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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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2016 - 20188
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Subject: Entomology × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2015 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF SOUTH AMERICAN TOMATO LEAF MINER, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae)
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) ABDUL RASHEED, V; KOTESWARA RAO, S.R.
    The present investigations on “Biology and management of South American tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae)” were carried out in Department of Entomology, S.V. Agricultural College, Institute of Frontier Technology (IFT), Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Tirupati and Yellampalli village, Kalikiri mandal, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh during rabi seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18. Roving surveys on the incidence of South American tomato leaf miner, T. absoluta in major tomato growing mandals of Chittoor district during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18 revealed that the mean per cent T. absoluta infested plants, leaflets and damaged fruits of tomato ranged from 51.37 to 66.12, 24.99 to 34.25 and 25.00 to 36.12, respectively. The mean per cent T. absoluta infested plants, leaflets and fruits of tomato were maximum in Kalikiri mandal (66.12%), (34.25%) and Vayalpadu mandal (36.12%) respectively, while minimum in Kalakada (51.37% infested plants), Madanapalli (24.99% infested leaflets), (25.00% damaged fruits) mandals. Mirid bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) nymphs and adults were found predating on eggs, first and second instar larvae of T. absoluta. The mean number of N. tenuis nymphs and adults per plant during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18 ranged from 1.04 to 1.45. Maximum population was recorded in Vayalpadu mandal (1.45/plant) whereas minimum in Kalikiri mandal (1.04/plant). xxi Studies on the biology of T. absoluta revealed that the duration of egg, first, second, third and fourth instar larvae was 4.14 ± 0.35, 2.08 ± 0.28, 2.75 ± 0.65, 3.56 ± 0.56 and 3.86 ± 0.64 days, respectively. The total larval period of T. absoluta ranged from 10 to 14 days with a mean of 12.25 ± 2.13 days. The pupal period lasted for 6 to 9 days with a mean of 7.81 ± 0.75 days. Adult longevity on an average was 7.45 ± 1.32 days in case of males whereas 14.75 ± 1.16 days for females. The total development period of T. absoluta ranged from 22 to 27 days with a mean of 24.19 ± 1.37 days. Studies on morphometrics of T. absoluta found that the average length and breadth of egg, first, second, third and fourth instar larvae were 0.48 ± 0.05 and 0.27 ± 0.07 mm, 1.51 ± 0.07 and 0.19 ± 0.02 mm, 2.66 ± 0.04 and 0.39 ± 0.12 mm, 4.22 ± 0.06 and 0.64 ± 0.03 mm and 7.59 ± 0.09 and 1.15 ± 0.04 mm, respectively. The length and breadth of pupa were 4.13 ± 0.24 and 1.06 ± 0.14 mm, respectively. The mean length and breadth of adults were 10.71 ± 0.29 and 1.69 ± 0.10 mm, respectively. In age specific fecundity life table study of T. absoluta the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), mean generation time (Tc), corrected generation time (T), finite rate of increase (λ) and weekly multiplication of population (7) were R0 40.18 individuals per female, 0.19 (female progeny/female/day), Tc= 30.16 days, T=28.94 days, λ= 1.20 and λ7 =35.83, respectively. Molecular characterization of T. absoluta larvae collected on tomato and brinjal from different states revealed that all populations viz., Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka and Himachal Pradesh were grouped under single cluster and was more closely related while the population from Tamil Nadu was somewhat distantly related with the four states T. absoluta population. The populations of T. absoluta of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka showed 100 per cent identity to the barcode sequence of T. absoluta from East Africa (KU565720) while populations of Telangana were closely related to NCBI accessions sourced from East Africa (KU565720), Oman (KT452897) and Egypt (KY129659). The populations of Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh were closely related to India (KY619687), Egypt (KY129659) and East Africa (KU565720), Oman (KT452897), Egypt (KY129659) populations, respectively. Molecular characterization of T. absoluta confirms that this pest spread rapidly and adapted to Indian climatic conditions. Screening of thirty tomato genotypes were carried out during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18 to identify the source of resistance/susceptibility to T. absoluta. Among genotypes tested none was free from T. absoluta infestation. Based on total damage index, the tomato genotypes were categorized as moderately resistant (EC-620410, EC-620401, EC-620343, EC-164577, EC-538153, EC-620370, EC-631379, EC-620396, EC-631369 and xxii EC-620422), moderately susceptible (EC-165690, EC-249508, EC-567305, EC-620427, EC-620382, EC-620394 and EC-620392), susceptible (EC-620147, EC-620397, EC-620406, EC-620395, EC-164563, EC-521067-B, EC-620372, EC-620376, EC-165700, EC-538156 and EC-249514) and highly susceptible (EC-620433 and EC-160885) to T. absoluta. Among biophysical parameters, leaflet length and width found a significant positive correlation with infestation of T. absoluta on leaflets, fruits and larvae per compound leaf whereas leaflet thickness, trichome density and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) were found to have a significant negative correlation. Correlation studies of biochemical constituents with infestation of T. absoluta on leaflets, fruits and larvae per compound leaf revealed that the phenol content in the leaves was found to be negative and significant whereas proteins, reducing sugars were found to be positive and significant in tomato genotypes. The lycopene content in fruits was found to be positive and non significant association with the damage on fruits by T. absoluta in tomato genotypes. Evaluation of certain insecticides against T. absoluta on tomato leaves during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18 found that the highest mean per cent reduction over untreated control was recorded in chlorantraniliprole (61.17%) treated plot followed by cyantraniliprole (58.64%) and emamectin benzoate (52.87%) while lowest was recorded in fenvalerate (28.24%) followed by lambda cyhalothrin (30.29%) and imidacloprid (33.22%) treated plots. Evaluation of certain insecticides against T. absoluta on tomato fruits during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18 revealed that the lowest mean per cent infestation on fruits was recorded in chlorantraniliprole (18.51%) treated plot followed by cyantraniliprole (25.30%), flubendiamide (26.37%) and emamectin benzoate (29.53%).The highest mean per cent infestation on tomato fruits was recorded in untreated control (61.53%) followed by fenvalerate (42.80%) and lambda cyhalothrin (41.18%).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT OF FEASIBLE TECHNIQUES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF Caryedon serratus (Olivier) IN GROUNDNUT
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) MANJUNATH, J; MANJULA, K
    The experiments on “Development of feasible techniques for the management of groundnut bruchid, Caryedon serratus (Olivier)” were conducted in the laboratory of Entomology at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh and laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Frontier Technology at Regional Agricultural research station, Tirupati, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh during 2014-15 & 2015-16. Studies on survey on infestation level in farmers houses, oil mills and godowns of four districts of Rayalaseema region of A.P, phenotypic and genotypic studies of collected population of Caryedon spp, screening of groundnut genotypes / varieties for resistance/susceptibility to the bruchid, role of bins and bags; safer and indigenous chemicals; nanoscale ZnO, chitosan with encapsulated Azadirachtin and NSKE in effective management of groundnut bruchid. When, 2014-15 and 2015-16 surveys are compared, relatively higher mean groundnut pod damage due to Caryedon spp was recorded during 2014-15 (Maximum of 14.10%). Whereas in 2015-16, the maximum of mean per cent pod damage 11.08 was obtained. When different survey months are considered, maximum mean pod damage of 17.40% was recorded during March, 2015 (when 2014-15 survey is considered). Whereas, with respect to 2015-16 survey, the highest of 14.10% damage was recorded during May, 2016. The damage levels were higher during hotter months i.e., March to July in both the survey periods. The higher percentages of pod damage were recorded in oil mills whereas lowest percentages damage were recorded in cold storage unit. xix The highest percent pod damage of 57.80 was recorded during March 2015 at M/s. Lakshmi Narasimha oil mill, Kadapa. More than 10 per cent pod damage was recorded in all four districts and hence, groundnut bruchid, Caryedon serratus can be declared as problematic pest for stored groundnut in all the four Rayalaseema districts. The Caryedon spp populations collected from surveyed locations were subjected to phenotypic studies by using the taxonomic keys and identified as Caryedon serratus. The specimens collected from surveyed locations were also submitted to Insect Identification Service, Division of Entomology, IARI, New Delhi and the results also proved that single species that is Caryedon serratus. The molecular characterization of Caryedon spp populations collected from 24 locations of Rayalaseema region were carried out by using 6 primers. With two primers (CB1/CB2 and CIL/CIU), it was confirmed as C. serratus. By screening of 52 genotypes/ varieties against groundnut bruchid, K1677, K2075 and Dharani were categorized as least susceptible while the genotypes / varieties K1501, K1800, K1802, K1811, K1813, K1847, K2074, TCGS1073 and TCGS1330 were categorized as highly susceptible based on the ovipositional preference, adult emergence, per cent pod damage (both by count and weight) and weight loss. Among the 12 different bins and bags evaluated against groundnut bruchid, magic cover, triple layered polythene bag and plastic bin were proved as effective barriers. Aluminium and steel bins were also recorded lower damages to the produce. Highest oviposition, adult emergence and pod damage were noticed in cloth bag and earthen pot. Among the safer and indigenous chemicals (common salt, boric acid, fly ash, spinosad, malathion deltamethrin, Azadirachtin 1000 ppm and Azadirachtin 3000 ppm) tested, spinosad @ 1 ml kg-1 pods was highly effective against C. serratus followed by Azadirachtin 3000 ppm @ 5 ml kg-1 pods and Azadirachtin 1000 ppm @ 5 ml kg-1 pods. Testing the nanoscale ZnO and chitosan encapsulated with Azadirachtin and NSKE, revealed lowest per cent pod damage (3.82) in nanoscale chitosan encapsulated NSKE @ 1% in 5 ml kg-1 pods followed by nanoscale ZnO encapsulated NSKE (5.21%) @ 0.1% in 5 ml kg-1 pods untreated control treatment recorded 49.33 per cent mean pod damage.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Bacillus thuringiensis cry GENES WITH INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST Spodoptera litura IN GROUNDNUT
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) DEVAKI, K; MURALI KRISHNA, T
    A total of 925 soil samples representing Chittoor, Kadapa, Nellore districts of Andhra Pradesh covering different ecosystems was collected to isolate bacterial cultures. These bacterial cultures were subjected to Gram staining, endospore staining and crystal staining for identification of Bacillus thuringiensis. Out of 324 Gram positive isolates, 227 isolates were able to produce endospores and maximum number of endospore producing isolates were observed in soil samples of forest ecosystem (95.77%), compared to other soil samples collected from Nellore, Chittoor and Kadapa districts. About 203 crystal staining positive Bt strains were identified. Soil samples from cultivated fallow harboured maximum crystal positive isolates (39.82%). Study on crystal morphology revealed that spherical crystals (26.11%) were most dominant, followed by irregular (24.14%) and bipyramidal (13.30%). A combination of bipyramidal and cuboidal (6.40%), cuboidal and spherical (4.43%) and bipyramidal and spherical (1.97%) were observed in 13, 9 and 4 isolates, respectively. Most of the effective isolates were observed with bipyramidal, cuboidal crystals against S. litura. In laboratory bioassay 21 isolates (C44, C33, C59, C63, C79, C92, C97, C105, C134, C212, K18, N3, N30, N44, N48, N58, N115, F287, F468, F493 and F504) were found effective against third instar S. litura larvae with 76-100 per cent mortality. The isolate from Talakona forest area (F493) was effective with 100 per cent mortality, followed by F468 (86.67%) from Bhakarapet Ghats and F287 (76.67%) from Talakona forest area and F504 (76.67%) from S.V. Zoo park area. Twenty one effective isolates were further studied for determining lethal concentrations to arrive 50 per cent mortality (LC50) and time to kill 50 per cent xvii larval population (LT50). LC50 values were in the range of 9.59  104 to 1.88  106 and HD-1 recorded lowest LC50 value, followed by F493 (9.76  104 ) and N30 (1.90  105 ). Lowest LT50 of 61.99h was observed in treatment with HD-1 followed by F493 (78.52h). Ninety two Bt strains were characterized for the presence of various cry genes by using primers viz., cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry1C, cry1Da1, cry1Ea1, cry1F, cry1Fa1, cry 1I, cry2, cry2Aa1, cry8, cry9Aa1, cry9Ca1, cry18 and cry20. Among the nine cry1 genes analyzed in the present study, cry1I was the predominant gene and present in 35 isolates (38.46%), followed by cry1Aa in 30 Bt isolates (31.87%), cry1Ac in 26 isolates (28.57%), cry1C in 18 isolates (19.78%) and cry1Fa1 in 17 isolates (18.68%), whereas, cry1Ab gene was observed in only one isolate i.e. C36. In case of cry2 genes, cry2 was observed in 14 (15.38%) isolates and cry2(a)1 was observed in 19 (20.88%) isolates. Among the two cry2 genes, cry2A(a)1 was dominant compared to cry2 in Chittoor, Nellore and forest ecosystems, whereas cry2 positive isolates were more in Kadapa district Bt samples. Among the two cry9 family genes, cry9Ca1 was dominant in 22 Bt isolates (24.18%) and 13 isolates were observed with cry9Aa1 (14.29%). In Chittoor (10 isolates), Nellore (4 isolates) and forest ecosystem (7 isolates) cry9Ca1 gene positive isolates were more compared to Kadapa district samples, where cry9Aa1 (4 isolates) samples were high compared to cry9Ca1. Eight cry genes (cry1Aa, cry1Ac, cry1Fa1, cry1I, cry2, cry2A(a)1, cry8, cry9Ca1) were observed in F493, a isolate from Talakona forest area, which was away from human interference and observed with high organic matter. This isolate harboured cry gene belongs to cry1, cry2, cry8 and cry9 groups. Similarly, isolate C67 observed with 66.67 per cent also amplified with eight cry primers (cry1Aa, cry1Ac, cry1C, cry1Da1, cry1Ea1, cry1Fa1, cry2, cry2A(a)1) followed by C134 with 7 cry genes (cry1Ac, cry1C, cry1Da1, cry1Fa1, cry1I, cry2A(a)1, cry8). These types of strains might be resulted in multifunctional insecticide activity, which is useful for control of several groups of insect pests. C134 (83.33%) consisting 7 cry genes. While, C68 (50.00%), F323 (50.00) and F504 (76.67%) were observed with 6 cry genes. Some of the isolates C63 (76.67%), K18 (86.67%) and N48 (76.67%) which were effective in bioassays, did not show amplification with any one of the cry genes screened in the present study. Sequencing of 16s ribosomal RNA results of three Bt strains (F493, F504, N115) confirmed that, these three strains are B. thuringiensis strains with high insecticidal activity. Blast analysis of these strains showed 99, 97 and 96 per cent similarity with the existing Bt gene sequences available in NCBI, GenBank and these three strains were deposited in NCBI, GenBank with Accession Nos. MF487790, MF487791 and MF197874. Field evaluation of solid and liquid formulations of Bt isolates revealed that, solid formulations were comparatively more effective in some of the isolates. Larval population/ m row at 3 and 7 days after spray, foliar damage due to S. litura at 7 and 14 days after spray was low in treatments with F493, F504 which were comparable with standard check HD-1 in both solid and liquid formulations. Highest pod yield was recorded in HD-1, F493 and F504 treated plots.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) IN WILD RELATIVES OF CHICKPEA
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) SIVA KUMAR, GOLLA; RAJASEKHAR, P
    The present studies on “Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of resistance to Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in wild relatives of chickpea” were carried out at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, during 2014-16. A total of 20 accessions (15 wild relatives and five varieties of cultivated chickpea) were used to evaluate the mechanism of resistance to H. armigera. Under field conditions, during post-rainy seasons 2014-15 and 2015-16, all genotypes of wild relatives of chickpea recorded less number of H. armigera larvae, low visual leaf damage rating and per cent pod damage compared to cultivated chickpea. The genotypes IG 70012, PI 599046, IG 70022, PI 599066, IG 70006, IG 70018 (Cicer bijugum), ICC 506EB, ICCL 86111 (resistant checks), IG 72933, IG 72953 (C. reticulatum) IG 69979 (C. cuneatum) and IG 599076 (C. chrossanicum) showed high levels of antixenosis for oviposition of H. armigera under multi-, dual- and no-choice cage conditions. Studies on detached leaf assay revealed that the genotypes IG 70012, IG 70022, IG 70018, IG 70006, PI 599046, PI 599066 (C. bijugum), IG 69979 (C. cuneatum), PI 568217, PI 599077 (C. judaicum) and ICCW 17148 (C. microphyllum) showed less damage rating and low larval weights compared to susceptible checks. Larval survival was greater on the wild relatives than on the cultivated chickpea. Detached pod assay studies revealed that all wild relatives of chickpea exhibited less damage rating, lower per cent pod damage and lower percentage of weight gained by thirdinstar larva compared to cultivated chickpea. Survival and development of H. armigera on artificial diet impregnated with lyophilized leaf powders revealed that all wild relatives of chickpea genotypes showed high levels of antibiosis to H. armigera compared to cultivated chickpea in terms of lower larval survival, per cent pupation and adult emergence, decreased larval and pupal weight, prolonged larval and pupal developmental periods and reduced fecundity. xvi Among morphological characters, glandular and non-glandular trichomes showed negative association with oviposition under multi-choice and no-choice conditions. Glandular trichomes had significant negative association with damage rating, whereas non-glandular trichomes had significant positive association with damage rating and larval weight but negative association with larval survival in detached leaf assay. Pod wall thickness showed significant negative association with damage rating and per cent pod damage in detached pod assay. HPLC finger prints of leaf organic acids revealed a negative association of oxalic acid with oviposition, while malic acid showed positive and significant association with oviposition under multi- and no-choice conditions. Oxalic acid and malic acid had significant and negative correlation with larval survival in detached leaf assay, which indicates that higher amounts of these acids in cultivated chickpea resulted in reduced larval survival compared to wild relatives. The flavonoid compounds viz., chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, naringin, 3, 4- dihydroxy flavones, quercetin, naringenin, genestein, formononetin and biochanin A identified through HPLC finger prints exhibited negative effects on survival and development of H. armigera reared on artificial diet impregnated with lyophilized leaf powders. Proteins and phenols showed negative effect, while tannins and total soluble sugars showed positive effect on survival and development of H. armigera reared on artificial diet with lyophilized leaf powders of wild relatives of chickpea. Zymogram analysis revealed presence of 3 to 7 trypsin inhibitor (TI) isoforms in all 20 genotypes. The genotypes, IG 70018, IG 70012, IG 70006, IG 70022, PI 599066, IG 72933, IG 72953 and IG 69979 showed higher inhibitory activity of H. armigera gut (HG) proteases, while genotypes PI 510663, PI 599109, PI 568217 and ICCW 17148 showed low inhibitory activity under in vitro conditions. Studies on hemagglutination of lectins revealed that wild relatives of chickpea genotypes showed more agglutination even at less concentration. Schiff’s base staining of lectins revealed that only one isoform with a molecular weight of 29 kDa was observed in wild relatives of chickpea. GC-MS profile peaks of leaf surface chemicals identified with hexane extracts showed 56 peaks in all genotypes. Correlation studies with detached leaf assay and oviposition preference indicated presence of feeding and oviposition repellents as well as phagostimulants and oviposition attractants. A total of 107 GC-MS profile peaks were identified with methanol extracts. Correlation studies indicated that methanol extracts had higher amount of phagostimulants and oviposition repellents than antifeedants and oviposition attractants. The 26 SSR markers used for assessing genetic diversity of wild relatives of chickpea detected a total of 186 alleles with an average of 7.15 alleles per marker. PIC values varied from 0.21 (CaM2064) to 0.89 (CaM0958, ICCM0249 and TAA58). Gene diversity varied from 0.24 (CaM2064) to 0.90 (CaM0958, ICCM0249 and TAA58). The average observed heterozygosity was 0.20. The dendrogram based on UPGMA showed that cultivated chickpea showed a closer genetic relation with the C. reticulatum, while, the species C. microphyllum, C. judaicum, C. bijugum and C. pinnatifidum were placed in other cluster. The other species C. cuneatum was placed in separate cluster indicated that it is distantly related to species in other two clusters.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE TABLES FOR STEM BORER, Chilo partellus (SWINHOE) ON PROMISING GENOTYPES OF MAIZE AND ITS MANAGEMENT WITH BIORATIONAL INSECTICIDES
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) SUNEEL KUMAR, G.V.; Dr. T. MADHUMATHI
    Investigations on life tables, seasonal incidence, crop loss estimation and management of maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) with biorational insecticides were carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Darsi, Prakasam district during kharif and rabi 2014-15 and 2015-16. Total life cycle of C. partellus (egg to adult emergence) was completed in 54.5, 54.0, 51.5, 51.4, 55.0 and 48.6 days in kharif and 58.7, 59.5, 56.8, 57.5, 58.8 and 53.3 days in rabi on DHM 117, DHM 121, Madhuri, Priya, Amber and 30V92, respectively. Forty eight life-tables were constructed for C. partellus on six maize cultivars viz., DHM 117, DHM 121, Madhuri sweet corn, Priya sweet corn, Amber pop corn and 30V92. In each season of kharif and rabi 2014-15 and 2015-16 two generations of the pest were studied. The survivorship curves drawn for all the generations in each year indicated that the mortality rate was higher at the small larval stage. Generation survival declined from first generation in first crop during kharif 2014 to second generation in fourth crop during rabi 2015-16 in all maize cultivars. The trend index was positive (more than one) and varied in all generations. Key factor analysis revealed major mortality factors influencing population fluctuation included larval parasitoid particularly Cotesia flavipes and unknown causes during small and medium larval stage. Density dependant related mortality was observed in the life cycle of C. partellus. The lowest mean total K value (0.45) was observed on 30V92 maize cultivar. Correspondingly, the highest mean values of generation survival (0.38) and the trend index (40.2) were obtained on 30V92 cultivar indicate more susceptibility to C. partellus. The high mean total K (0.59) and lowest generation survival (0.27) and the trend index values (25.2) were observed on Amber pop corn. C. partellus larval population, per cent infestation and per cent larval parasitism differed between years and seasons on maize. Natural enemies were recorded in more numbers when pest population was high. Larval population and plant infestation by C. partellus exhibited significant negative correlation with minimum temperature on average basis of two years during kharif. Maximum temperature had significant positive correlation with plant infestation on average basis of both study years in rabi season. Morning and evening relative humidity showed significant positive correlation with plant infestation on cumulative basis of both kharif 2014 and 2015, while evening relative humidity showed significant negative correlation during rabi 2014-15 and 2015-16 pooled analysis. Cumulative basis of two study years in kharif, parasitism by C. flavipes showed a significant positive correlation with larval population and plant infestation, whereas pooled average of rabi 2014-15 and 2015-16, larval parasitoid had significant positive correlation with larval population only and non-significant positive correlation with plant infestation. Natural infestation of C. partellus resulted in the yield loss of 56.69 and 3.19 in grain yield and 100-grain weight, respectively across the different dates of sowing. The unprotected plot recorded significantly higher dead heart incidence (9.30 and 2.38%), larval population (1.89 and 0.65 per plant), foliage damage (43.08 and 22.24%), stem tunneling (11.72 and 3.30%) and exit holes (2.55 and 0.84) as compared to protected ones. The per cent grain yield loss increased with increase in larval density. The maximum loss in grain yield (45.68%) and 100-grain weight (19.25%) occurred in the treatment with 8 larvae per plant. The economic injury level was worked out at 2.74 larvae per plant. Among the botanical pesticides, entomogenous microbes, insect growth regulators and natural insecticides in the management of C. partellus in maize, foliar application of chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, spinosad 45% SC and whorl application of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% GR significantly reduced the damage of C. partellus and larval population over untreated control. The marginal increase in maize grain yield was in the order of 108.1, 99.8 and 88.4 per cent, respectively for the treatments chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, spinosad 45% SC and chlorantraniliprole 0.4% GR over untreated check. The population of natural enemies viz., C. transversalis, C. sexmaculata and predatory spiders remain unaffected by these biorationals. The incremental cost benefit ratio was 12.28 in chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC which was next best to monocrotophos 36% SL (19.52).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SPECIES DIVERSITY AND MANAGEMENT OF ROOT GRUBS IN GROUNDNUT CROPPING SYSTEMS IN RAYALASEEMA REGION OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2016) SUNIL KUMAR, KORRAPATI; MURALI KRISHNA, T
    The present studies on “Species diversity and management of root grubs in groundnut cropping systems in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh” were carried out at laboratory and experimental farm, Agricultural Research Station, Utukur, Kadapa during kharif, 2014 and 2015. Survey and exploration of root grub species, biology, taxonomic identification of species collected, estimation of damage caused by predominant root grub and management of predominant root grub with different insecticides as seed treatment and soil application were studied. Scarabaeidae beetles collected from the light traps installed in major groundnut growing tracts of Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh during kharif, 2014 and 2015 consisted of seventeen species under nine genera of three subfamilies viz., Melolonthinae, Rutelinae and Dynastinae. Out of 1557 adult beetles collected 67.22 per cent belonged to subfamily Melolonthinae followed by Dynastinae (17.72%) and Rutelinae (15.06%). Holotrichia reynaudi (34.19%) was the predominant species followed by Phyllognathus dionysius (17.53%), Holotrichia serrata (16.34%), Brahmina mysoorensis (9.05%) and Anomola dorsalis (8.83%) associated with groundnut in Rayalaseema region. The studies on species diversity and relative abundance of Pleurosticti scarabaeidae revealed higher species diversity, richness and evenness in Melolonthinae followed by Rutelinae and Dynastinae. The alpha diversity and species richness were high in Chittoor district followed by YSR Kadapa, Kurnool and Ananthapuramu. The species evenness was high in Kurnool followed by Chittoor, YSR Kadapa and Ananthapuramu. All the grubs collected during roving surveys in groundnut fields were reared to adults. The highest number of H. reynaudi (45.61%) adults emerged from the grub collection followed by P. dionysius (16.89%), B. mysorensis (11.49%), H. serrata (7.77%) and A. dorsalis (1.35%). xviii H. reynaudi and H. serrata were the most predominant species in YSR Kadapa and Kurnool districts whereas in Chittoor, Brahmina mysorensis and H. reynaudi were abundant. Phyllognathus dionysius is reported for the first time as major species in Ananthapuramu district of Andhra Pradesh. Schizonycha impressa, Anomola ruficapilla, Adoretus flavus, Adoretus fusiceps and Allisonotum piceum are also reported for the first time in groundnut ecosystem of Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. Seasonal incidence of root grub beetle catches in light trap installed at Agricultural Research Station, Utukur during kharif, 2015 revealed that, emergence started during third week of May (20th Standard Week) with pre-monsoon shower. Peak emergence of H. reynaudi was reported in fourth week of June (25th Standard Week) and peak emergence of H. serrata was observed in last week of August (34th Standard Week). Light trap catches of adult beetles of H. reynaudi and H. serrata showed significant positive relationship with evening relative humidity and rainy days whereas maximum temperature and minimum temperature exhibited negative influence. Influence of all weather parameters on adult population of H. reynaudi and H. serrata trapped in the light trap was 65.0 and 71.2 per cent respectively. Studies on the biology of the root grub, H. reynaudi revealed that each female laid 18.68 ± 3.77 eggs with 76.95 ± 10.55 per cent of hatchability. The duration of I, II and II instars were 15.40 ± 0.52, 17.36 ± 0.36 and 33.84 ± 0.55 days respectively. Total grub period was 66.62 ± 0.48 days. The total life cycle from egg to adult lasted for 114.81 ± 1.16 days under laboratory conditions. The average mating period was recorded as 48 minutes and the average sex ratio of male to female was 1:1.30. Morphological and taxonomic traits for identification of major root grub species H. reynaudi, H. serrata, B. mysoorensis, P. dionysius were studied and described. Diagnostic keys were developed for identification of white grub species associated with groundnut ecosystem in Rayalaseema region, Andhra Pradesh. Estimation of damage caused by root grub, H. reynaudi in groundnut sown on three different dates revealed that, in June II FN sown crop, the average per cent plant mortality m-2, number of grubs m-2 in unprotected and protected plots were 23.36%, 2.23 grubs m-2 and 6.20%, 0.39 grubs m-2 respectively. In July FN sown they were 21.20%, 2.08 grubs m-2 and 5.41%, 0.37 grubs m-2 and in July II FN sown crop they were 20.46%, 1.95 grubs m-2 and 5.14%, 0.34 grubs m-2. The pod yield in June II FN sown unprotected and protected plot was 1063.50 kg ha-1 and 1680.50 kg ha-1, in July I FN sown, it was 1148.50 kg ha-1 and 1745 kg ha-1 and in July II FN sown, it was 1175 kg ha-1 and 1771 kg ha-1. In June II FN sown crop, the per cent loss in yield was higher (36.74%) followed by July I FN sown plot (34.19%) and July II FN sown plot (33.65%). Evaluation of different insecticides as seed treatment and soil application against root grub, H. reynaudi in groundnut conducted in microplots revealed that all the insecticides were statistically superior over untreated check (36.31% cumulative plant mortality and 65 kg ha-1 pod yield). Imidacloprid 600 FS @ 2 ml + 2 ml water per kg seed was found to be best treatment with lowest cumulative per cent plant mortality per plot of 3.26%, highest per cent protection over control 91.03%, with highest costbenefit ratio of 1:1.61 and highest pod yield of 1613 kg ha-1.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPATIBILITY OF NEWER INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES AND THEIR EFFECT ON MAJOR INSECT PESTS AND DISEASES OF RICE
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2016) PULLAM RAJU, K; RAJASEKHAR, P
    The present studies were carried out in the laboratory of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nellore and field studies at Agricultural Research Station, Nellore during rabi, 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-15 with an objective to evaluate physical compatibility, phytotoxic incompatibility and bio-efficacy of pesticides combinations against pests and diseases of rice. The physical compatibility of five insecticides viz., flubendiamide, rynaxypyr, cartap hydrochloride, buprofezin and profenophos and three fungicides viz., tricyclazole, hexaconazole and propiconazole along with pH were evaluated with jar compatibility test. Out of the 15 combinations of insecticides and fungicides tested, neither foaming nor sedimentation occurred indicating that all the 15 combinations were physically compatible. The pH of pesticide combinations slightly varied with some combinations, showing slightly alkaline reaction, some showing slightly acidic reaction, while remaining neutral in reaction. The phytotoxic incompatibility due to combination of insecticides and fungicides on rice showed no phytotoxic symptoms such as injury to leaf tip, yellowing, wilting, necrosis, vein clearing, epinasty and hyponasty of leaves. Name of the author K. PULLAM RAJU Title of the thesis “Compatibility of newer insecticides and fungicides and their effect on major insect pests and diseases of rice” Degree to which it is submitted Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture Faculty Agriculture Department Entomology Chairperson Dr. P. RAJASEKHAR University Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University Year of submission 2015 The bio-efficacy of insecticide and fungicide combinations against leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas revealed that the insecticides flubendiamide and rynaxypyr were highly effective against these pests and their combinations with fungicides in no way undermined the efficacy when mixed indicating their compatibility. The per cent disease index (PDI) of leaf and neck blast was effectively reduced by tricyclazole, while sheath blight and stem rot were effectively controlled by hexaconazole and propiconazole. Even the combination with insecticides does not reduce the effectiveness indicating compatible reaction. The detrimental effects of insecticides, fungicides and their combinations were tested by observing most occurring predators like spiders and coccinellid beetles, which revealed that straight and combination treatments had no effect on natural enemies population. The most effective treatments of insecticide and fungicide namely, flubendiamide, rynaxypyr, flubendiamide + tricyclazole, flubendiamide + hexaconazole, flubendiamide + propiconazole, rynaxypyr + tricyclazole, rynaxypyr + hexaconazole and rynaxypyr + propiconazole along with herbicide, cyhalofop-Butyl were tested for physical compatibility, phytotoxic incompatibility and bio-efficacy under field conditions, which revealed that they were highly compatible with no phytotoxic effects.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Screening of maize genotypes against stem borers and their management with newer insecticides
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) JYOTHI, P; MADHUMATHI, T
    Studies on the field screening (rabi 2013-14 and rabi 2014-15) of twenty two maize genotypes including two checks to identify resistant genotypes against the maize stem borers were conducted. These genotypes were further tested for morphological and bio chemical plant characters for resistance against stem borers. Survey in Guntur district for stem borers and its natural enemies in rice fallow maize were conducted. Studies were also conducted to study the influence of different nitrogen levels on stem borers and evaluation of certain newer insecticides against stem borers at Agricultural College farm, Bapatla, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. Based on the intensity of damage score against stem borers, six genotypes, viz., ST X BM 254-1, Dhk 12 X 5321, ST X BM 32, ST X 5422, ST X BM 258-1 and ST X BM 59-3 were resistant. The genotypes P3596, Dhk 12 X CM 1504, DHM 117, Dhk 12 X CM 142, ST X 5311, ST X 5416, ST X BM 254-3 and Dhk 12 X CM 151 were moderately resistant. The genotypes ST X BM 59-1and P3396 are intermediate resistant. Among the resistant maize genotypes, STX BM 254-1, Dhk 12X 5321, STX BM 32 and STX BM 258-1 exhibited high level of resistance against the damage parameters viz., dead hearts, leaf damage, plant infestation, larval population, tassel damage, cob borers, exit holes and tunnel length. Among the various plant morphological characters viz., plant height, number of nodes, trichome density, stem diameter, cob height, seed weight and dry matter showed significant and negative correlation with the no. of larvae and plant infestation, where as internodal length has showed significant positive correlation with no. of larvae and plant infestation. The bio-chemical plant characters viz., nitrogen, carbohydrates and proteins showed significant and positive correlation, while phenols showed significant negative correlation with damage parameters caused by stem borers. Surveys conducted in rice fallow maize during rabi 2013-14 and rabi 2014-15 in Guntur district revealed that only spiders (Agriope spp, Phidippus sp, Oxyopes spp, Xyticus spp, etc) and coccinellids (Chilonemus sexmaculata, C. septumpunctata and Cycloneda spp) were recorded among the predators and the highest per cent of dead hearts were recorded at Kakumanu and Vemuru mandals. The damage parameters like plant infestation, leaf damage, stem borer larval population, dead hearts, exit holes and tunnel length were found to be highest with high nitrogen levels (N6 (210 kg/ha) followed by N5 (180 kg/ha), N4 (150 kg/ha), N3 (120 kg/ha), N2 (90 kg/ha), NI (60 kg/ha) and N0). Among the insecticides tested, carbofuran, flubendiamide and indoxacarb were the most effective insecticides against maize stem borers with the highest per cent reduction of population over untreated control. The grain yield was highest in flubendiamide treated plots which was on par with carbofuran and indoxacarb. Among the insecticides tested flubendiamide, spinosad, emamectin benzoate and indoxacarb were safest and recorded the highest number of natural enemies viz., spiders and ladybird beetles. The incremental cost benefit ratio was found to be highest with carbofuran followed by flubendiamide.