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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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201717
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Subject: Entomology × End date: 2017 × Start date: 2017 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Bacillus thuringiensis cry GENES WITH INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST Spodoptera litura IN GROUNDNUT
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) DEVAKI, K; MURALI KRISHNA, T
    A total of 925 soil samples representing Chittoor, Kadapa, Nellore districts of Andhra Pradesh covering different ecosystems was collected to isolate bacterial cultures. These bacterial cultures were subjected to Gram staining, endospore staining and crystal staining for identification of Bacillus thuringiensis. Out of 324 Gram positive isolates, 227 isolates were able to produce endospores and maximum number of endospore producing isolates were observed in soil samples of forest ecosystem (95.77%), compared to other soil samples collected from Nellore, Chittoor and Kadapa districts. About 203 crystal staining positive Bt strains were identified. Soil samples from cultivated fallow harboured maximum crystal positive isolates (39.82%). Study on crystal morphology revealed that spherical crystals (26.11%) were most dominant, followed by irregular (24.14%) and bipyramidal (13.30%). A combination of bipyramidal and cuboidal (6.40%), cuboidal and spherical (4.43%) and bipyramidal and spherical (1.97%) were observed in 13, 9 and 4 isolates, respectively. Most of the effective isolates were observed with bipyramidal, cuboidal crystals against S. litura. In laboratory bioassay 21 isolates (C44, C33, C59, C63, C79, C92, C97, C105, C134, C212, K18, N3, N30, N44, N48, N58, N115, F287, F468, F493 and F504) were found effective against third instar S. litura larvae with 76-100 per cent mortality. The isolate from Talakona forest area (F493) was effective with 100 per cent mortality, followed by F468 (86.67%) from Bhakarapet Ghats and F287 (76.67%) from Talakona forest area and F504 (76.67%) from S.V. Zoo park area. Twenty one effective isolates were further studied for determining lethal concentrations to arrive 50 per cent mortality (LC50) and time to kill 50 per cent xvii larval population (LT50). LC50 values were in the range of 9.59  104 to 1.88  106 and HD-1 recorded lowest LC50 value, followed by F493 (9.76  104 ) and N30 (1.90  105 ). Lowest LT50 of 61.99h was observed in treatment with HD-1 followed by F493 (78.52h). Ninety two Bt strains were characterized for the presence of various cry genes by using primers viz., cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry1C, cry1Da1, cry1Ea1, cry1F, cry1Fa1, cry 1I, cry2, cry2Aa1, cry8, cry9Aa1, cry9Ca1, cry18 and cry20. Among the nine cry1 genes analyzed in the present study, cry1I was the predominant gene and present in 35 isolates (38.46%), followed by cry1Aa in 30 Bt isolates (31.87%), cry1Ac in 26 isolates (28.57%), cry1C in 18 isolates (19.78%) and cry1Fa1 in 17 isolates (18.68%), whereas, cry1Ab gene was observed in only one isolate i.e. C36. In case of cry2 genes, cry2 was observed in 14 (15.38%) isolates and cry2(a)1 was observed in 19 (20.88%) isolates. Among the two cry2 genes, cry2A(a)1 was dominant compared to cry2 in Chittoor, Nellore and forest ecosystems, whereas cry2 positive isolates were more in Kadapa district Bt samples. Among the two cry9 family genes, cry9Ca1 was dominant in 22 Bt isolates (24.18%) and 13 isolates were observed with cry9Aa1 (14.29%). In Chittoor (10 isolates), Nellore (4 isolates) and forest ecosystem (7 isolates) cry9Ca1 gene positive isolates were more compared to Kadapa district samples, where cry9Aa1 (4 isolates) samples were high compared to cry9Ca1. Eight cry genes (cry1Aa, cry1Ac, cry1Fa1, cry1I, cry2, cry2A(a)1, cry8, cry9Ca1) were observed in F493, a isolate from Talakona forest area, which was away from human interference and observed with high organic matter. This isolate harboured cry gene belongs to cry1, cry2, cry8 and cry9 groups. Similarly, isolate C67 observed with 66.67 per cent also amplified with eight cry primers (cry1Aa, cry1Ac, cry1C, cry1Da1, cry1Ea1, cry1Fa1, cry2, cry2A(a)1) followed by C134 with 7 cry genes (cry1Ac, cry1C, cry1Da1, cry1Fa1, cry1I, cry2A(a)1, cry8). These types of strains might be resulted in multifunctional insecticide activity, which is useful for control of several groups of insect pests. C134 (83.33%) consisting 7 cry genes. While, C68 (50.00%), F323 (50.00) and F504 (76.67%) were observed with 6 cry genes. Some of the isolates C63 (76.67%), K18 (86.67%) and N48 (76.67%) which were effective in bioassays, did not show amplification with any one of the cry genes screened in the present study. Sequencing of 16s ribosomal RNA results of three Bt strains (F493, F504, N115) confirmed that, these three strains are B. thuringiensis strains with high insecticidal activity. Blast analysis of these strains showed 99, 97 and 96 per cent similarity with the existing Bt gene sequences available in NCBI, GenBank and these three strains were deposited in NCBI, GenBank with Accession Nos. MF487790, MF487791 and MF197874. Field evaluation of solid and liquid formulations of Bt isolates revealed that, solid formulations were comparatively more effective in some of the isolates. Larval population/ m row at 3 and 7 days after spray, foliar damage due to S. litura at 7 and 14 days after spray was low in treatments with F493, F504 which were comparable with standard check HD-1 in both solid and liquid formulations. Highest pod yield was recorded in HD-1, F493 and F504 treated plots.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECTIVE MONITORING STRATEGY FOR SOUTH AMERICAN TOMATO LEAF MINER, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (LEPIDOPTERA : GELECHIIDAE) THROUGH PHEROMONE TRAPS
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) VENKATARAMANAIAH, P; KOTESWARA RAO, S.R.
    The present studies on assessing of efficacy of pheromone trap type and height of erection, effective concentration and changing interval of pheromone lure, seasonal incidence and spatial distribution of South American tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) were carried out during rabi, 2016 in farmer’s field at Piler and Kalikiri in Chittoor district (Andhra Pradesh). The delta, sleeve and wota T traps were installed in tomato crop (Sweakar-448) at Piler to assess the efficacy of trap type and height of erection. The highest moth catches were observed during 44th standard week (204.00 moths/trap) and lowest moth catches were during 3rd standard week (8.00 moths/trap). The delta trap (58.94 moths/trap) installed at crop canopy level caught highest moth catches of T. absoluta followed by sleeve trap (48.94 moths/trap) installed at crop level and lowest moth catches were recorded in wota T (3.92 moths/trap) trap installed at 60 cm above the crop canopy level. Studies on evaluation of different pheromone lure concentrations and replacement period of lures reported that highest and lowest moth catches were recorded during 44th and 4th standard week with 154.00 and 6.00 moths/trap, respectively. The higher moth catches were recorded in two mg pheromone lure replaced for every 15 and 30 days (41.36 and 35.22 moths/trap) and lowest moth catches were recorded in one mg pheromone lure replaced for every 45 days (21.22 moths/trap). xiii The correlation studies between weather parameters and pheromone trap catches revealed that maximum temperature, minimum temperature and morning relative humidity showed non-significant positive association with pheromone trap catches. The pheromone trap catches showed significant negative association with evening relative humidity and rainfall. The sunshine hours showed non-significant positive association and wind velocity showed non-significant negative association with trap catches of T. absoluta. Maximum and minimum temperature showed significant positive association while evening relative humidity showed significant negative association with fruit infestation. The pheromone trap catches exhibited significant positive association with leaf infestation while nonsignificant positive association with fruit infestation. The highest per cent leaf and fruit infestation of South American tomato leaf miner, T. absoluta was observed during 11th and 14th standard weeks, respectively. The larval infestation mostly confined to top canopy level when compared to bottom canopy of tomato crop. Studies on spatial distribution of tomato pinworm, T. absoluta studied during rabi, 2016 in farmer’s field. The selected descriptive statistical indices viz., Mean, Variance, Variance mean ratio, David and Moore’s index, Lloyd’s index of mean crowding, Lloyd’s index of patchiness, Lexis index and Charlier coefficient showed aggregated or clumped distribution throughout the crop period
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) IN WILD RELATIVES OF CHICKPEA
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) SIVA KUMAR, GOLLA; RAJASEKHAR, P
    The present studies on “Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of resistance to Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in wild relatives of chickpea” were carried out at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, during 2014-16. A total of 20 accessions (15 wild relatives and five varieties of cultivated chickpea) were used to evaluate the mechanism of resistance to H. armigera. Under field conditions, during post-rainy seasons 2014-15 and 2015-16, all genotypes of wild relatives of chickpea recorded less number of H. armigera larvae, low visual leaf damage rating and per cent pod damage compared to cultivated chickpea. The genotypes IG 70012, PI 599046, IG 70022, PI 599066, IG 70006, IG 70018 (Cicer bijugum), ICC 506EB, ICCL 86111 (resistant checks), IG 72933, IG 72953 (C. reticulatum) IG 69979 (C. cuneatum) and IG 599076 (C. chrossanicum) showed high levels of antixenosis for oviposition of H. armigera under multi-, dual- and no-choice cage conditions. Studies on detached leaf assay revealed that the genotypes IG 70012, IG 70022, IG 70018, IG 70006, PI 599046, PI 599066 (C. bijugum), IG 69979 (C. cuneatum), PI 568217, PI 599077 (C. judaicum) and ICCW 17148 (C. microphyllum) showed less damage rating and low larval weights compared to susceptible checks. Larval survival was greater on the wild relatives than on the cultivated chickpea. Detached pod assay studies revealed that all wild relatives of chickpea exhibited less damage rating, lower per cent pod damage and lower percentage of weight gained by thirdinstar larva compared to cultivated chickpea. Survival and development of H. armigera on artificial diet impregnated with lyophilized leaf powders revealed that all wild relatives of chickpea genotypes showed high levels of antibiosis to H. armigera compared to cultivated chickpea in terms of lower larval survival, per cent pupation and adult emergence, decreased larval and pupal weight, prolonged larval and pupal developmental periods and reduced fecundity. xvi Among morphological characters, glandular and non-glandular trichomes showed negative association with oviposition under multi-choice and no-choice conditions. Glandular trichomes had significant negative association with damage rating, whereas non-glandular trichomes had significant positive association with damage rating and larval weight but negative association with larval survival in detached leaf assay. Pod wall thickness showed significant negative association with damage rating and per cent pod damage in detached pod assay. HPLC finger prints of leaf organic acids revealed a negative association of oxalic acid with oviposition, while malic acid showed positive and significant association with oviposition under multi- and no-choice conditions. Oxalic acid and malic acid had significant and negative correlation with larval survival in detached leaf assay, which indicates that higher amounts of these acids in cultivated chickpea resulted in reduced larval survival compared to wild relatives. The flavonoid compounds viz., chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, naringin, 3, 4- dihydroxy flavones, quercetin, naringenin, genestein, formononetin and biochanin A identified through HPLC finger prints exhibited negative effects on survival and development of H. armigera reared on artificial diet impregnated with lyophilized leaf powders. Proteins and phenols showed negative effect, while tannins and total soluble sugars showed positive effect on survival and development of H. armigera reared on artificial diet with lyophilized leaf powders of wild relatives of chickpea. Zymogram analysis revealed presence of 3 to 7 trypsin inhibitor (TI) isoforms in all 20 genotypes. The genotypes, IG 70018, IG 70012, IG 70006, IG 70022, PI 599066, IG 72933, IG 72953 and IG 69979 showed higher inhibitory activity of H. armigera gut (HG) proteases, while genotypes PI 510663, PI 599109, PI 568217 and ICCW 17148 showed low inhibitory activity under in vitro conditions. Studies on hemagglutination of lectins revealed that wild relatives of chickpea genotypes showed more agglutination even at less concentration. Schiff’s base staining of lectins revealed that only one isoform with a molecular weight of 29 kDa was observed in wild relatives of chickpea. GC-MS profile peaks of leaf surface chemicals identified with hexane extracts showed 56 peaks in all genotypes. Correlation studies with detached leaf assay and oviposition preference indicated presence of feeding and oviposition repellents as well as phagostimulants and oviposition attractants. A total of 107 GC-MS profile peaks were identified with methanol extracts. Correlation studies indicated that methanol extracts had higher amount of phagostimulants and oviposition repellents than antifeedants and oviposition attractants. The 26 SSR markers used for assessing genetic diversity of wild relatives of chickpea detected a total of 186 alleles with an average of 7.15 alleles per marker. PIC values varied from 0.21 (CaM2064) to 0.89 (CaM0958, ICCM0249 and TAA58). Gene diversity varied from 0.24 (CaM2064) to 0.90 (CaM0958, ICCM0249 and TAA58). The average observed heterozygosity was 0.20. The dendrogram based on UPGMA showed that cultivated chickpea showed a closer genetic relation with the C. reticulatum, while, the species C. microphyllum, C. judaicum, C. bijugum and C. pinnatifidum were placed in other cluster. The other species C. cuneatum was placed in separate cluster indicated that it is distantly related to species in other two clusters.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIO-PHYSICAL, BIO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERS AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF DIFFERENT CASTOR GENOTYPES FOR RESISTANCE TO LEAFHOPPER, Empoasca flavescens Fabricius.
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) MOUNICA, B; VENKATESWARLU, N.C.
    The present study on "Bio-physical, bio-chemical characters and molecular characterisation of different castor genotypes for resistance to leafhopper, Empoasca flavescens Fabricius.” was carried out in Dryland farm of Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College and IFT, RARS, Tirupati during kharif, 2016-17. Screening of twenty eight castor genotypes against leafhopper E. flavescens revealed that the mean leafhopper population varied significantly among the genotypes and high population was recorded in DPC-9 (54.28/3 leaves) followed by DCH-177 (42.93). Least leafhopper population was recorded in GCH-7 (20.48), VP-1 (20.63). The genotypes DPC-9, PCH-111 and DCH-177 recorded highest hopper burn scores of 2.4, 2.4 and 2.0 respectively. Lowest hopper burn scores were recorded in genotypes GCH-7 (0.00), PCH-254 (0.00) and SKI-336 (0.00). Genotypes GCH-7, PCH-254 and SKI-336 could be ranked as the least preferred genotypes with lowest leafhopper population and hopper burn scores while the genotypes DPC-9, DCH-177 could be ranked as most preferred genotypes with highest leafhopper population and hopper burn scores. This could be supported by the fact that GCH-7, PCH-254 and SKI336 were triple bloom genotypes imparting resistance to the leafhopper by antixenotic mechanism while DPC-9, DCH-177 and PCH-111 were zero and single bloom genotypes, respectively with no wax bloom on their leaf lamina. The correlation studies on leafhopper population with abiotic factors showed that maximum temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall, number of rainy days and evaporation were negatively correlated whereas relative humidity and sunshine hours were positively correlated with leafhopper population. Leaf colour of different castor genotypes was recorded through SCMR at monthly intervals upto 90 DAS. The correlation studies of SCMR with leafhopper population and hopper burn scores in castor showed that there was a negative significant correlation between SCMR and both the leafhopper population and hopper burn scores. In the present investigation no trichomes were observed on castor leaves. Among bio-chemical components of castor, phenols had a significant negative correlation with both leafhopper population and hopper burn scores. Total carbohydrates showed a significant positive correlation with leafhopper population. Total free amino acids exhibited significant negative correlation with hopper burn scores. The yield of different genotypes ranged from 217.25 to 31.31g/ plant. Highest yield was recorded in SKI-336 (217.25 g/plant) followed by M-574 (174.44 g/ plant), PCH-254 (152.16 g/ plant) while the lowest yield was recorded in SKI-335 (31.31 g/ plant) followed by SKI-84 (38.85 g/ plant) DCH-519 (52.51 g/ plant) and DCS-107 (55.95 g/ plant). Twelve contrasting genotypes were selected out of twenty eight genotypes for studying the molecular diversity by RAPD and SSR techniques. Eleven random primers (OPA 01, 07, 15, 19, OPC 02, 07, 08, 15 OPD 07, 09, 10) were used for RAPD analysis and generated scorable PCR products by amplifying the template DNA with Taq polymerase. The RAPD products generated a total 155 fragments with an average of 14.09 fragments per primer and the fragments were found 100 per cent polymorphic. The number of scorable bands produced per primer ranged from 2 to 34 and size of the products ranged from 75 bp to 6900 bp. The phylogenetic relationship among 12 castor genotypes was analysed by UPGMA method. The cluster analysis showed three major clusters having GCH-4, PCH-111, Jwala, Pragathi in one cluster, DPC-9, SKI-336, GCH-7, VP-1 in one cluster and PCH-282, Kranthi, SKI-341, DCH-177 in another cluster. Molecular diversity was studied with a set of 41 microsatellite or SSR primers in twelve contrasting castor genotypes. The SSR markers generated a total 120 fragments with an average of 2.86 fragments per primer and the fragments were found 81.09 per cent polymorphic. The number of scorable bands produced per primer ranged from 1 to 5 and size of the products ranged from 85 bp to 880 bp. The phylogenetic relationship among 12 castor genotypes was analysed by UPGMA method. The dendrogram constructed showed three major clusters having DPC-9, SKI-336, GCH-7 in one cluster, PCH111,Pragathi, GCH-4, Jwala in one cluster and SKI-341, PCH-282, DCH177, Kranthi and VP-1 in another cluster. Out of 41 primers, six primers exhibited 0 per cent polymorphism, three primers exhibited 50 per cent polymorphism and remaining 32 primers exhibited 100 per cent polymorphism
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIOLOGY, PREDATORY POTENTIAL OF Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant ON PAPAYA MEALYBUG AND SAFETY EVALUATION OF CERTAIN INSECTICIDES ON PREDATOR
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) MANEESHA, A; KOTESWARA RAO, S.R.
    The present studies on “Biology, Predatory potential of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant on papaya mealybug and Safety evaluation of certain insecticides on predator’’ were carried out at Insectary, Department of Entomology, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati during 2016-17. Biology including morphometrics, predatory potential of C. montrouzieri on papaya mealybug, biology on different life stages of papaya mealybug and evaluation of toxicity of different insecticides on predator were studied. Studies on the biology of C. montrouzieri on Paracoccus marginatus revealed that the oviposition period, male longevity and female longevity was 43.60 ± 2.95, 70.70 ± 2.75 and 77.30 ± 5.03 days, respectively. The mean egg period, duration of I, II, III and IV instars, pre- pupa and pupa was 3.13 ± 1.12, 2.96 ± 0.65, 4.30 ± 0.57, 5.73 ± 0.75 and 6.40 ± 0.78, 2.30 ± 0.49 and 7.50 ± 0.96 days, respectively. The total grub period and developmental period i.e. from egg to adult was found to be 22.50 ± 1.33 and 32.30 ± 1.55 days, respectively. The mean fecundity of female was 272.60 and sex ratio was 1: 1. The morphometrics of the C. montrouzieri revealed that the average length and breadth of egg was 0.81 ± 0.05 mm and 0.41 ± 0.04 mm. Similarly, the average length and breadth of I, II, III and IV instar grubs was 1.26 ± 0.26 mm and 0.49 ± 0.05 mm; 4.60 ± 0.47 mm and 1.17 ± 0.08 mm; 6.06 ± 0.53 mm and 2.00 ± 0.30 mm; 8.44 ± 0.64 mm and 4.12 ± 0.15 mm, respectively. The xiv average length and breadth of pre- pupa and pupa was found to be 8.96 ± 0.36 mm and 4.30 ± 0.35 mm; 9.08 ± 0.46 and 4.32 ± 0.58 mm, respectively. The average length and breadth of adult male and adult female was 3.85 ± 0.24 mm and 2.89 ± 0.12 mm; 4.25 ± 0.28 mm and 3.20 ± 0.20 mm. The total developmental period of C. montrouzieri was significantly highest when reared on ovisacs of papaya mealybug, when compared to that of I, II and III instar nymphs of P. marginatus. Feeding potential of C. montrouzieri on different stages of papaya mealybug was studied. The mean predatory potential of I, II, III and IV instar grub on Ovisac, I, II and III instar nymphs of mealybug was 1.40 ± 0.12, 30.60 ± 0.51, 20.53 ± 0.98 and 13.46 ± 1.15; 1.68 ± 0.13, 43.52 ± 0.41, 30.40 ± 0.68 and 17.33 ± 0.88; 1.90 ± 0.14, 47.04 ± 0.84, 31.56 ± 0.51 and 20.45 ± 0.84 and 1.91 ± 0.15, 54.10 ± 0.45, 38.20 ± 0.58 and 26.32 ± 1.13. Average consumption capacity of male and female on ovisac, I, II and III instar nymphs was 2.98 ± 0.09, 57.81 ± 0.24, 41.39 ± 0.12 and 28.51 ± 0.02 and 3.05 ± 0.10, 58.19 ± 0.26, 43.00 ± 0.19 and 29.28 ± 0.08, respectively. Among safety evaluation of different insecticides on life stages of C. montrouzieri, dimethoate was found to be highly toxic whereas, flonicamid, buprofezin and neem oil were found to be non-toxic through food contamination method. In dry film method, acephate was highly toxic while, buprofezin and neem oil were least toxic to all the stages of the predator
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SCREENING OF CERTAIN GENOTYPES OF BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo L. Hepper), MONITORING AND INSECTICIDAL MANAGEMENT OF WHITEFLY Bemisia tabaci Gennadius
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) JAKEER SHAREEF, S; RAMAKRISHNA RAO, A
    The present study entitled “Screening of certain genotypes of blackgram (Vigna mungo L. hepper), monitoring and insecticidal management of whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius” was carried out during rabi 2016-17 at Department of Entomology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati. The incidence of whitefly was observed from 3 rd standard (std.) week (3rd week of January) with a population of 0.16 nymphs/ trifoliate leaf during 1st date of sowing of LBG 623 in blackgram. Among all the three dates of sowing, peak incidence of whitefly population (10.58 nymphs /trifoliate leaf) was observed in 13th std. week (last week of March). Weather parameters like evening relative humidity, rainfall and wind speed showed negative association with whitefly incidence in terms of number of nymphs/trifoliate leaf while maximum temperature showed positive association with whitefly incidence. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that all the weather factors together were responsible for 82 per cent (R2= 0.82) and 77.4 per cent (R2= 0.774) total variation in whitefly population in two blackgram varieties LBG 623 and PU 31 sown during January first fortnight (D1 ). Among these evening relative humidity, rainfall, sunshine hours and wind speed also could independently affect changes in whitefly population. Thirty-six blackgram genotypes including one susceptible check LBG-623 and one resistant check were selected for screening for resistance to whitefly and replicated thrice in a simple Randomized Block Design. The evaluation of different genotypes against whitefly under field conditions revealed that the genotypes with high trichome density i.e., PU-31 (43.50/cm2 ), TBG-104 Name of the Author : S. JAKEER SHAREEF Title of thesis : “SCREENING OF CERTAIN GENOTYPES OF BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo L. Hepper), MONITORING AND INSECTICIDAL MANAGEMENT OF WHITEFLY Bemisia tabaci Gennadius” Degree to which it is submitted : MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE Faculty : AGRICULTURE Major field : ENTOMOLOGY Chairperson : Dr. A. RAMAKRISHNA RAO University : ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Year of submission : 2017 (43.20/cm2 ), GBG-1 (42.90/cm2 ) and GBG-103 (42.60/cm2 ) recorded less number of whitefly population viz., 2.83, 2.91, 3.03, 3.13 nymphs/ trifoliate leaf/ plant, respectively. The trichome density had highly significant negative correlation (r= - 0.951) with the population of whitefly nymphs. SCMR values are significantly negatively correlated with MYMV incidence (r= -0.700) as well as whitefly population (r= -0.871). Leaf thickness had non-significant negative influence (r= - 0.280) on whitefly population. Seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 2.0 ml+4.0 ml water kg-1 seed was effective upto 30 DAS with more than 50.0 per cent reduction in the whitefly population over control. Among all the insecticides evaluated as foliar sprays, buprofezin 25 SC @ 1.5 ml L-1 was the most effective and significantly superior over all other treatments with more than 70.0 per cent reduction in whitefly population when compared to untreated control. The next best treatments were acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.2 g L-1 (48.79 %) and thiacloprid 21.7 SC @ 0.25 ml L-1 (43.89 %). Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2 g L-1 (39.05 %) expressed better efficacy against whiteflies with more than 35.0 per cent reduction in whitefly population over untreated control. Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2 g L-1 and triazophos 40 EC @ 2.0 ml L-1 were on par with each other. Dimethoate 30 EC @ 2.0 ml L-1 (30.56 %) was found to be least effective with less than 35.0 per cent reduction in population over untreated control. Among the neonicotinoid insecticides, imidacloprid 200 SL was found to be less effective against whiteflies with less than 40 per cent reduction in population over untreated control. Development of resistance in whitefly population to imidacloprid, due to injudicious and indiscriminate use of imidacloprid 200 SL in different crops by the farmers may be the reason for the low level of suppression by the insecticide. However, in terms of whitefly suppression all the treatments were found significantly superior over untreated control.
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    SEASONAL INCIDENCE, DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF INSECT PEST COMPLEX OF SESAME AND THEIR MANAGEMENT WITH CERTAIN INSECTICIDES
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) IMMANUEL CHETHAN PREMDAS, M; HARI PRASAD, K.V.
    Field studies on seasonal incidence, distribution patterns of insect pest complex of sesame and their management with certain insecticides were carried out during summer 2017 at wet land farm, S.V. Agricultural college, Tirupati. Sesame crop (var., YLM-66) was sown two times at fortnightly intervals i.e., on 03-01-2017 and 17-01-2017 to assess the seasonal incidence and distribution patterns of different insect pests. Trial on evaluation of insecticides against sesame pests was sown on March 7th 2017. High incidence of leaf webber, Antigastra catalaunalis larvae was noticed in 2nd week of Febrauary at 40 DAS in 1st sowing and 2nd week of Febrauary at 26 DAS in 2nd sowing. Peak infestation of leaf webber, A. catalaunalis in terms of symptoms of infestation was observed in 2nd week of Febrauary at 40 DAS in 1st sowing and 3rd week of February at 33 DAS in 2 nd sowing. Incidence of hawk moth, Acherontia styx larvae was high during 2 nd week of Febrauary at 40 DAS in 1st sowing and 2nd week of Febrauary at 26 DAS in 2nd sowing. Peak infestation of hawk moth, A. styx in terms of symptoms of infestation was observed in 2nd week of Febrauary at 40 DAS in 1 st sowing and 3rd week of February at 33 DAS in 2nd sowing. Peak infestation of ash weevil, Myllocerus undecimpustulatus in terms of symptoms of infestation was observed in 2nd week of Febrauary at 40 DAS in 1st sowing and 2 nd week of February at 33 DAS in 2nd sowing. Peak infestation of gall fly, Asphondylia sesami in terms of symptoms of infestation was recorded in 3rd xvi week of March at 75 DAS in 1st sowing and 1st week of April at 75 DAS in 2nd sowing. High incidence of leafhopper, Orosius albicinctus nymphs was noticed in 2nd week of Febrauary at 40 DAS in 1st sowing and 2nd week of Febrauary at 26 DAS in 2nd sowing. Incidence of aphid, Aphis gossypii was high in 2nd week of Febrauary at 40 DAS in 1st sowing and 2nd week of Febrauary at 26 DAS in 2 nd sowing. The incidence of leaf webber, A. catalaunalis and hawk moth, A. styx, in terms of larvae and symptoms of infestation was negatively correlated with mean maximum / minimum temperature and evaporation during summer 2017. The correlation was negative and significant between ash weevil, M. undecimpustulatus symptoms of infestation for mean maximum / minimum temperature and evaporation in 1st sowing. Ash weevil, M. undecimpustulatus and gall fly, A. sesami in terms of symptoms of infestation was positively correlated with evaporation in 2nd sowing. Gall fly, A. sesami symptoms of infestation was positively correlated with no. of rainy days in 2nd sowing. Leafhopper, O. albicinctus nymphs exhibited negative correlation with minimum temperature and positive correlation with bright sunshine hours in 1st sowing. Aphid, Aphis gossypii exhibited negative correlation with minimum temperature in 1st sowing. No significant correlation was found between aphids, A. gossypii incidence and meteorological parameters in 2nd sowing. Studies on distribution patterns revealed that larvae of leaf webber, A. catalaunalis, hawk moth, A. styx exhibited a uniform distribution at various stages of crop growth, viz., early vegetative stage, peak vegetative stage, flowering stage, pod formation stage. Ash weevil, M. undecimpustulatus symptoms of infestation also showed an uniform distribution pattern at early vegetative stage, peak vegetative stage while gall fly, A. sesami symptoms exhibited uniform distribution at pod formation stage only. Both the sucking insect pests i.e., leafhopper, O. albicinctus (nymphs) and aphids, A. gossypii exhibited clumped or aggregate distribution though it is more conspicuous in case of aphids. Results on efficacy of certain insecticides against leaf webber, A. catalaunalis, hawk moth, A. styx, leafhopper, O. albicinctus and aphid, A. gossypii revealed that the chemical treatment with chlorantraniliprole @ 0.3 ml L -1 was found to be highly effective against leaf webber, A. catalaunalis. Lambda cyhalothrin @ 1 ml L-1 was superior against hawk moth, A. styx where as pymetrozine @ 0.4 g/L was performed highly against leafhoppers, O. albicinctus and aphids, A. gossypi
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    TRITROPHIC INTERACTIONS OF CASTOR SEMILOOPER, Achaea janata L AND ITS ENDOLARVAL PARASITOID Snellenius maculipennis (Szepligate)
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2017) ESWAR NAIK, M; HARIPRASAD, K.V.
    Laboratory studies on the “Tri-trophic interactions of castor semilooper, Achaea janata L and its endolarval parasitoid Snellenius maculipennis (Szepligate)” were carried out during 2016-17 at Insectary, Department of Entomology, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati. Six varieties of castor viz., DPC-9 (Green zero bloom), DCH-177 (Red single bloom), PCH-111 (Green double bloom), 48-1 (Red double bloom), DCH-519 (Green triple bloom) and GCH-4 (Red triple bloom) were grown in plastic pots during kharif 2016 from August onwards under net house conditions. Excised leaves of equal maturity castor varieties with different blooms were used for studying the biology of A. janata at 28 ± 2˚C temperature and 75-80 per cent RH. Longest larval duration, adult longevity, total life cycle with more larval weights and fecundity of A. janata were observed when reared on DPC-9 (14.42 ±0.87 days; 13.15±0.93 days; 40.77 ± 01.52 days and 1.253 ± 0.129 g; 316.5 ± 20.07 eggs, respectively), indicating DPC-9 as the most preferred variety for growth and multiplication of A. janata followed by DCH-177 (14.25 ±0.81 days; 13.00 ±0.72 days; 40.70 ±01.17 days and 1.202 ± 0.090 g; 276.5 ± 35.19 eggs, respectively). The Shortest larval duration, adult longevity, total life cycle with less larval weight and fecundity of A. janata were observed when reared on GCH-4 (12.42 ±0.81 days; 12.75 ±0.73 days; 36.47 ±03.21 days and 0.925 ± 0.218 g; 234.25 ± 20.27 eggs, respectively) followed by DCH-519 (12.50 ±0.58 days; 12.65 ±0.58 days; 37.15 ±01.25 days and 1.191 ± 0.095 g; 231.0 ± 13.16 eggs, respectively), recording as least preferred hosts for growth and multiplication of A. janata. The performance of A. janata on the remaining varieties were in between DPC-9 and GCH-4. Approximate digestibility (AD) of third instar was highest when reared on GCH-4 (0.953±0.003 mg) and lowest when reared on DCH-177 (0.469±0.191 mg). Efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) of fourth instar was highest when reared on DPC-9 (0.840±0.190 mg) and lowest ECI were observed when reared on GCH-4 (0.521±0.152 mg). Efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and consumption index (CI) of fifth instar was highest when reared on DPC-9 (0.675±0.132 mg; 0.914±0.009 mg) and lowest efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and consumption index (CI) were observed when reared on GCH-4 (0.379±0.050 mg; 0.219±0.045 mg, respectively). Protein content, total free amino acids, total carbohydrates and reducing sugars were positively correlated with total larval duration, adult longevity, total life cycle and fecundity of A. janata (statistically not significant). Total phenols content was negatively correlated with total larval duration, adult longevity, total life cycle and fecundity of A. janata. (statistically significant). Per cent parasitization by S. maculipennis on A. janata larvae released on castor varieties with different blooms was higher on PCH-111 (67.5±7.73 %) followed by DCH-177 (63.3±31.97 %), 48-1 (61.2±10.38 %), DCH-519 (61.2±10.30 %), GCH-4 (60.4±12.50 %) and DPC-9 (50.7±15.32 %) (Not statistically significant). Biological parameters of parasitoid, S. maculipennis such as egg+larval duration, cocoon duration, adult longevity and total life cycle, when larvae released on different castor varieties at different blooms viz., DPC-9, DCH-177, PCH-111, 48-1, DCH-519 and GCH-4 were 5.25 to 5.75, 4.50 to 4.75, 3.50 to 3.75, 13.2 to 13.75 days, respectively.
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    BIO-INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT OF Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) AND Maruca vitrata (Geyer) IN PIGEONPEA
    (2017) SAI, YADDANAPUDI; Dr. M. SREEKANTH
    A field experiment entitled “Bio-intensive management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Maruca vitrata (Geyer) in Pigeonpea” was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur during Kharif, 2014-15. Twenty pigeonpea genotypes were screened and morphological and biochemical factors like trichome density, trichome length, phenol, protein and sugar content were studied and the efficacy of certain bio-insecticides were evaluated against pod borers, H. armigera and M. vitrata. Among 20 genotypes screened against pod borers viz., H. armigera and M. vitrata, five genotypes viz., LRG 30, LRG 41, ICPL 87119, ICP 8863 and BSMR 853 were found resistant with regard to per cent pod and grain damage. The results also showed that none of the genotypes were free from pod borer damage. The genotype, LRG 41 recorded highest pod and grain yield per plant i.e., 549.5 and 382.7 g, respectively. Among the morphological factors, trichome density on upper and lower surface of leaf showed a significant negative correlation with pod damage due to pod borers. Thus, the genotypes having higher density of trichomes on leaves suffered less pod damage due to pod borers. Among the biochemical factors, sugars and proteins present in flowers, pod walls and seeds showed significant positive correlation, whereas phenols showed significant negative correlation with pod damage by pod borers. Results on management of pod borers with bio-insecticides revealed that spinosad 45 % SC @ 73 g a.i., ha-1 was highly effective in controlling the two lepidopteron pod borers viz., H. armigera and M. vitrata by recording lowest per cent pod and grain damage with highest yield (1671 kg ha-1) and incremental cost benefit ratio (2.47).