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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Subject: Crop Physiology × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2018 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM AND NICKEL NUTRITION ON WATER STATUS, BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN MAIZE UNDER HEAT STRESS
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) GOWTHAMI, P; ASHOKA RANI, Y
    A study entitled influence of potassium and nickel nutrition on water status, biomass production and yield in maize under heat stress was carried out at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19 in split plot design, with three dates of sowing (December 20, January 10 and January 30) as main plots and eight treatments viz., S1: 100% RDK (Control); S2: 125% RDK; S3: 1 kg Ni ha-1; S4: 2 kg Ni ha-1; S5: S1+S3; S6: S1+S4; S7: S2+S3; and S8: S2+S4 as subplots in three replications. From the findings of the experiment it was revealed that increased mean maximum and minimum temperatures creates a heat stress for late sown crops resulting in significant influence on growth, biomass production, water status, leaf associated parameters, biochemical parameters, yield and yield components. Application of potassium and nickel also significantly affected the recorded parameters. Plant height was reduced by 14.7 to 24.6 per cent during 2017-18 and 9.6 to 20.7 per cent during 2018-19 in late sown crops whereas application of potassium and nickel enhanced the plant height by 6.7 to 33.6 per cent during 2017-18 and 5.6 to 28.2 per cent during 2018-19. During both the years, reduction in leaf area due to heat stress ranged from 7.9 to 17.1 per cent and 9.4 to 16.4 per cent respectively and an enhancement of 7.4 to 35.2 per cent and 7.8 to 38.3 per cent respectively was recorded with nutrient treatments. December 20 sown crop had taken maximum number of days to 50 per cent tasseling and minimum for 50 per cent silking. In January 30 sown crop it was observed that 50 per cent tasseling was hastened and silking was delayed. xviii Application of potassium and nickel enhanced the days to 50 per cent tasseling and reduced the days to 50 per cent silking resulting in reduced anthesis silking interval. Drymatter partitioning and total drymatter was greatly influenced by dates of sowing, potassium and nickel application. Higher leaf drymatter was observed at 60 DAS with a reduction of 10.7 to 24.1 per cent during 2017-18 and 10.2 to 22.5 per cent during 2018-19 due to heat stress under delayed sowing. Application of potassium and nickel enhanced the leaf drymatter to an extent of 4.4 to 21.7 per cent during 2017-18 and 1.9 to 20.4 per cent during 2018-19. Stem drymatter was reduced by 9.0 to 18.9 per cent during 2017-18 and 4.1 to 8.1 per cent during 2018-19 due to heat stress in late sown crops. The application of potassium and nickel increased it from 4.3 to 20.9 per cent during 2017-18 and 5.3 to 21.0 per cent during 2018-19. Reduction in root drymatter under delayed sowing ranged from 12.0 to 24.7 per cent during 2017-18 and 9.0 to 20.6 per cent during 2018-19. The increment with potassium and nickel application ranged from 6.8 to 33.6 per cent during 2017-18 and 3.4 to 22.6 per cent during 2018-19. Reproductive parts drymatter reduced to an extent of 5.6 to 13.3 per cent during 2017-18 and 4.7 to 8.2 per cent during 2018-19 due to heat stress under delayed sowing and with potassium and nickel application it was enhanced by 6.5 to 30.9 percent during 2017-18 and 4.4 to 23.1 per cent during 2018-19. During both the years a reduction of 8.3 to 18.4 per cent and 6.6 to 11.9 per cent was recorded in TDM due to the increased temperatures with delayed sowing and an increment of 6.5 to 31.5 per cent and 4.9 to 24.6 per cent was obtained with the application of potassium and nickel. Heat stress under delayed sowing resulted in 4 to 10.8 percent reduction in RWC. Potassium and nickel application increased the leaf water status and restored the normal conditions. Soil and canopy temperature were increased with increased temperature. Hence higher temperatures were recorded in M3 and application of potassium and nickel reduced the temperatures with the lowest values recorded in S8. Photosynthetic rate was declined by 5.5 to 11.1 and 4.5 to 9.0 m mol CO2 m-2 s-1 during 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively due to heat stress induced by delayed sowing. An enhancement of 1.9 to 9.5 and 1.7 to 10.9 m mol CO2 m-2 s-1 during 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively was observed with potassium and nickel application. Similarly stomatal conductance, internal CO2 and transpiration rate were also reduced with high temperatures and enhanced to some extent with nutrient treatments. xix Delayed sowing resulted in reduction of CSI to an extent of 6.1 to 14.2 percent due to increased temperatures. Potassium and nickel application enhanced the CSI by 3.7 to 19.3 per cent. An enhancement in MII (7.4 to 14.7 %) was observed in late sown crops with the increased temperatures, whereas with the application of potassium and nickel MII decreased by 2.5 to 13.5 per cent. Proline content was increased with enhanced temperatures by 11.6 to 20.7 percent during 2017-18 and 13.3 to 20.8 per cent during 2018-19. Potassium and nickel increased the proline content by 3.7 to 17.6 per cent and 2.7 to 18.3 per cent during 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively. Enhanced activity of SOD (0.4 to 1.0 U mg-1 protein) and peroxidase (2.6 to 8.5 U mg-1 protein) was observed in late sown crops with the raise in temperatures. Application of potassium and nickel also increased the SOD and peroxidase activity. Yield components as number of rows per cob, number of kernels per row, test weight except number of cobs per plant were significantly reduced with increased temperatures in late sown crops and enhanced to some extent by potassium and nickel application, resulting in yield reduction by 18.0 to 50.2 per cent during 2017-18 and 16.6 to 48.8 per cent during 2018-19 and increment among the nutrient treatments except in S3 and S4 by 6.6 to 30.0 per cent during 2017-18 and 6.2 to 28.4 per cent during 2018-19. HUE was lowered by 18.7 to 48.8 per cent during 2017-18 and 18.0 to 47.5 per cent during 2018-19 in late sown crops indicating M1 produced greater yield per each heat unit absorbed. Nutrient treatments enhanced it by 6.6 to 30.2 per cent during 2017-18 and 6.0 to 28.3 per cent during 2018-19. Among the yield based stress indices except SSI all other as RHI, STI, GMP, MP and YSI were more in M2 than M3. Among the potassium and nickel all other treatments except S3 and S4 enhanced the stress indices with the highest values in S8 and S3 the lowest with high SSI.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON GRAIN QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY INHIBITION OF LEAF SENESCENCE IN BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo (L.) HEPPER)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) NANIBABU, CHOPPA; SREEKANTH, B
    The present investigation entitled “Physiological studies on grain quality improvement by inhibition of leaf senescence in blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)” was undertaken at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during kharif, 2018. Three different concentrations of kinetin (10-2, 10-3 and 10-4 M), potassium nitrate (5 and 10 g L-1) and urea (10 and 20 g L-1) along with untreated control and water application control were imposed as foliar treatments on blackgram cv PU-31 in a randomized block design with three replications. Treatments were applied at three different times of reproductive growth viz., 10 days before 50% flowering, 50% flowering and 10 days after 50% flowering. Leaf senescence was studied by measuring chlorophyll content, APX acitivity, NR activity and urease acitivity. Kinetin at 10-4 M concentration appeared to be better in inhibiting leaf senescence during the reproductive phase of blackgram. Results also showed that lower concentrations of nitrogen sources (0.5% KNo3 and 1% urea) were better in decreasing the leaf senescence in black gram. Nodule senescence was studied by estimation of Lb content, APX activity and soluble nitrogen in black gram. Results showed that foliar application of kinetin at lower concentration (10-4 M) and higher concentrations of nitrogen sources i.e., potassium nitrate (1%) and urea (2%) decreased the nodule senescence most effectively. Inhibition of leaf senescence by kinetin resulted in the inhibition of nodule senescence, showing the association between leaf and nodule senescence. Mobilization of nitrogen between leaf, stem and root nodules in black gram was complex during reproductive phase since the treatments resulting in significant soluble nitrogen content changes differed in each organ during the reproductive phase of black gram. xii Foliar application of urea at 1% and kinetin at 10-4 M though on par with each other significantly increased the grain yield per plant in blackgram, while potassium nitrate had no significant effect. Foliar application of both the nitrogen forms (KNO3 and urea) in the current experiment with black gram enhanced the test weight of seeds significantly over controls, while the effect of kinetin was non-significant on the same. Increasing concentrations of both potassium nitrate and urea increased the grain protein content significantly, while with kinetin there was a decrease with 10-2 M from 10-3 M. Urea at both the concentrations (1% and 2%) and lower concentration of kinetin (10-4 M) significantly enhanced the harvest index of black gram in the current experiment, while potassium nitrate didn‟t affect it in any significant manner.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) GENOTYPES TO IRRIGATION IN RICE FALLOWS
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) VENKATESH, MANDALA; NARASIMHA RAO, K. L.
    The present investigation entitled “Physiological response of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench) genotypes to irrigation in rice fallows” was under taken at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during rabi, 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three main irrigation treatments viz., one irrigation at panicle initiation stage (I1), two irrigations each at panicle initiation and booting stage (I2), and three irrigations each at panicle initiation, booting and 50 % flowering to soft - dough stage (I3) and five sorghum genotypes as sub treatments viz., CSH 14 (S1), CSH 25 (S2), CSV 20 (S3), CSV 23(S4) and Mahalakshmi 296 (S5)as local check, replicated thrice. The result of the study revealed that, significant differences were observed between main and sub treatments. Plant height was increased by 15.2 and 9.5 percent with three and two irrigations, respectively, over one irrigation treatment. Sorghum genotypes that were given two irrigations took 5.9 and 4.3; and 7.9 and 6.4 more days for 50% flowering and 50 % maturity, respectively, compared to one irrigation treatment. The sorghum genotypes that were given three and two irrigations increased the leaf area by 59.4 and 49.8 percent, respectively, and total dry matter by 1.16 and 1.12 folds, respectively, over one irrigation. Among the sorghum genotypes, Mahalakshmi 296 maintained high leaf area, photosynthetic rate, LAI and dry matter accumulation at all the stages of study. Mahalaskhmi 296 which received two irrigations increased the total drymatter by 1.09 folds over one irrigation given to it, and 1.59 folds over CSV 23 which was given one irrigation. Sorghum genotypes that were given one irrigation at panicle initiation stage increased the SLW by 17.0 and 15.1 percent over two and three irrigations, respectively. Sorghum plants that were given three and two irrigations improved the RWC by 17.1 and 11.6 percent, and total chlorophyll by 70.5 and 68.2 percent, and CSI by 15.4 and 15.3 percent, respectively, over one irrigation. One irrigation given to the sorghum genotypes at panicle initiation stage (i.e., terminal moisture stress) recorded 20.5 and 12.7 percent increase in proline content over the plants that were given two and three irrigations. Among the sorghum genotypes tested, Mahalakshmi 296 xv exhibited superior performance with respect to RWC, SLW, total chlorophyll, CSI and proline accumulation at all the stages of study, whereas CSV 23 and CSV 20 exhibited poor performance with respect to above traits. Leaf N content was increased by 77.6 and 68.4 percent, stem N content by 15.5 and 12.5 and panicle N content by 12.6 and 8.6 percent, with three and two irrigations, respectively, over one irrigation. Mahalakshmi 296 recorded higher leaf, stem, and panicle N content at all the stages compared to other genotypes. Sorghum genotypes with three and two irrigations recorded increased number of grains per panicles-1 by 19.7 and 15.0 percent, weight of the panicle by 19.1 and 13.3 percent and test weight by 11.1 and 8.0 percent, respectively, over one irrigation. Three and two irrigations increased the grain yield by 16.1 and 11.6 percent, respectively, over one irrigation. Among the genotypes, Mahalakshmi 296 recorded higher grain yield and its components, whereas CSV 23 and CSV 20 recorded lesser grain yield and components. In the present study, Mahalakshmi 296 with three irrigations increased the grain yield by 9.3 and 14.0 percent over two and one irrigation given to it, and by 58.3 percent over CSV 23 that was given one irrigation. Stover yield was increased by 15.9 and 11.4 percent with three and two irrigations, respectively, over one irrigation. Higher HI of 31.5% was recorded with plants that were given three irrigations, while the lowest of 28.5 % was recorded by the plants that were given one irrigation. Among the genotypes, Mahalakshmi 296 recorded the highest stover yield and HI whereas the lowest was recorded by CSV 23 followed by CSV 20. Hence, it can be concluded that, for getting maximum dry matter and higher grain yield of sorghum genotypes in rice fallows, it should be irrigated thrice at panicle initiation, booting and dough stages or twice at panicle initiation and booting stages.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF PACLOBUTRAZOL AND SALICYLIC ACID ON AMELIORATION OF WATER STRESS EFFECTS IN MAIZE
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) SUNEEL, D; ASHOKA RANI, Y
    A field experiment was entitled “Effect of paclobutrazol and salicylic acid on amelioration of water stress effects in maize” was conducted at Agricultural college Farm, Bapatla during Rabi season of 2018-19 in split plot design with three main plot treatments viz., M1: Control (No water stress); M2 : Water stress at knee high stage (V6 stage); M3:Water stress at cob development stage (VT-R1 stage) and seven sub plot treatments viz., Control (S1), 50 ppm PBZ spray at V6 stage (S2), 0.5 mM SA spray at V6 stage (S2), 50 ppm PBZ spray at VT-R1 stage (S2), 0.5 mM SA spray at VT-R1 stage (S5), 50 ppm PBZ spray at V6 and VT-R1 stage (S6), 0.5 mM SA spray at V6 and VT-R1 stage (S7) in three replications. Observations were recorded on morphophysiological and biochemical parameters at 38, 48, 70 and 80 DAE. Data on yield and yield components were recorded at harvest. The results of the investigation are summarized in this chapter. Water stress imposed at V6 and VT-R1 stage resulted in decline in leaf area (17.2 & 10.7%), chlorophyll content (19.4 & 24.6%), relative water content of leaves (19.6 & 10.1%), transpiration rate (44.5 & 25.7%), stomatal conductance (44.2 & 46.5%), internal CO2 concentration (15.6 & 16.2%) and photosynthetic rate (33.0 & 33.9%), starch content (41.6 & 18.8%), sucrose phosphate synthase activity (70.1 & 33.7%), invertase activity (65.7 & 28.2%) . Plants treated with SA at V6, VT-R1, at V6 and VT-R1 stages increased the leaf area (1.1 folds), SCMR (13.2, 8.6 & 10.9%), leaf RWC (6.0, 6.2 and 8.6%), PBZ spray at V6, VT-R1, V6 and VT-R1 stages enhanced the stomatal conductance (8.3, 12.5 & 18%), internal CO2 concentration (6.0, 8.2 & 8.4%) and photosynthetic rate (11.9, 11.8 & 14.1% respectively). SA spray at V6, VT-R1, V6 and VT-R1 enhanced the stomatal conductance (12.1, 22.4 & 24.2%) and internal CO2 concentration (7.2, 14.4 & 15.7%) and photosynthetic rate (17.0, 19.8 & 20.0% respectively, starch content (33.0, 23.7 & 23.1%), SPS activity (28.6, 9.6 & 11.2%), invertase activity (31.5, 15.0 & 15.8%), respectively. xv Water stress imposed at both stages enhanced the soil temperature (2.1 & 2.3oC), canopy leaf and shoot temperature (2.4, 1.1 & 2.0, 1.3oC), total soluble sugars (27.0 & 18.2%), activity of catalase (43.1 & 26.2%), SOD (31.7 & 33.3%), peroxidise (49.6 & 28.8%). Spray of PBZ at V6 stage caused 2.0 and 2.2oC decline in leaf and shoot temperature respectively. SA spray at V6 stage declined the leaf and shoot temperature by 3.5 and 3.1oC. The spray of it at VT-R1, V6 and VT-R1 stages declined the leaf and shoot temperature 2.8, 2.8, 1.9 and 1.7oC respectively. SA spray at V6, VTR1, V6 and VT-R1 stages caused decline in total soluble sugars (19.5, 17.8 & 16.9%), activity of catalase (23.8%), SOD (11.3%) and peroxidise (27.5%). The spray of SA at VT-R1,, V6 and VT-R1 stages caused decline in activity of catalase (22.0%), SOD and peroxidise (26.0 & 25.6% respectively), indicating the reduction in oxidation stress and impact of water stress. The effect of PBZ spray was found on par with both SA spray and control. Water stress imposed at both stages showed decline in dry matter of leaf (37.2 & 39.7%), stem (46.3 & 38.0%), root (41.7 & 43.2%), reproductive parts (35.8%) and total plant (46.3 & 37.3% respectively). Plants treated with SA at V6 stage increased the dry matter of leaf (31.8%), stem (11.8%), root (26.0%), reproductive parts (6.5%) and total plant (21.5%). The spray of SA at VT-R1, V6 and VT-R1 stages increased the dry matter of leaf (17.37 & 19.0%), stem (12.0%), root (34.1 & 32.6%), reproductive parts (10.3 & 11.2%) and total plant (13.5 & 14.2%), respectively. The effect of PBZ spray was found on par with both SA spray and control. Water stress imposed at both stages showed decline in number of cobs plant-1, number of rows cob-1, number of kernels row-1, cob length, cob yield, kernel yield, test weight and shelling percentage. Plants treated with SA at V6, VT-R1, V6 and VT-R1 stages enhanced the number of cobs plant-1 (17.1, 18.6 & 20.1%), number of rows cob-1 (17.5, 18.2 & 19.6%), number of kernels row-1 (9.4, 10.4 & 10.5%), cob length (10.9, 11.2 & 11.2%), cob yield (17.5, 20.2 & 21.6%), kernel yield (20.6, 23.2 & 24.6%), test weight (7.3, 7.8 & 7.6%) and shelling percentage (4.2, 5.0 & 4.9 % respectively). The effect of PBZ spray was found on par with both SA spray and control.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SOURCE AND SINK STUDIES IN BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) INFLUENCED BY PGRs, MAJOR AND MINOR NUTRIENTS
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) AKSHATA; ASHOKA RANI, Y
    A field experiment entitled “Source and sink studies in Blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) influenced by PGRs, major and minor nutrients.” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during kharif 2018 in randomized block design with ten treatments viz., foliar application of GA @ 50 ppm (T1), 6BA @ 20ppm (T2), SA @ 100ppm (T3), NPK (19:19:19) @ 2% (T4), MAP@ 2% (T5), ZnSO4 @ 0.5% (T6), Boron @ 0.1% (T7), Hoagland nutrient solution (full strength) (T8),Water spray (T9) and Control (T10) in three replications. Foliar spray of HNS increased the branch number by 42.2 percent followed by Boron (33.7%) and SA (32.5%) sprays over control. The increase in source size with HNS over control was 53.3 percent followed by NPK (30.7%). Sprays of Boron and HNS enhanced the chlorophyll ‘a’ by 1.7 and 1.6 times, Application of nutrients as a mixture caused remarkable increase in chlorophyll ‘b’ (40.2 %). Total chlorophyll was found high in HNS (49.9%) followed by boron (45.6%) and zinc (32.4%). Root, stem, leaf and pod biomass was found increased with Hoagland nutrient solution. Total dry matter was resulted high with sprays of HNS followed by NPK and MAP. Sprays of HNS, Zn and boron caused increase in source activity by 2.38, 2.15 and 2.03 folds and decreased the transpiration rate by 2.04, 1.84 and 1.73 folds. Foliar application of PGRs and nutrients resulted in rise of internal CO2 concentration through increase in stomatal conductance. The magnitude of increase was found high with HNS followed by boron and ZnSO4sprays. Nitrate reductase activity was found high (2.4 folds) in HNS treated plants. A greater impact on protein content in seed was observed with sprays of HNS (38.0%) followed by boron (27.1%).Sprays of HNS enhanced the starch content (62.2%) followed by Boron (50%), SA (47.2%), Zn (42.5%) and GA (41.4) respectively. SPS xiv activity was stimulated to a great extent with HNS (54.2%) and BA (50 %) followed by Zn (37.5%). The invertase activity was found high with HNS and GA sprays (2.8 and 2.7 folds, respectively). The sprays of HNS and MAP increased the sink number (pods) by 42.8 and 35.8 per cent, respectively. Use of PGRs, macro and micro nutrients has resulted in production of longer pods. It was found high with HNS (16.2%). HNS increased the sink strength by 74.5%, followed by NPK (46.5%), Zn (41.6%), and MAP (40.1%). The increase in seed number was more in T4 and T8, which showed 1.5 and 1.2 folds increase, respectively. There was no remarkable effect on 100 seed weight. The maximum increase in yield over control was observed with application of Hoagland nutrient solution (38.8%) and boron (26.2%) whereas Harvest index was found maximum in HNS (T8) treated plants followed by boron (T7) and SA (T3) sprays.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON LEAF NUMBER INDEX (LNI) IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) RAVI BABU, M; NARASIMHA RAO, K.L.
    An experiment entitled “Studies on leaf number index (LNI) in maize (Zea mays L.)” was under taken at the Agricultural College farm, Bapatla during two consecutive years of rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18. The crop growth stages of maize are dependent on various morphological, anatomical and physiological parameters. The basis for the variation in dry matter production and reproductive growth in relation to its foliage is less understood. The leaf growth that designates the physiological age of crop is more useful for crop improvement programmes. LNI is a tool to identify the exact time for the initiation of the reproductive stage by counting the number of leaves as the crop matures from vegetative stage to reproductive stage. So, the experiment was laid out in randomized block design with six maize hybrids viz., 900M Gold, DKC 9142, DKC 9120, DKC 9081, DKC 9042 and Pinnacle in four replications to identify the stage of reproductive growth in relation to the physical number of leaves on the stem, by calculating the leaf number index (LNI) corresponding to tassel and cob initiation and development. The observations were recorded for morphological, anatomical and physiological parameters at 7 days interval starting from 7 DAS. The results revealed that significant difference was observed among maize hybrids. Growing degree days (GDD) were measured for the crop growth seasons in 201617 and 2017-18, showed a gradual increase from 114.9 to 1447.5 and 141.6 to 1424.8 respectively from the 7 DAS till harvest. With the increase in GDD as the crop matures, plant height (12.43 to 274.5 cm and 11.88 to 268.75 cm), stem girth (0.21 to 2.84 cm and 019 to 2.88 cm), number of leaves per plant (3 to 16 in both the seasons) and LNI (20.31 to 100 % and 20.6 to 100 %) also showed a gradual increase in 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively. Whereas, LAI showed an increase upto 70 DAS (0.05 to 5.68) during 201617 and till 63 DAS (0.04 to 5.65) during 2017-18 and then gradually decreased irrespective of GDD in both the seasons. During both the seasons, tassel primordial initiation coincided with the 9th visible leaf in 900 M Gold and DKC 9081, 10th visible leaf in DKC 9142 and Pinnacle and 11th visible leaf in DKC 9120 and DKC 9042 with LNI of 54.54, 54.54, 53.77, 52.79, 54.62 and 54.62 respectively in first season and 53.70, 54.71, 51.85, 53.70, 55.55 and 54.71 respectively in second season. Number of days to cob initiation in rabi 2016-17 was found less in DKC 9142 (32.25) followed by DKC 9120 (32.50), DKC 9042 (32.50) and Pinnacle (33.00) and high in other two hybrids 900M Gold and DKC 9081(43.75). In xvi second season it was 31.13 in DKC 9042, 32.00 in DKC 9142, 32.13 in Pinnacle, 32.63 in 900 M Gold and 34.00 in DKC 9081. All hybrids showed maximum level of chlorophyll (SCMR) at 63 DAS (first season) and 70 DAS (second season), high in Pinnacle and DKC 9142. This might be attributed to the LAI which was highest at 63 DAS and 70 DAS during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively. During rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18, DKC 9142 and Pinnacle recorded significantly higher photosynthetic rate and a sharp increase was noticed at 28 DAS. Higher net photosynthetic rate was recorded in maize hybrids at 70 DAS ranging from 37.80 to 39.95 (m mol CO2 m-2 s-1) but all hybrids were at a par. The physical number of the leaves on the stem were found to be 3 to 16 during both the seasons of the crop from 7 DAS until harvest. As the number of leaves increased, growth of the plant also showed significant changes with the rise of tassel and ear at 30 DAS and 33 DAS where the leaf number was 9 -11 during both the seasons. When the leaves on the stem are about 9-11, it readily indicates that the crop has entered the reproductive phase. Total dry matter highly accelerated at 63 DAS and DKC 9142 (220) recorded significantly more value. At 70 DAS, decreasing trend in stem, leaf, tassel and increasing in dry weight in cob and total dry matter was noticed in maize hybrids. Significantly higher dry weights were recorded by Pinnacle (116.00, 271.25) and DKC 9142 (115.52, 271.75) in respective cob and total dry matter at 77 DAS. Significant values were recorded by DKC 9142 and Pinnacle in root, cob and total dry matter (274.75 and 272.75) respectively. Dry matter partitioning of maize hybrids was different at different growth stages. Broadly it can be identified as four physiological stages i.e., vegetative stage (7 to 28 DAS), reproductive stage (28 to 42 DAS), grand growth stage (42 to 70 DAS) and physiologically mature stage (70 DAS to, harvest) where the dry matter varied from 0.4 to 5.4 and 0.31 to 5.63; 5.4 to 8.8 and 5.63 to 9.2; 8.8 to 274.75 and 9.2 to 266.3; 274.75 to 300.2 and 266.3 to 295 grams per plant during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively. CGR and NAR was found to be the highest at 57 to 63 DAS among all the hybrids during both the seasons where CGR was found to be the highest DKC 9142 followed by Pinnacle which were at par with each other. Whereas, pinnacle recorded highest NAR followed by DKC 9142. Among all the hybrids, RGR was found to be maximum at 50 to 56 DAS coinciding with reproductive primordial development. The yield and yield attributing characters such as length of the cob, number of rows per cob, number of kernels per row, 100 seed weight and the total kernel yield showed significant variation among the hybrids where the highest yield was obtained in pinnacle (9641.41 kg ha-1) and DKC 9142 (9243.9 kg ha-1). Leaf number index can be used as a tool to determine the correct stage to follow management practices within the crop which corresponds with the effective development of cob. A split dose application of nitrogen at 9 to 11th visible leaf stage is more effective corresponding to LNI ranging from 51.85 to 64.15 with a GDD of 488.7 instead of 3035 DAS which is regularly practiced, varied among the hybrids for better crop productivity. Pinnacle and DKC 9142 are recommended since they performed significantly better for all the various morphological, anatomical and physiological features of the crop.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF GROWTH AND CANOPY ATTRIBUTES ON PRODUCTIVITY OF RAINFED GROUNDNUT
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) SREELATHA, P; SUDHAKAR, P
    The experiment was conducted under rainfed conditions during kharif 2017 and 2018 in dryland farm, S.V Agricultural College, Tirupati with ten spanish bunch groundnut genotypes of three growth habits of erect (TCGS 894, TAG 24, K6, TMV2, Narayani), decumbent 2 (K9, Kadiri Amaravathi) and decumbent 3 (Dharani, TCGS1157, ICGS 76). Experiment was laid out in randomized block design and replicated thrice. The genotypes were evaluated for canopy attributes viz., plant height, internodal length, number of primary and secondary branches, angle of primary branch with main stem, leaf angle, leaf thickness and pubescence at various growth stages. Interrelation of these canopy attributes with canopy photosynthesis related traits, growth parameters and yield attributes were analyzed. Among the genotypes tested decumbent 3 and decumbent 2 growth habit genotypes recorded ideal range of canopy attributes viz., moderate plant height (36.18 to 36.64 cm), maximum number of primary branches (5.67 – 6.67 ) and secondary branches (5.83 – 6.61), wider angle between primary branch and main stem (81.79o – 86.90o) compared to erect growth habit genotypes. The data on canopy photosynthetic parameters revealed that maximum light was intercepted through the genotypes under decumbent-3 growth habit viz., Dharani (505.55 lux), TCGS 1157 (507.17 lux) followed by D-2 type K9 and Kadiri Amaravathi (432.30 lux). Whereas, lower light interception was recorded by erect genotype TCGS894 (162.67 lux). Similarly, D-3 type xvi Dharani recorded high radiation use efficiency (RUE) in terms of dry matter per unit amount of light interception (6.34 g MJ-1) followed by D-2 types K9 (4.72 g MJ-1) and Kadiri Amaravathi (4.96 g MJ-1). Erect growth habit genotypes recorded lower RUE viz., TCGS 894 (1.21 g MJ-1), Narayani (2.07 g MJ-1), TAG 24 (2.01 g MJ-1) and K6 (1.97 g MJ-1). Consequent to higher light interception and RUE, rate of photosynthesis was also higher in D-3 type Dharani (36.74 µ mol CO2 m-2 sec-1) followed by D-3 type TCGS 1157 (33.73 µ mol CO2 m-2 sec-1) and D-2 type K9 (33.25 µ mol CO2 m-2 sec-1). Mean values revealed that decumbent-3 growth habit types were superior in all photosynthetic attributes, followed by decumbent-2 at grand growth stage i.e. 60 DAS. Total drymatter was also higher in decumbent-3 growth habit genotypes viz., TCGS 1157 (52 g plant-1) followed by Dharani (45.55 g plant-1) and ICGS 76 (44.31 g plant-1). Maximum drymatter partitioning to pod is critical for achieving higher pod yield and decumbent growth habit genotypes TCGS1157 (51.26), K9 (51.26), ICGS76 (49.85), Dharani (47.71) and Kadiri Amaravathi (45.46) found superior than erect types. D-2 type Kadiri Amaravthi recorded higher critical LAI (5.39) followed by D-3 type TCGS 1157 (5.24). D-3 growth habit genotypes maintain higher physiological efficiency in terms of higher mean values of CGR, NAR and LAD throughout the crop growth, followed by D-2 and erect growth habit genotypes. D-3 growth habit genotypes also recorded moderate SLA (151.60 cm2 g-1) along with higher SCMR (44.78) followed by D-2 growth habit genotypes and erect growth habit types which denotes both decumbent types are efficient in maintaining higher WUE than erect types. Mean values of decumbent 3 and decumbent 2 growth habit genotypes recorded higher reproductive efficiency in terms of higher peg to pod ratio compared to erect types and higher yield attributing characters viz., higher number of filled pods per plant, maximum shelling percentage (> 45%) 100 sound kernel weight (> 65 g) and harvest index (46.6) compared to erect types. Consequently decumbent-3 type TCGS1157 recorded higher pod yield of 3760.77 kg ha-1 and it was on par with D-2 type Kadiri Amaravathi compared to best performance of mean of erect growth habit genotypes (2493.06 kg ha-1). The data on correlation studies revealed that plant height recorded significant negative correlation with peg to pod ratio. Number of secondary branches recorded significant positive correlation with rate of photosynthesis, leaf area, total drymatter, leaf area index, leaf area duration, SCMR, yield and yield attributes viz., number of pegs per plant, total filled pods, shelling percentage, 100 sound kernel weight, pod yield, harvest index. Primary branch angle with main stem recorded positive significant correlation with rate of photosynthesis, radiation use efficiency, light interception. Leaf area, xvii total drymatter, CGR, LAI, LAD. Yield and yield attributes viz., number of pegs per plant, total number of filled pods, shelling percentage, 100 sound kernel weight, pod yield. Among canopy attributes of groundnut number of secondary branches and primary branch angle showed to play pivotal role for higher physiological efficiency in groundnut. Based on canopy attributes and their correlation with growth, drymatter and yield characters in groundnut, the ideal plant type attributes for kharif rainfed conditions were described as follows. Medium plant height (35 – 40 cm), wider primary branch angle with main stem (80o to 86o), higher number of secondary branches (5 – 6), maximum critical leaf area index at peg to pod formation stage (4.5 to 5), moderate SLA (180-200 cm2 g-1) and high SCMR (45 – 50) for high WUE, high reproductive efficiency in terms of high peg to pod ratio (> 50), higher drymatter partitioning to pods (> 50%) at pod filling stage and crop duration of 100-110 days.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF PHOTOTHERMAL UNITS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND YIELD PARAMETERS OF RAINFED LOWLAND RICE
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) NAVEEN, GALI; UMAMAHESH, V
    A field experiment entitled “Influence of photothermal units on physiological and yield parameters of rainfed lowland rice” was conducted during Kharif season of 2018 at wetland farm, S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati with three dates of sowing by using four varieties in factorial randomized block design replicated thrice. The three dates of sowing were 1st fortnight of June, 1st fortnight of July and 1st fortnight of August, whereas the varieties chosen were, MTU-1010, NLR-34449, BPT-5204 and NLR-3041. A decrease in all growth parameters and yield components were observed with delay in sowing in all the varieties. Among the varieties NLR-3041 recorded higher growth parameters viz., plant height (61.15 cm), leaf area (572.23 cm2 plant-1), total dry weight (11.52 g plant-1), LAI (1.88), CGR (15.26 g m-2 day-1), NAR (0.034 g cm-2 day-1), LAD (31.51 days) and yield components viz., number of tillers m-2 (591.89), number of productive tillers m-2 (290.95), number of grains panicle-1 (128.05), number of filled grains panicle-1 (93.23), grain yield (4744.44 kg ha-1) in all dates of sowings. Pollen viability and stigma receptivity were found to be not affected by dates of sowing. However, among varieties they differed significantly. Number of calendar days taken to attain maximum tillering, 50% flowering and harvest were more with 1st fortnight of June sowing (67, 108 and 136 respectively) followed by 1st fortnight of July sowing (58, 97 and 124 respectively) and 1st fortnight of August sowing (49, 87 and 112 respectively). Among varieties more number of days taken to attain maximum tillering, 50% flowering and harvest were recorded with NLR- 3041 (66, 107 and 135 respectively) followed by BPT5204, NLR-34449 and MTU-1010. Highest grain yield was achieved in 1st fortnight of June sowing (5255.24 Kg ha-1) followed by 1st fortnight of July sowing (3224.29 Kg ha-1) and 1st fortnight of August sowing (2062.84). Among varieties NLR-3041 recorded highest highest grain yield (4744.44 Kg ha-1) followed by BPT-5204 (3653.73 Kg ha-1), NLR-34449 (3353.69 Kg ha-1) and MTU-1010 (2681.13 Kg ha-1). With every delay in sowing there was a decline in accumulation of photothermal units, growing degree days and heliothermal units. The influence of these thermal indices were more pronounced in crop phenological stages. The maturity of the crop was found advanced with every delay sowing. The highest accumulation of photothermal units (31980.69oC day hr), growing degree days (2728.74oC day) and heliothermal units (12524.14oC day hr) from sowing to harvest was recorded in 1st fortnight of June sowing followed by 1st fortnight of July and 1st fortnight of August sowings. Among varieties highest accumulation of photothermal units (31147.68oC day hr), growing degree days (2606.38oC day) and HTU were found in NLR- 3041 from sowing to harvest followed by BPT-5204, NLR-34449 and MTU-1010
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF SILICON AND SALICYLIC ACID ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF GROUNDNUT UNDER SIMULATED MOISTURE STRESS CONDITIONS
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) MIKHIN, A.M S; SANDHYA RANI, P
    The present investigation was aimed to know the effect of silicon and salicylic acid on growth and yield of groundnut under moisture stress conditions. The experiment was conducted under field conditions for high WUE and other drought tolerance traits in terms of physiological efficiency, biochemical traits and yield attributes. The field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2018-19 in sandy loam soils of dry land farm, Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University. The experiment was conducted in strip plot, replicated thrice with eight treatments including two control (irrigated, stress) under imposed moisture stress conditions from 5070 DAS (pod initiation stage to maturation stage). The adverse effects of water stress on crop growth can be mitigated by application of silicon and salicylic acid , by which it induce the plants to become adaptive to water-stress conditions for a specified period of time. Foliar application of silicon may retain or helps the plants in sustain under moisture stress conditions. After absorption it may act as a barrier to the transpiration process and leads to retainment of plant water status. Salicylic acid regulates the stress enzymes as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Melonadialdehyde (MDA) etc. xv The study finally revealed that, the morphological parameters viz., plant height, leaf area, total dry matter, physiological parameters viz., total chloro- phyll content, specific leaf area, relative water content, relative injury, chlorophyll stability index, and yield parameters viz., 100-kernel weight, harvest index, shelling per cent, pod yields recorded high values in control irrigated treatment compared to control stress treatment. Among the foliar spray treatments to enhance drought tolerance, RDF+ K2SiO3 @ 0.4% followed by RDF + K2SiO3 @ 0.2% and RDF + Salicylic acid @ 100 PPM showed high physiological efficiency and yield under moisture stress conditions. Silicon application enhances the plant water status, through reducing the transpiration rate. Salicylic acid have well known role in maintenance of stress enzymes and leaf proline content, which are the important characters in stress conditions. Computing yield advantage and cost benefit ratio of foliar spray treatments for drought mitigation, RDF + K2SiO3 @ 0.4% recorded maximum pod yield and B:C ratio followed by RDF + K2SiO3 @ 0.2 % and RDF + SA @ 100 PPM compared to other treatments under moisture stress condition. The present study reveals that, foliar spray treatments RDF + K2SiO3 @ 0.4%, RDF + K2SiO3 @ 0.2 %, and RDF + SA @ 100 PPM are superior in terms of drought tolerance, physiological efficiency, heat tolerance, yield and yield components. Hence, foliar application of salicylic acid and silicon can be recommended to groundnut crop prone to moisture stress condition to sustain plant growth and final yields. Those are very effective short term solution for drought stress and can help in mitigating drought stress.