Experiment-I. Generation mean analysis for yield, quality and drought traits in selected crosses deciphered the importance of epistatic effects besides the major components viz., additive and dominance gene effects for most of the traits in majority of the crosses under both irrigated and moisture stress conditions. Though both additive and non additive gene actions were significant, non additive gene actions played predominant role in the inheritance of the majority of the traits. Majority of the traits are under the influence of duplicate epistasis besides additive type of gene effects for which bi-parental mating or reciprocal recurrent selection may be adopted followed by pedigree method of selection to modify the genetic architecture of groundnut for attaining higher yields with drought tolerance. TCGS-1073 × ICGV-06100 could be exploited for development of desirable segregants in groundnut for pod yield along with drought tolerance. Among four selected crosses, the cross Dharani × ICGV-06100 and TCGS-1073 × Narayani exhibited positive and significant better parent heterosis coupled with significant and low inbreeding depression for most of the characters under both irrigated and moisture stress conditions and could be suggested for exploitation of vigour and transgressive segregants in the latter generations for improvement of groundnut genotypes with high yield coupled with quality and drought tolerance.

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

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