Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Open Access
VARIATION IN NUTRIENT UPTAKE, PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) AS INFLUENCED BY HEAT STRESS AND BIO-INOCULANTS
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-30) MOHAMMED ANWAR ALI; K. JAYALALITHA
The present investigation entitled “Variation in nutrient uptake, photosynthesis and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by heat stress and bio-inoculants” was undertaken at the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during two consecutive years of rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in split plot design, replicated thrice. There are four main treatments i.e. normal sowing (sown on December 20th - M1), and subsequent sowings at 20 days interval i.e. (moderately delayed sowing - M2) sown on January 10th, (delayed sowing - M3) sown on January 30th, and (extremely delayed sowing - M4) sown on February 20th, to expose the crop to delayed sowings induced heat stress and five sub-treatments with bio-inoculants i.e. (control/ no application of bio-inoculant (S1), Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi - AMF (S2), Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria - PSB (S3), Potassium Releasing Bacteria - KRB (S4), and combination of AMF+PSB+KRB (S5)). The results of the study revealed, significant differences among the main treatments, sub-treatments and their interactions. Accumulated Growing Degree Days (GDD) at maturity decreased in delayed sown crops as the crop experiences heat stress and tires to completes its life cycle early. Soil temperatures increased in delayed sowings, however application of bio-inoculants helped in maintaining the soil temperatures. Plant height decreased significantly under delayed sown conditions, and the decrease was 40 and 44 per cent in extremely delayed sown maize crop during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. Application of AMF+PSB+KRB in combination increased the plant height by 8.80 and 10.15 per cent, over the control plants in both the years. The extremely delayed sown maize crop that was applied xxi with AMF+PSB+KRB (M4S5) increased the plant height by 15.10 per cent, over no bio-inoculant application (M4S1). Leaf area was reduced drastically during both the years, due to heat stress (delayed sowings) and leaf, stem, reproductive parts and total drymatter were decreased by 31.82 and 44.10; 54.92 and 73.70; 75.99 and 94.51 and 77.51 and 107.80 per cent in extremely delayed sown crop during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively, over the normal sown crop. Among the bio-inoculant treatments, combined application of AMF+PSB+KRB increased the leaf, stem, reproductive parts and total drymatter by 20.17 and 22.18; 22.83 and 22.91; 29.94 and 24.88; 31.56 and 27.28 per cent over control plants during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. AMF application was next to best treatment in increasing the leaf area and leaf, stem, reproductive parts and total drymatter over control plants. Normal sown maize crop that was applied with AMF+PSB+KRB in combination (M1S5) recorded the highest values of above parameters and the lowest values were recorded by the extremely delayed sown crop without bio-inoculant application (M4S1). Under extremely delayed sown conditions, the maize crop that was applied with AMF+PSB+KRB in combination (M1S5) increased the leaf area and leaf, stem, reproductive parts and total drymater over the extremely delayed sown crop without bio-inoculant application (M4S1). Thermotolerance parameters such as MII, CSI, RLWC and canopy temperature varied significantly by heat stress. Higher MII was recorded by the extremely delayed sown crop compared to the normal sown crop, indicating increased lipid peroxidation under heat stress (delayed sowing) conditions. Application of AMF+PSB+KRB in combination decreased the MII and canopy temperature and improved the CSI and RLWC under extremely delayed sown conditions (heat stress conditions), application of AMF+PSB+KRB in combination under extremely delayed sown condition (M4S5) helped in minimizing the damage to the cellular membranes by recording lesser MII values and canopy temperatures, higher CSI and RLWC compared to the extremely delayed sown crop without bio-inocualnt application (M4S1), indicating the role of bio-inoculants in amelioration of heat stress especially under extremely delayed sown conditions. Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were decreased in the extremely delayed sown maize crop by 86.47 and 95.09; 64.66 and 70.60; 24.82 and 29.20 per cent, during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively over the normal sown crop. Application of AMF+PSB+KRB exhibited superior performance in enhancing net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate by 35.60 and 32.28, 18.76 and 17.22; 67.50 and 70.67 per cent, respectively over control plants. Maize crop applied with AMF+PSB+KRB in combination under extremely delayed sown condition (M4S5) increased the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate over untreated plants (M4S1). SOD and CAT activity were increased in maize due to extremely delayed sowing as compared to normal sowing. Protein content was reduced in the extremely delayed sown maize crop. Application of AMF+PSB+KRB in xxii combination under extremely delayed sown condition (M4S5) significantly increased the SOD and CAT activity, and protein contents as compared to the untreated plants (M4S1). Nutrient uptake (macro and micro nutrients) in maize crop decreased with the increase in heat stress due to extremely delayed sowing of maize which decreased macro nutrient (N, P and K) and, the micro nutrients uptake (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) over normal sown maize crop. Application of bio-inoculants increased both the macro and micro nutrient uptake in maize under normal and delayed sowings. The application of AMF+PSB+KRB in combination under delayed sown conditions of maize crop increased the macro nutrient (N, P and K) and the micro nutrient uptake (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) over extremely delayed sown crop without application of bio-inoculants during both the years. In extremely delayed sown maize crop, the number of kernels cob-1, test weight and kernel yield were decreased over the normal sown crop. Among the bio-inoculant treatments, application of AMF+PSB+KRB in combination increased the kernels per cob, test weight and kernel yield over the untreated plants. Under normal sown conditions, the maize crop that was applied with AMF+PSB+KRB (M1S5) recorded increase in seed yield over the crop without bio-inoculant application (M1S1), and the extremely delayed sown crop with bio-inoculant application (M4S5). Under extremely delayed sown conditions, application of AMF+PSB+KRB in combination (M4S5) increased the kernel yield over the extremely delayed sown crop without bio-inoculant application (M4S1). Application of AMF+PSB+KRB in combination under extremely delayed sown condition sown maize crop recorded higher harvest index compared to the crop without bio-inoculant application. According to the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the morpho- physiological, thermotolerance, photosynthetic parameters, nutrient uptake levels and yield and its components and quality parameters were drastically reduced in the extremely delayed sown maize crop, indicating the determinantal effect of heat stress under extremely delayed sown conditions. Application of AMF+PSB+KRB in combination could improve the growth, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis and yield and its components of maize both under normal sown as well as in delayed sowings. AMF came in the second order in improving the above parameters. The use of AMF+PSB+KRB in combination especially under extremely delayed sown conditions, could alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on nutrient uptake (macro and micro), photosynthesis and yield of maize by improving the nutrient availability, thermotolerance capacity of the crop in terms of maintaining lesser MII, higher CSI, RLWC and lower canopy temperatures and higher activity of SOD and CAT which helped the maize crop to perform better under heat stress, due to delayed sowings.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF PIGEON PEA (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) GENOTYPES FOR HIGH ROOT MINING, MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND YIELD PARAMETERS UNDER RAINFED SITUATION
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-30) R. PAVANI; K. JAYALALITHA
Root study and the field experiment were conducted for the “Evaluation of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] genotypes for high root mining, morpho-physiological and yield parameters under rainfed situation” during kharif 2019 and 2020 at RARS farm and Dryland farm, S.V. Agricultural college, Tirupati. Ten treatments consisting of ten genotypes out of which four were mid-early duration genotypes (V1- PRG-176, V2- CO-6, V3- AKTE 12-04, V4- ICPL 8863), four were medium duration genotypes (V5- MPV 106, V6-RVSA 16-1, V7-LRG 133-33, V8-LRG-52) and remaining two were long duration genotypes (V9-ICPL 15062, V10- ICPL 17103) were selected for the study purpose. Root Mining studies were carried out under specially raised rectangular soil beds of size i.e; 15m x 2m x 1.5m (Lx B x H) in completely randomized block design and replicated twice, whereas the field study was carried out in randomized block design and replicated thrice. Significant genotypic variation was observed among the mid-early, medium and late duration genotypes with respect to root traits, growth, photosynthesis, WUE traits, heat tolerance traits, crop weather relations, biochemical and yield parameters. In the root study, the mid-early duration genotype, CO-6 and the medium duration genotype, LRG-52 exhibited superior performance by recording 66.0 and 57.0 per cent increase in root length over the late duration genotype, ICPL 15062. LRG-52 increased the number of primary and secondary roots by 64.0 and 57.0 per cent, and CO-6 by 50.0 and 45.6 per cent, respectively, over the late duration genotype, ICPL 17103. Higher root: shoot ratio was recorded in the genotype LRG 52 (0.41) and the lesser root: shoot ratio was recorded in ICPL 8863 (0.23) at 65 DAS in simulated raised soil bed conditions. Among the ten genotypes evaluated under field study, the maximum total plant drymatter production was recorded significantly in the genotypes LRG-52 and CO-6 and the increase was 1.5 folds over the late duration genotype ICPL 17103. These two genotypes recorded 1.6 and 1.4 folds increase in pod drymatter, xvii respectively, over ICPL 15062 at harvest. Hence these two genotypes were considered as efficient total dry matter partitioning ones under rainfed conditions. LRG-52 and CO-6 exhibited less leakage of solutes and increased the membrane thermo stability index by 27.4 and 24.6 per cent, respectively over ICPL 15062 and decreased the canopy temperature by 20.7 and 17.2 percent, respectively, over ICPL 17103 and by 18.7 and 15.1 per cent, respectively over ICPL 15062. CO-6 and LRG-52 recorded higher heat use efficiency and increased by 107.0 and 96.5 per cent, respectively over ICPL 17103. Hence these two genotypes with higher MSI and lesser canopy temperature were considered as heat tolerant genotypes compared with the late duration genotypes under rainfed situation. The maximum SCMR was recorded in LRG-52 and CO-6 genotypes and increased the value by 42.1 and 41.0 per cent, respectively, over ICPL 17103 and 41.8 and 40.6 per cent, respectively, over ICPL 15062. These two genotypes recorded 31.3 and 26.6 per cent increase in RWC over ICPL 15062. LRG-52 and CO-6 recorded 15.4 and 20.0 per cent decrease in SLA over the late duration genotype ICPL 15062 at flowering and pod formation stage of the crop (120 DAS). Hence these two genotypes with high RWC, SCMR and lesser SLA were considered as higher WUE genotypes under rainfed conditions. In the current investigation, genotypic variation was observed with respect to photosynthetic attributes. The genotypes LRG-52 and CO-6 recorded 49.6 and 42.4 per cent increase in photosynthetic rate over ICPL 17103. With respect to crop weather relations under rainfed conditions, at maturity, the late duration genotypes recorded the highest GDD of 3389.8 oC day followed by the medium duration genotypes, recorded the GDD value of 3076.6 oC day. The lowest GDD of 2724.0 oC day was recorded by the mid-early duration genotypes. At harvest, LRG-52, a medium duration genotype recorded maximum number of pods per plant and increased by 70.1 per cent and CO-6 by 64.5 per cent over ICPL 17103. This might be due to increase in number of branches plant-1 where balance was maintained between vegetative and reproductive phase. LRG-52 recorded the maximum 100 seed weight of 12.93 g which was at par with CO-6 (11.48 g). The minimum 100 seed weight of 9.53 g was recorded in ICPL 17103 which was at par with ICPL 15062 (10.11 g). LRG 52, a medium duration genotype exhibited superior performance and increased the seed and stalk yield by 74.3 and 18.8 per cent, respectively, and CO-6 by 63.0 and 23.1 per cent, respectively over the long duration genotype ICPL 17103. LRG-52 recorded higher HI of 28.44 % and the lesser HI was recorded in ICPL 17103 (21.16%). Correlation studies revealed that there is high positive correlation between growth and yield attributes. Medium and late duration genotypes exposed to terminal moisture stress (i.e., 2 to 3 continuous dry spells) during flowering and pod formation stages in both the years of study. The medium duration genotype LRG-52, eventhough faced with moisture stress, performed better over other maturing groups (i.e., late duration genotypes) in the present study. However, the mid-early duration genotype CO-6 was also comparable with that of medium duration genotype LRG-52 with regards to seed yield due to its early maturing character, and it is considered to use where early maturity of the crop is required, especially under rainfed conditions to escape the terminal moisture stress. The genotypes ICPL 15062 and ICPL 17103 were xviii late maturing and encountered moisture stress during flowering and pod formation stages during both the years of study that resulted in lesser seed yield and its components in the present study. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the medium duration genotype LRG-52 has the capacity to withstand terminal drought situations and can be recommended as a drought tolerant one especially under rainfed conditions. Along with this, the mid-early duration genotype CO-6 can also be recommended to rainfed areas as it possess drought escape nature because of its earliness character. Hence these two genotypes may be popularized due to their noteworthy performance under rainfed conditions in Southern zone of Andhra Pradesh.
Open Access
INFLUENCE OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL SPECIES (AM) ON DROUGHT TOLERANCE, NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND YIELD OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) UNDER WATER STRESS
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-29) Y. BHARGAVI; K. JAYALALITHA
The present investigation entitled “Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal species (AM) on drought tolerance, nutrient uptake and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under water stress” was undertaken at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during two consecutive years of rabi 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiment was laid out in split plot design replicated thrice. There are two main treatments i.e., no stress (M0- irrigation is given as per irrigation schedule), and moisture stress at pegging and pod formation stages i.e., 40-60 DAS (M1) and seven sub treatments viz., no application of mycorrhiza (S0), soil application of Glomus fasciculatum (S1), Glomus aggergatum (S2), Glomus mosseae (S3), Glomus intraradices (S4), Gigaspora sps. (S5) and Acaulospora sps. (S6) each @12.5 kg ha-1 The results of the study revealed that significant differences were observed between main plot, sub plot treatments and their interactions. Soil moisture content of the plots subjected to drought stress was depleted from 15.65 to 7.41 per cent during 2019-20 and 14.12 to 6.83 per cent during 2020-21 upon imposition of water stress from 40 to 60 DAS. Lower soil moisture content was observed in the treatments that received the soil application of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 which was 20.0 and 19.4 per cent lower, during 2019-20, and 19.5 and 19.2 per cent lower, respectively, during 2020-21, compared to control which indicates the enhanced the water uptake of plants by the extensive hyphal network of these mycorrhiza, whereas higher soil water content was recorded in plots without mycorrhizal application, Acaulospora sps. and Glomus aggregatum. In the present study, water stress reduced the leaf area by 15.3 and 17.0 per cent, relative water content (RWC) by 21.1 and 19.0 per cent, leaf water potential (LWP) by 54.6 and 92.5 per cent and, total dry matter accumulation by 32.8 and 32.6 per cent, and increased the cellular leakage of solutes (MII) by 61.1 and 50.3 per cent and specific leaf weight (SLW) by 13.3 and 21.2 per cent compared to the irrigated groundnut plants during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. xxi Groundnut plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 exhibited superior performance by improving physiological parameters viz., leaf area by 25.5 and 19.4 per cent, relative water content by 12.7 and 12.2 per cent, leaf water potential by 26.1 and 25.6 per cent, specific leaf weight by 16.8 and 13.8 per cent and total dry matter accumulation by 56.0 and 53.4 per cent, and reduced the cellular leakage of solutes by 14.3 and 13.7 per cent respectively during 2019-20 and during 2020-21, leaf area (17.4 and 18.4 %), relative water content (15.0 and 13.8 %), leaf water potential (27.7 and 27.1 %), specific leaf weight (12.2 and 11.8 %) and total dry matter accumulation (39.5 and 38.4 %) were increased and MII (13.6 and 11.8 %) was reduced in the present study. Under water stress conditions, soil application of Glomus mosseae @ 12.5 kg ha-1 enhanced the leaf area (21.3 and 17.9 %), relative water content (12.1 and 19.8 %), leaf water potential (29.1 and 24.8 %) and total dry matter accumulation (96.2 and 68.7 %) compared to non-mycorrhizal plants under water stress conditions during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively and the soil application of Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 increased the leaf area by 14.2 and 12.6 per cent, relative water content by 8.1 and 16.9 per cent, leaf water potential by 25.6 and 22.7 per cent and total dry matter accumulation by 75.7 and 57.6 per cent in both the years, respectively. While, Acaulospora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 recorded poor performance in improving the physiological parameters (leaf area, SLW, RWC, LWP, total dry matter accumulation and partitioning) of the plants both under irrigated and water stress conditions. Groundnut plants subjected to water stress recorded 43.3, 28.5 and 40.4 per cent reduction in net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of groundnut during 2019-20 and 40.7, 29.7 and 46.2 per cent reduction during 2020-21, respectively, compared to the irrigation treatment. Soil application of Glomus mosseae @ 12.5 kg ha-1 recorded 51.9 and 46.2 per cent higher net photosynthetic rate followed by Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 which recorded 50.5 and 45.0 per cent higher net photosynthetic rate during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively, over control. While, higher stomatal conductance was recorded with Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 (45.6 and 37.4 per cent higher) followed by Glomus mosseae @ 12.5 kg ha-1 (41.8 and 32.3 per cent) in both the years, respectively. Under water stress, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of the treatment that received the soil application of Glomus mosseae was 66.9 and 53.1 per cent higher during 2019-20 and 46.2 and 69.1 per cent higher during 2020-21, respectively, and the soil application of Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 recorded 58.5 and 52.0 per cent and 45.0 and 67.6 per cent increase in net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, respectively, in both the years. The total leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of water stressed groundnut plants were declined by 20.4 and 18.5 per cent, respectively, during 2019-20 and 17.8 and 20.7 per cent, respectively, during 2020-21. Soil application of Glomus mosseae enhanced the total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in leaves by 42.9 and 65.9 per cent, respectively during 2019-20 and 27.1 and 41.9 per cent, respectively during 2020-21. Whereas, Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 increased the total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in leaves by 38.6 and 61.4 per cent, respectively, during 2019-20 and by 26.4 and 39.5 per cent, respectively during 2020-21. Under drought stress, the leaf chlorophyll content of the treatment that received the soil application of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 was 73.0 and 46.8 per cent higher, during 2019-20 and 32.5 and 23.8 per cent higher, respectively, during 2020-21 than the control plants under drought stress. The xxii increase in leaf carotenoid content of the treatment that received the soil application of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 was 91.9 and 37.6 per cent, during 2019-20 and 52.6 and 34.2 per cent, respectively, during 2020-21, over non-AM plants under drought stress. A significant increase in antioxidant metabolites such as ascorbate (80.2 and 79.0 per cent) and proline contents (74.0 and 118.0 per cent) were noticed in the groundnut plants subjected to water stress over irrigated plants. Enhancement of ascorbate content with the soil application of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 was 40.4 and 28.4 per cent during 2019-20 and 32.0 and 30.9 per cent during 2020-21, respectively, and proline content was 25.4 and 19.3 per cent during 2019-20 and, 23.2 and 18.1 per cent during 2020-21, respectively. Especially under water stress, the treatment that received the Glomus mosseae @ 12.5 kg ha-1 exhibited superior performance and increased the ascorbate and proline contents by 38.1 and 37.5 per cent during 2019-20 and 56.0 and 31.2 per cent during 2020-21, respectively. While, the treatment that received Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 increased the ascorbate and proline contents by 46.7 and 27.4 per cent during 2019-20 and 50.0 and 23.9 per cent during 2020-21, respectively. Both under irrigated and water stress conditions, Acaulospora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 exhibited poor performance and recorded lesser increase in antioxidant metabolites compared to all other mycorrhizae. Antioxidant enzymes i.e., superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were significantly increased in the groundnut plants under water stress by 130.0 and 59.9 per cent during 2019-20 and 102.5 and 53.0 per cent during 2020-21, respectively compared to those under irrigated condition. Soil application of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 recorded higher SOD and catalase activities both under irrigated as well as drought stress conditions. Especially under water stress, Glomus mosseae exhibited superior performance by increasing SOD and catalase activities by 134.1 and 28.3 per cent during 2019-20 and 93.7 and 36.4 per cent during 2020-21, respectively. While, Gigaspora sps. enhanced the SOD and catalase activities by 126.1 and 25.1 per cent, and 87.4 and 22.9 per cent in both the years, respectively. The uptake of macro and micro nutrients was declined under water stress. Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of groundnut crop grown under water stress was reduced by 41.0 and 29.9 per cent during 2019-20, and 46.2 and 35.9 per cent during 2020-21 compared to control without stress at 60 DAS. Among the sub treatments, groundnut plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae increased the nitrogen uptake by 59.9 and 71.4 per cent, phosphorus uptake by 41.3 and 70.8 per cent and potassium uptake by 40.6 and 19.1 per cent during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. While, Gigaspora sps. inoculation increased the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by 50.0, 27.6 and 22.3 per cent during 2019-20, and 62.8, 49.0 and 16.4 per cent during 2020-21. Nitrogen uptake of groundnut plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae (68.3 and 94.4 %) and Gigaspora sps. (47.2 and 82.2 %) was significantly higher than control under stress. Similarly, phosphorus uptake was significantly increased with Glomus mosseae (33.9 and 57.1 %) and Gigaspora sps. (26.8 and 55.5 %) under water stress. Similarly, soil application of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 enhanced the potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, copper, manganese and zinc uptake compared to other mycorrhizal treatments under irrigated and water stress conditions in both the years. Non-mycorrhizal plants recorded lower nutrient xxiii uptake and the groundnut plants inoculated with Acaulospora sps. and Glomus aggregatum @ 12.5 kg ha-1 recorded poor performance in enhancing nutrient uptake of groundnut. Water stress reduced the yield attributes viz., number of pods per plant by 37.2 and 39.5 per cent, peg to pod ratio by 39.7 and 32.8 per cent, pod yield of groundnut by 32.0 and 33.5 per cent, and harvest index by 5.2 and 11.2 per cent during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. Among the sub treatments, soil application of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 enhanced the yield and yield attributes significantly compared to other treatments. Number of pods per plant were enhanced by 23.0 and 22.9 per cent during 2019-20 and 33.4 and 29.7 per cent during 2020-21 by the inoculation of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1, respectively, compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. While, the pod yield was enhanced by 26.4 and 25.2 per cent during 2019-20 and 28.9 and 25.5 per cent during 2020-21 by the inoculation of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1, respectively. Irrigated groundnut plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae @ 12.5 kg ha-1 increased the pod yield by 15.8 and 21.4 per cent during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively, while, Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 enhanced the pod yield by 17.2 and 23.2 per cent, respectively compared to control under irrigation in both the years. Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sps. exhibited superior performance under water stress also by increasing the number of pods per plant by 47.5 and 46.4 per cent and 38.5 and 29.4 per cent during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively, and the pod yield by 44.3 and 38.9 per cent during 2019-20, and 40.9 and 29.2 per cent during 2020-21. Soil application of Acaulospora sps. was recorded with lower number of pods per plant, peg to pod ratio and pod yield under irrigated and water stress condition. The VAM colonization per cent of the groundnut roots subjected to water stress was 32.7 and 34.8 per cent lower than the plants under irrigated condition. The higher root colonization was observed in treatments that received the soil application of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 which recorded 69.00 and 68.33 per cent, respectively, during 2019-20 and 66.50 and 66.00 per cent, respectively, during 2020-21 at 60 DAS. Under drought stress, higher root colonization was noticed with the soil application of Glomus mosseae @ 12.5 kg ha-1 (57.00 and 52.33 %) followed by Gigaspora sps. (54.33 and 49.67 %) during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively, while, control under drought stress was recorded with the lowest root colonization (7.33 and 7.33 %) in both the years, respectively. With regards to available soil nutrient content, except nitrogen and phosphorus no significant differences were observed with the application of mycorrhiza. The higher available soil nitrogen content after harvest was recorded in the treatment without mycorrhizal inoculation while, lower nutrient content was observed in the treatment that received Glomus mosseae @ 12.5 kg ha-1 during 2019-20 and in the treatment that received Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 during 2020-21. It was found to be on a par with all other mycorrhizal treatments except control i.e., no mycorrhizal application, and the available soil phosphorus content after harvest was higher in non-mycorrhizal plants and lower in the treatment that received the soil application of Glomus fasciculatum @ 12.5 kg ha-1 during 2019-20 and 2020-21 and it was found to be on a par with other mycorrhizal treatments except control. It is evident from the present study, water stress during pegging and pod formation stages had harmful effect on growth, pod yield, nutrient uptake and water status of groundnut plants. AM colonization improved the drought resistance and xxiv nutrient uptake of groundnut plants as a consequence of enhanced water and nutritional status (both macro and micro nutrients) of the plants. Our results clearly illustrate that Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sps. were the most effective AM species which improved the growth and yield of groundnut plants both under irrigated as well as water stress conditions. Especially under water stress condition, inoculation of groundnut plants with Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sps. @ 12.5 kg ha-1 improved the growth and yield of the plants due to the improvement of water relations, nutrient content, gas exchange status, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant defense system which could protect the groundnut plants against the deleterious effects of drought stress.
Open Access
EFFECT OF ZINC APPLICATION ON GROWTH, RE-MOBILISATION EFFICIENCY AND GRAIN FORTIFICATION IN FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn)
(guntur, 2022-08-08) MRUDULA, G.; SANDHYA RANI, P.
The present investigation entitled “Effect of zinc application on growth, re-mobilisation efficiency and grain fortification in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn)” was conducted in two consecutive years during kharif, 2019 and 2020 at S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replication and two varieties Vakula (V1) and Tirumala (V2) as main treatments; seven zinc treatments viz., Control (T1), 60-30-20 of NPK + FYM @ 10t ha-1 (T2), T2 + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal (T3), T2 + soil application of chelated zinc sulphate @ 5 kg ha-1 as basal (T4), T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence stage (T5), T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at grain filling stage (T6), T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) as sub treatments. Crop response to different treatments was measured in terms of quantitative and qualitative indices viz., morphological, physiological, yield and its attributes, quality parameters of grain, zinc partitioning among plant parts and re-mobilization of zinc to grains. Between the varieties, Tirumala (V2) variety recorded higher quantitative and qualitative indices compared to Vakula (V1) variety. Among the sub-treatments, upto ear head emergence stage, T2 + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal (T3) recorded significantly higher growth parameters, followed by T2 + soil application of chelated zinc @ 5 kg ha-1 as basal (T4). After ear head emergence stage, T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) recorded significantly highest growth, yield and quality parameters of finger xv millet. The interaction effects revealed that the dry matter production and growth parameters which represent sink activity viz., crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and sink capacity viz., leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLW) and SCMR were higher in V2T7 i.e., Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7), followed by V1T7 i.e., Vakula (V1) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) during kharif, 2019 and 2020. The growth parameters viz., plant height, number of tillers per plant, leaf area, total dry matter revealed that, V2T3 i.e., Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal (T3) recorded significantly highest growth upto ear head emergence stage. And thereafter V2T7 i.e., Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) recorded significantly higher growth parameters compared to other interactions. The yield attributes viz., number of productive tillers per plant, number of fingers per plant, 1000 grain weight were significantly highest in V2T7 i.e. Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7), followed by V1T7 i.e., Vakula (V1) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) compared to all other interaction effects. Highest grain yield, straw yield and harvest index were recorded in V2T7 treatment compared to all other interactions during both years of experiment. Among the interaction effects of grain quality parameters, V2T7 i.e., Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) recorded significantly higher protein, iron, zinc and calcium content, followed by V1T7 i.e., Vakula (V1) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) compared to other interactions. The contribution of zinc from different plant parts viz., root, stem, leaf and leaf sheath to grain was highest in V2T7 i.e. Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) and the least contribution was noticed by V1T1 i.e. Vakula (V1) variety with control i.e. no fertilizer and also no zinc (T1) during kharif, 2019 and 2020. Re-mobilization efficiency was higher in V2T7 i.e. Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7), followed by V1T7 i.e. Vakula (V1) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7) and least was recorded by V1T1 i.e. Vakula (V1) variety with control (T1). xvi The zinc use efficiency and root to shoot translocation index were lesser in V2T7 i.e. Tirumala (V2) variety with T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stages (T7). Whereas V1T1 i.e. Vakula (V1) variety with control (T1) recorded higher translocation compared to other interactions. The highest post harvest available soil zinc status was recorded with T3 i.e. T2 + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 as basal and T4 i.e. T2 + soil application of chelated zinc sulphate @ 5 kg ha-1 as basal with no significant difference between them. However, the available soil zinc status was low with control (T1). Based on the results obtained from the present study, it is evident that the variety Tirumala (V2) found effective for physiological efficiency, yield attributes, partitioning efficiency, quality, zinc fortification and grain quantity parameters compared to Vakula (V1). The soil application of T2 + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (T3) recorded increased growth parameters up to ear head emergence stage, However, T2 + foliar spray of 0.2% ZnSO4 at ear head emergence and grain filling stage (T7) proved to be the best with higher grain yield, partitioning of zinc to grain, re-mobilization efficiency and grain fortification.
Open Access
STABILITY ANALYSIS IN GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2021-12-08) SHRUTI, KORADDI; SATYANARAYANA RAO, Dr. V.
The present investigation was carried out to elucidate the information on the amount of variability present in 42 groundnut genotypes for kernel yield and its 14 component traits. To estimate extent of heritability, nature of association together with direct and indirect effects of component characters on kernel yield and to estimate the stability performance. In addition comparing different parameters that characterize stable genotypes over three environments as well as to screen the material for disease reaction and confirmation through biochemical parameters. The 42 genotypes picked up from different sources were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications. The data was recorded on 15 traits viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm), number of mature pods per plant, pod yield per plant (g), harvest index, 100 pod weight (g), protein content (%), oil content (%), shelling (%), days to maturity, 100 kernel weight (g), SPAD chlorophyll meter reading at 60 and 80 DAS, kernel yield per plant (g) and oil yield per plant (g). The analysis of variance has indicated significant differences among genotypes for all the characters studied indicating the existence of a high degree of variability among the test genotypes. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was noticed for the characters number of mature pods per plant, pod yield per plant, 100 pod weight, 100 kernel weight, kernel yield per plant and oil yield per plant in all the environments indicating the importance of additive gene action in governing the inheritance of these traits. Therefore by attempting a simple selection in these traits would help in evolving high yielding groundnut genotypes. Character association study has revealed that the characters, days to 50 per flowering, number of mature pods per plant, pod yield per plant, harvest index, 100 pod weight, protein content, 100 kernel weight, shelling %, days to maturity, SCMR at 60 DAS, SCMR at 80 DAS, and oil yield per plant showed positive correlation with kernel yield. Hence, due weightage should be given to these characters during selection for yield improvement. xvii Path coefficient analysis has revealed that oil yield per plant together with pod yield per plant have exhibited strong positive correlation and high direct effects on kernel yield per plant both at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Therefore, simultaneous selection for these traits will be rewarding for improving the yield in groundnut. Diversity studies revealed that the traits Protein content, oil content, days to maturity and 100 kernel weight have contributed maximum towards genetic divergence. The genotypes were grouped into nine clusters using Tocher‟s method. The traits viz. Days to 50% flowering, pod yield per plant, 100 pod weight, 100 kernel weight, days to maturity and kernel yield per plant recorded highest mean value in cluster VIII; for the traits like plant height, Number of mature pods per plant, Oil content, SCMR at 60 DAS and SCMR at 80 DAS the highest mean value in cluster IX. Similarly highest mean value was found in cluster VI for harvest index and shelling %; for Protein content and oil yield per plant highest mean value in cluster III. The analysis of variance pooled over three environments for stability among the 42 groundnut genotypes has revealed significant differences for all the characters except the number of mature pods per plant and protein content. Environment (linear) is significant for all the characters except SCMR at 80 DAS. The genotypeenvironment interaction component is non-significant for most of the characters except days to 50 per cent flowering, pod yield per plant (g), 100 pod weight (g), shelling %, kernel yield per plant and oil yield per plant. Thus the study has indicated a lesser influence of environment on the genotypes evaluated. The genotypeenvironment (linear) component showed significance for the characters days to 50 per cent flowering, pod yield per plant, hundred pod weight, shelling %, SCMR at 80 DAS, Kernel yield per plant and oil yield per plant. The pooled deviation component is significant for most of the characters except hundred pod weight, hundred kernel weight, shelling % and days to maturity. Thus indicating the importance of non-linear components in determining interaction of the genotypes with environments in the present study. None of the genotypes have shown stable performance for all the characters studied according to the Eberhart and Russell model. The genotypes Kadiri 8 bold , K 2104 , K 2066, K 2064 , K 2014, K 1725 and K 1609 for Kernel yield per plant; Kadiri 8 bold, K 2066, K 2064, K 2014, K 1735, K 1725 and K 1609 for oil yield per plant were found to be stable over the environments. According to AMMI analysis, the genotypes, K 1725 and K 1715 were found to be stable for kernel yield per plant over the environments. The genotypes Kadiri 8 bold and K 1725 were stable for oil yield per plant over the environments as their IPCA-1 score is near to zero. Among the 16 qualitative traits studied, growth habit, stem pigmentation, pod beak, pod constriction, pod reticulation, pod size, kernel size and testa colour have exhibited higher levels of variability. None of the genotypes were found to be immune to either of the three diseases studied. Only Six genotypes have showed resistance against late leaf spot and rust while nine genotypes have shown resistance reaction against early leaf spot. 15 genotypes showed moderate resistance for late leaf spot and rust. Twenty one xviii genotypes recorded moderate resistance against early leaf spot and 16 genotypes registered susceptible reaction for both late leaf spot and rust diseases. For early leaf spot, nine genotypes showed susceptible reaction. Five genotypes Kadiri 6, TAG 24, Narayani, Dharani and Abhaya showed highly susceptible reaction to late leaf spot and rust, similarly for early leaf spot three genotypes Kadiri 6, TAG 24 and Narayani showed highly susceptible reaction. Resistant genotypes can be used as parents in resistance breeding. Studies on biochemical attributes indicated that total phenol, OD Phenol, total sugars and reducing sugars were the biochemical constituents found more in resistant genotypes and hence considered as parameters for disease resistance.
Open Access
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL VARIABILITY IN BLACKGRAM GENOTYPES (Vigna mungo (L.) HEPPER) FOR TOLERANCE TO LEAF CURL DISEASE
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2021-12-08) DINESH RAHUL, VADLAMUDI; . RAMA RAO, Dr. G
The present study entitled “Physiological and biochemical variability in blackgram genotypes (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) for tolerance to leaf curl disease” was conducted at RARS, Lam, Guntur during late rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20 in a randomized block design. The treatments included were 25 blackgram genotypes with three replications. Results obtained from the study revealed that significant difference was observed among the genotypes for leaf curl disease incidence, thrips population, plant height, number of branches, trichome density, leaf thickness, leaf area, SLA, SLW, LAI, SCMR, total chlorophyll content, total phenols, tannins, total soluble sugars, free amino acids, protein content, catalase activity, peroxidase activity and hydrogen peroxide content at 20, 40, 60 DAS and at maturity and CGR and NAR at 20 – 40 DAS, 40 – 60 DAS and 60 DAS to maturity during both the seasons. The twenty five genotypes evaluated were grouped in to four different categories based on leaf curl disease incidence (%), 8 genotypes (LBG 884, LBG 888, GBG 1, VBG-13-3, TBG 129, PBG 32-2, TU40, GKB 3) under resistant category, 9 genotypes (LBG 623, LBG 806, LBG 808, LBG 818, LBG 881, GKB 1, GKB 2, GKB 4, VBG 14-16) as moderately resistant, 6 genotypes (LBG 752, LBG 787, LBG 822, LBG 828, LBG 951,PU31) were placed under moderately susceptible category and 2 genotypes (TBG 125, TBG 104) were found susceptible. The experiment was late sown during both late rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20 to coincide with higher temperatures, lower relative humidity and high vector population resulting in higher leaf curl disease incidence. Among the genotypes tested higher leaf curl disease incidence (%) was observed in the susceptible genotypes TBG 104 (49%) and TBG 125 (46.45%). Lower disease incidence was recorded in the genotypes TU 40 (5.43%) and LBG 884 (8.23%). Higher thrips population was recorded in the genotypes LBG 623 (13.2 plant-1 ) and GKB 4 (11 plant-1 ). Leaf curl disease infection caused a significant reduction in plant height, number of branches and leaf area in all the genotypes and higher percent reduction was observed in susceptible genotypes compared to their genotypic characters. Plant height in susceptible genotypes was reduced by 56.4% whereas in resistant genotypes it was 33.7%. The percentage reduction in the number of xviii branches was 65.3 in susceptible genotypes and 46.1 in resistant genotypes. The reduction in the leaf area of susceptible genotypes was 82.9% and the resistant genotypes showed only 52.8 % reduction in leaf area. Trichome density was observed to be maximum at 60 DAS and among the genotypes higher trichome density was observed in GKB 3 (27.67 per 10mm2 ) followed by LBG 884 (27.22 per 10mm2 ). Higher leaf thickness was observed at maturity in all the genotypes and among the genotypes highest leaf thickness value was recorded in TU 40 and GBG 1 (0.437 mm). The lower values of trichome density at 60 DAS and lower leaf thickness at maturity were recorded in the genotypes LBG 623 (12.09 per 10mm2 ) and LBG 951 (0.377 mm) respectively. Resistant genotypes accumulated higher dry matter compared to the genotypes of any other category. The resistant genotype TU 40 showed higher values of leaf, stem, root and pod dry weight at maturity with 5.274, 5.032, 1.485 and 3.696 g plant-1 respectively. Lower SLA values were recorded at 60 DAS in all the genotypes and among genotypes lower SLA values were observed in GBG 1 (105 cm2 g -1 ) grouped under resistant category in GBG 1. Higher SLW values were also observed at 60 DAS in all the genotypes where the resistant genotype GBG 1 (9.13 mg cm-2 ) recorded the highest of all the genotypes. Higher CGR values were recorded during 40-60 DAS in all the genotypes and among the genotypes higher CGR value was recorded in the resistant genotype TU 40 (12.50 g m-2 ground area day-1 ). Maximum NAR values were recorded during 20-40 DAS in all the genotypes and the higher NAR value was recorded in PBG 32-2 (11.46 g m-2 leaf area day-1 ). Lower values of total dry matter at maturity, SLW at 60 DAS, CGR during 40-60 DAS and NAR during 40-60 DAS were recorded in the genotypes GKB 4 (8.46 g plant1 ), TBG 104 (3.11 mg cm-1 ), LBG 623 (5.16 g m-2 ground area day-1 ) and TBG 104 (5.76 g m-2 leaf area day-1 ) respectively. Higher total phenolic and tannins content was observed at maturity in all the genotypes and among them LBG 818 (73.11 µg g-1 FW) recorded higher total phenols content and the genotypes TU 40 and GKB 3 (5.22 mg g-1 DW) recorded higher tannins content. Whereas the lower values of phenols and tannins were recorded in the genotype LBG 623 (51.47 µg g-1 FW and 4.01 mg g DW) The higher TSS content at 40 DAS was recorded in the genotype LBG 623 (177 µg g-1 FW) whereas the lower value was recorded in GKB 3 (90.23 µg g-1 FW). The higher FAA content at maturity was recorded in TBG 104 (1.132 mg g-1 FW) whereas the lower value was recorded in GKB 4 (0.543 mg g-1 FW). The higher protein content was recorded at 40 DAS in all the genotypes and among them higher value was observed in VBG 13-3 (1.851 mg g-1 FW) and the lower value was found in LBG 623 (1.396 mg g-1 FW). Higher catalase and peroxidase activities were recorded at 40 DAS and 60 DAS respectively in all the genotypes. Among the genotypes higher catalase activity was recorded in TU 40 (74.85 ng min-1 mg-1 protein) and lower catalase activity was observed in TBG 104 (33.33 ng min-1 mg-1 protein). Among the genotypes higher peroxidase activity was recorded in TU 40 (80.72 ng min-1 mg-1 protein) and the lower peroxidase activity was recorded in TBG 104 (40.83 ng min-1 mg-1 protein). The H2O2 content of all the genotypes increased with the advancement in age and at 40 DAS the H2O2 accumulation was observed in response to the disease infection. Higher H2O2 content among the genotypes was observed in TBG 104 (129.57 nmol g-1 FW) whereas lower H2O2 accumulation was observed in TU 40 (71.27 nmol g-1 FW). The leaf nitrogen content was observed to be decreased from 20 DAS to maturity in all the genotypes. The genotype LBG 623 recorded higher N content at 20, 40, 60 DAS and at maturity (2.92, 2.49, 1.74 and 1.49% respectively) and lower N content values were recorded in the genotype TU 40 (1.83, 1.40, 0.64 and 0.55% respectively). The leaf xix phosphorus content of all the genotypes depleted from 20 DAS to maturity. Among the genotypes higher P content values were recorded in the genotype TU 40 at 20, 40, 60 DAS and maturity (0.456, 0.280, 0.276 and 0.216% respectively) whereas the lower values were recorded in LBG 623 (0.309, 0.229, 0.183 and 0.174% respectively). The leaf potassium content increased from 20 to 60 DAS in all the genotypes and decreased from 60 DAS to maturity among the genotypes higher K content value at 60 DAS was recorded in the genotype LBG 806 (2.066%) whereas the lower value was record in LBG 623 (1.715%). The leaf curl disease has severely affected the yield and yield component traits of all the genotypes. The genotypes grouped under resistant category TU 40 (739 kg ha-1 ), VBG 13-3 (729 kg ha-1 ) and PBG 32-2 (722 kg ha-1 ) showed higher seed yield. The character association studies has revealed that the morphological traits like leaf thickness and trichome density showed highly significant negative correlation with thrips population at 40 and 60 DAS both at phenotypic and genotypic levels. The physiological traits like SLW, CGR and NAR showed highly significant negative association with leaf curl disease incidence at both phenotypic and genotypic levels and SLA showed a positive association. The biochemical traits such as catalase and peroxidase activities, phenols, tannins, protein, phosphorus and potassium showed a highly significant negative association with leaf curl disease incidence at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Whereas the traits TSS, FAA and H2O2 showed a highly significant positive association with leaf curl disease incidence at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Hence, It can be concluded that the leaf curl disease resistance in blackgram is contributed by higher antioxidant activities, K content and lower FAA and H2O2 contents.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF GROUNDNUT GENOTYPES FOR GROWTH, RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY AND YIELD UNDER HIGH DENSITY PLANTING
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2021-11-22) SWETHA SREE, M.; SUDHAKAR, Dr. P.
The experiment on “Evaluation of groundnut genotypes for growth, radiation use efficiency and yield under high density planting” was conducted at Tirupathi located at 13.65°N and 79.42°E of Southern agro-climatic region of Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was conducted during kharif, 2018 and kharif, 2019 in a split plot design with three replications. The treatments included are three groundnut spanish bunch genotypes of different growth habits Kadiri-6 (erect), Kadiri-9 (decumbent 2) and Dharani (decumbent-3) sown at four spacings viz., 30 cm × 10 cm, 30 cm × 5 cm, 20 cm ×10 cm and 20 cm × 5 cm. The data pertaining to crop phenological and growth attributes in terms of plant height and internodal length were significantly higher in erect genotype, Kadiri-6 and number of primary branches, number of days to 50 % flowering, leaf area, total dry matter per plant and SCMR were significantly higher in decumbent types (Kadiri-9 and Dharani). Among the spacings, plant height, internodal length and days to 50% flowering were significantly higher in 20 cm × 5 cm (100 plants m-2) and number of primary branches, leaf area, total dry matter per plant and SCMR were significantly higher at recommended planting density i.e., 30 cm × 10 cm (33.3 plants m-2). CGR, RGR, NAR and LAD were significantly higher in decumbent -2 type, Kadiri-9 and LAI was higher in decumbent-3 type, Dharani. Among the spacings, 20 cm × 5 cm (100 plants m-2) recorded higher CGR, RGR, NAR, LAI and LAD compared to recommended planting density i.e., 30 cm × 10 cm (33.3 plants m-2). xvi The interaction data revealed that significantly higher plant height was observed in 100 plants m-2 (20 cm × 5 cm) in Kadiri-6. Kadiri-9 sown at recommended spacing 30 cm ×10 cm (33.3 plants m-2) recorded significantly highest leaf area. CGR and NAR were significantly higher when Kadiri-9 was sown at 100 plants m-2 (20 cm × 5 cm), LAI and LAD in Dharani sown at 100 plants m-2 (20 cm × 5 cm). Data pertaining to canopy photosynthesis i.e., light interception, light extinction coefficient, radiation use efficiency, rate of photosynthesis, drymatter partitioning to root and pod were higher in decumbent-3 type, Dharani. However, dry matter partitioning to leaf was higher in Kadiri-9 (decumbent-2), dry matter partitioning to stem was higher in Kadiri-6 (erect type). Among the spacings, higher density 20 cm × 10 cm (100 plants m-2) recorded higher light interception and dry matter partitioning to stem whereas light extinction coefficient, radiation use efficiency, rate of photosynthesis, dry matter partitioning to leaf, root and pod were higher at recommended planting density i.e., 30 cm × 10 cm (33.3 plants m-2). The interaction data revealed that significantly higher light interception observed when Dharani was sown at a spacing of 20 cm × 5 cm. Significantly higher light extinction coefficient was observed when Dharani sown at a spacing of 30 cm × 10 cm. Number of flowers, number of pegs and number of unfilled pods were significantly higher in decumbent-2 type (Kadiri-9), whereas flower to peg ratio, number of filled pods, peg to pod ratio, shelling percentage, pod yield, harvest index, gross returns, net returns were significantly higher in decumbent-3 type (Dharani). However, hundred kernel weight and sound mature kernel percentage was higher in erect type (Kadiri-6). Among the spacings, recommended planting density i.e., 30 cm × 10 cm (33.3 plants m-2) recorded significantly higher number of flowers, pegs, flower to peg ratio, number of filled pods per plant, number of unfilled pods, peg to pod ratio, 100 kernel weight, shelling percentage and sound mature kernel percentage. However, significantly higher pod yield, harvest index, gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio were significantly higher at 20 cm × 10 cm (50 plants m-2). The interaction data revealed that number of flowers, number of filled pods and unfilled pods were higher in Kadiri-9 sown at recommended spacing of 30 cm × 10 cm. Significantly higher pod yield, harvest index and benefit cost ratio were observed when Dharani was sown at a spacing of 20 cm × 10 cm (50 plants m-2). Pod yield recorded significant positive correlation with light interception, radiation use efficiency, rate of photosynthesis, dry matter partitioning to pod and shelling percentage. However, significant negative correlation was observed with light extinction coefficient, dry matter partitioning to leaf, dry matter partitioning to stem, sound mature kernel percentage and hundred kernel weight. xvii Plant type and canopy structure significantly influence light distribution and interception in the canopy especially under increased plant densities, ultimately effecting crop yield. Decumbent-3 genotype, Dharani sown at 20 cm × 10 cm (50 plants m-2) resulted in significantly higher pod yield (4,090.01 kg ha-1) whereas lower pod yield was observed in Kadiri-6 sown at 30 cm × 5 cm (2,109.51 kg ha-1). The study concludes that decumbent growth habit spanish bunch groundnut genotypes can well fit into high density plantings to reap higher productivity.
Open Access
SEED DORMANCY BEHAVIOUR AND ITS MANIPULATION IN DIFFERENT BOTANICAL TYPES OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2021-11-22) SOMLA NAIK, R.; UMAMAHESH, Dr. V.
The present investigation entitled “Seed dormancy behaviour and its manipulations in different botanical types of groundnut” was conducted at dry land farm and department of Crop Physiology, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati. A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2016 and 2017 in a randomized block design with twenty genotypes replicated thrice. The genotypes selected were of four botanical types of groundnut viz., Virginia runner types (GAUG 10, NCAC 2731, GJG HPS 1, Florigiant and Florunner), Virginia bunch types (Kadiri 7, Kadiri 8, K1454, K1501 and Tirupati 3), Spanish bunch types (Kadiri 6, Kadiri 9, TAG 24, Kadiri harithandra and Dharani) and Valencia types (MH2, MH4, Kopergaon 3, Ganagpuri and ICGV 86105). The results showed a decreased germination percentage in Virginia runner (24) and Virginia bunch (43) at harvest and suggested their dormancy behaviour. The corresponding values in non-dormant Spanish bunch and Valencia types were 82 and 88.67. A low seedling vigour index at 30 and 60 days after harvest in Virginia runner (219.57 and 452.40) and Virginia bunch (215 and 433.55) further suggested their dormancy behaviour. The dormancy was observed to be released by 90 days after harvest in these genotypes which was reflected by high seedling vigour index in Virginia runner (507.57) and Virginia bunch (487.53) compared to Spanish bunch (423.10) and Valencia types (358.37). The seed moisture and shell moisture content showed a negative relationship with germination percentage (r = -0.69 and r = -0.58) and were significantly high in Virginia runner (14.93 and 19.71) and Virginia bunch type (12.52 and 17.45). xxi The biochemical characterization of seeds at different stages showed a significantly higher reducing sugars (1.66 mg g-1 and 1.53 mg g-1), total soluble proteins (29.82% and 29.67%), lipids (49.41% and 47.95%) a low starch content (61.61 mg g-1 and 62.83 mg g-1) coupled with low shell and seed moisture content in Spanish bunch and Valencia types. The data supported their readiness for germination after physiological maturity contrary to Virginia runner and Virginia bunch. A significantly high oleic/linoleic acid ratio coupled with high unsaturated/ saturated fatty acid ratio in Virginia runner (2.52 and 2.39) and Virginia bunch (1.89 and 1.96) was reported from the results of this investigation and this was attributed as one of the reasons for dormancy since high O/L ratio helps for more stability of lipids. Proteins profiling through SDS-PAGE at 30 days before harvest and 30 days after harvest showed a clear difference in protein bands. The protein bands observed in the genotypes at thirty days before harvest (35 kDa) suggested accumulation of storage proteins like arachin. Among yield attributes, Virginia runners recorded a higher number of pods (41.97) with more immature pods. The pod yield (kg ha-1) was significantly higher in Virginia bunch types (2457.61) and Spanish bunch (2457.61) which might be due to their erect growth habit. Further, the shelling percent was high (70.73) in Spanish bunch whereas 100 kernel weight was more in Virginia bunch types (61). Another field experiment was conducted during rabi 2016-17 and 2017- 18 to know the influence of different growth regulating chemicals (T1 : control, T2 : Cycocel @ 500 ppm, T3 : Cycocel @ 1500 ppm, T4 : Maleic hydrazide @ 1000 ppm, T5 : Maleic hydrazide @ 2000 ppm, T6 : Salicylic acid @ 50 ppm and T7 : Salicylic acid @ 100 ppm) on induction of fresh seed dormancy in Spanish bunch type cultivars, TAG 24 and Kadiri 9. The field experiment was conducted in a split plot design with two genotypes as main plots and six growth regulating chemical treatments as sub plots, replicated thrice. Among different treatments T3 (Cycocel @ 1500 ppm) induced dormancy effectively in TAG 24. Among the treatments T2 (Cycocel @ 500 ppm) recorded higher reducing sugars (1.68 mg g-1), lipids (45.60 %), total soluble proteins (26.89 %) and starch (51.62 mg g-1) content compared to control. Foliar application of growth regulating chemicals, particularly T3 (Cycocel @ 1500 ppm) reduced the percent field sprouting to zero in TAG 24 compared to control (45). There was no field sprouting observed in Kadiri 9 even in control treatment at harvest even when the moisture content was maintained at field capacity. The results thus indicated the inherent fresh seed dormancy in Kadiri 9 supporting intra group variations in Spanish bunch and Valencia types with respect to dormancy behaviour. Further, the study suggested that the application of T3 (Cycocel @ 1500 ppm) was effective in inducing fresh seed dormancy without any adverse effects on seed quality parameters viz., sugars, xxii proteins and lipids. The number of pods per plant (38 and 41), number of filled pods (34.5 and 39), pod yield (2611.17 and 3379.5) and harvest index (42.99 and 40.25) were significantly higher with T3 (Cycocel @ 1500 ppm) compared to control (T1) in TAG 24 and Kadiri 9 respectively. A laboratory experiment was conducted in a completely randomized factorial design with ten genotypes [five Virginia runner (GAUG 10, NCAC 2731, GJG HPS 1, Florigiant and Florunner) and five Virginia bunch (Kadiri 7, Kadiri 8, Kadiri 1501, Kadiri 1454 and Tirupati 3)] and six treatments of CEPA (2-chloro ethyl phosphonic acid)[(T1: Control (seeds soaked in water for 1 hour), T2: Spraying CEPA @ 500 ppm (on seeds soaked in water for 1 hour), T3: seeds soaked in CEPA @ 500 ppm for 3 hrs, T4: seeds soaked in CEPA @ 500 ppm for 3 hrs, T5: seeds soaked in CEPA @ 500 ppm for 6 hrs and T6: seeds soaked in CEPA @ 500 ppm for 12 hrs)] to know the influence of CEPA in breaking of dormancy in Virginia runners and Virginia bunch types that possess dormancy for 60-90 days after harvest. Among the treatments T5 (seeds soaked in CEPA @ 500 ppm for 6 hrs) recorded a significantly higher germination percent at 24, 48 and 72 hrs (24, 30 and 70) and suggested the role of ethylene in breaking of seed dormancy. The treatment T5 (seeds soaked in CEPA @ 500 ppm for 6 hrs) recorded a high seedling vigour index (13.1 and 147.77) high total soluble proteins (27.81, 26.84 and 28.20), lipids (40.9, 30.6 and 33.1) and starch (103, 88.1 and 63.5) compared to control (T1). The study thus suggested that soaking of seeds in CEPA @ 500 ppm for six hours can be administered successfully to break the seed dormancy in Virginia runner and Virginia bunch types. The present study also revealed a greater genetic variability among the groundnut genotypes for physiological parameters, which would help in identification of parents for crossing programmes so as to develop Spanish bunch varieties with some degree of fresh seed dormancy.
Open Access
INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM AND NICKEL NUTRITION ON WATER STATUS, BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN MAIZE UNDER HEAT STRESS
(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) GOWTHAMI, P; ASHOKA RANI, Y
A study entitled influence of potassium and nickel nutrition on water status, biomass production and yield in maize under heat stress was carried out at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19 in split plot design, with three dates of sowing (December 20, January 10 and January 30) as main plots and eight treatments viz., S1: 100% RDK (Control); S2: 125% RDK; S3: 1 kg Ni ha-1; S4: 2 kg Ni ha-1; S5: S1+S3; S6: S1+S4; S7: S2+S3; and S8: S2+S4 as subplots in three replications. From the findings of the experiment it was revealed that increased mean maximum and minimum temperatures creates a heat stress for late sown crops resulting in significant influence on growth, biomass production, water status, leaf associated parameters, biochemical parameters, yield and yield components. Application of potassium and nickel also significantly affected the recorded parameters. Plant height was reduced by 14.7 to 24.6 per cent during 2017-18 and 9.6 to 20.7 per cent during 2018-19 in late sown crops whereas application of potassium and nickel enhanced the plant height by 6.7 to 33.6 per cent during 2017-18 and 5.6 to 28.2 per cent during 2018-19. During both the years, reduction in leaf area due to heat stress ranged from 7.9 to 17.1 per cent and 9.4 to 16.4 per cent respectively and an enhancement of 7.4 to 35.2 per cent and 7.8 to 38.3 per cent respectively was recorded with nutrient treatments. December 20 sown crop had taken maximum number of days to 50 per cent tasseling and minimum for 50 per cent silking. In January 30 sown crop it was observed that 50 per cent tasseling was hastened and silking was delayed. xviii Application of potassium and nickel enhanced the days to 50 per cent tasseling and reduced the days to 50 per cent silking resulting in reduced anthesis silking interval. Drymatter partitioning and total drymatter was greatly influenced by dates of sowing, potassium and nickel application. Higher leaf drymatter was observed at 60 DAS with a reduction of 10.7 to 24.1 per cent during 2017-18 and 10.2 to 22.5 per cent during 2018-19 due to heat stress under delayed sowing. Application of potassium and nickel enhanced the leaf drymatter to an extent of 4.4 to 21.7 per cent during 2017-18 and 1.9 to 20.4 per cent during 2018-19. Stem drymatter was reduced by 9.0 to 18.9 per cent during 2017-18 and 4.1 to 8.1 per cent during 2018-19 due to heat stress in late sown crops. The application of potassium and nickel increased it from 4.3 to 20.9 per cent during 2017-18 and 5.3 to 21.0 per cent during 2018-19. Reduction in root drymatter under delayed sowing ranged from 12.0 to 24.7 per cent during 2017-18 and 9.0 to 20.6 per cent during 2018-19. The increment with potassium and nickel application ranged from 6.8 to 33.6 per cent during 2017-18 and 3.4 to 22.6 per cent during 2018-19. Reproductive parts drymatter reduced to an extent of 5.6 to 13.3 per cent during 2017-18 and 4.7 to 8.2 per cent during 2018-19 due to heat stress under delayed sowing and with potassium and nickel application it was enhanced by 6.5 to 30.9 percent during 2017-18 and 4.4 to 23.1 per cent during 2018-19. During both the years a reduction of 8.3 to 18.4 per cent and 6.6 to 11.9 per cent was recorded in TDM due to the increased temperatures with delayed sowing and an increment of 6.5 to 31.5 per cent and 4.9 to 24.6 per cent was obtained with the application of potassium and nickel. Heat stress under delayed sowing resulted in 4 to 10.8 percent reduction in RWC. Potassium and nickel application increased the leaf water status and restored the normal conditions. Soil and canopy temperature were increased with increased temperature. Hence higher temperatures were recorded in M3 and application of potassium and nickel reduced the temperatures with the lowest values recorded in S8. Photosynthetic rate was declined by 5.5 to 11.1 and 4.5 to 9.0 m mol CO2 m-2 s-1 during 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively due to heat stress induced by delayed sowing. An enhancement of 1.9 to 9.5 and 1.7 to 10.9 m mol CO2 m-2 s-1 during 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively was observed with potassium and nickel application. Similarly stomatal conductance, internal CO2 and transpiration rate were also reduced with high temperatures and enhanced to some extent with nutrient treatments. xix Delayed sowing resulted in reduction of CSI to an extent of 6.1 to 14.2 percent due to increased temperatures. Potassium and nickel application enhanced the CSI by 3.7 to 19.3 per cent. An enhancement in MII (7.4 to 14.7 %) was observed in late sown crops with the increased temperatures, whereas with the application of potassium and nickel MII decreased by 2.5 to 13.5 per cent. Proline content was increased with enhanced temperatures by 11.6 to 20.7 percent during 2017-18 and 13.3 to 20.8 per cent during 2018-19. Potassium and nickel increased the proline content by 3.7 to 17.6 per cent and 2.7 to 18.3 per cent during 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively. Enhanced activity of SOD (0.4 to 1.0 U mg-1 protein) and peroxidase (2.6 to 8.5 U mg-1 protein) was observed in late sown crops with the raise in temperatures. Application of potassium and nickel also increased the SOD and peroxidase activity. Yield components as number of rows per cob, number of kernels per row, test weight except number of cobs per plant were significantly reduced with increased temperatures in late sown crops and enhanced to some extent by potassium and nickel application, resulting in yield reduction by 18.0 to 50.2 per cent during 2017-18 and 16.6 to 48.8 per cent during 2018-19 and increment among the nutrient treatments except in S3 and S4 by 6.6 to 30.0 per cent during 2017-18 and 6.2 to 28.4 per cent during 2018-19. HUE was lowered by 18.7 to 48.8 per cent during 2017-18 and 18.0 to 47.5 per cent during 2018-19 in late sown crops indicating M1 produced greater yield per each heat unit absorbed. Nutrient treatments enhanced it by 6.6 to 30.2 per cent during 2017-18 and 6.0 to 28.3 per cent during 2018-19. Among the yield based stress indices except SSI all other as RHI, STI, GMP, MP and YSI were more in M2 than M3. Among the potassium and nickel all other treatments except S3 and S4 enhanced the stress indices with the highest values in S8 and S3 the lowest with high SSI.

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

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