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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur
The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad.
The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966.
The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter.
HISTORICAL MILESTONE
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication.
Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers
1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country...
1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country...
1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country...
1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension...
1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted...
June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University...
June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)...
20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India...
1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State...
23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India...
July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture...
May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department...
7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga...
15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005...
26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007...
2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now...
serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...
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ThesisItem Open Access MAIZE CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT ON FERTILIZER REQUIREMENT IN DIRECT SEED SOWN RICE-ZERO TILL MAIZE SEQUENCE(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-16) BILLA SURESH KUMAR; M. MARTIN LUTHERA field experiment entitled “Maize crop residue management on fertilizer requirement in direct seed sown rice – zero till maize sequence” was conducted for two consecutive years (2020-21 and 2021-22) on sandy clay loam soils of the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The experimental site was uniform in topography and homogeneously fertile. The experimental soil was slightly alkaline in reaction, non-saline in electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon, and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. The kharif experiment was laid out in a split plot design during both the years for rice crop. The main plot treatments consisted of four maize crop residue management practices viz., M1: Exportation of maize stover, M2: In-situ burning of maize stover (farmers practice), M3: Mulching of maize stover with rotary mulcher and M4: Incorporation of maize stover with rotovator and sub plot treatments were three fertiliser levels (S1: 100% RDF, S2: 75% RDF and S3: 50% RDF) replicated thrice. During succeeding rabi season, the experiment was laid out on the same site in a split-split plot design for maize crop wherein, the three sub plot treatments imposed to kharif rice were divided into three sub-sub plots to receive three fertiliser levels viz., F1: 100% RDF, F2: 75% RDF and F3: 50% RDF to each plot. The most popular and fine grain quality rice variety i.e., BPT-5204 and popular maize hybrid Pioneer P-3396 were grown during the experimental period. Data collected on growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake of rice, available NPK and economic returns were subjected to statistical analysis which indicated that all the characters studied were significantly higher with incorporation of maize stover with rotovator (M4) with the application of 100% RDF (S1). Whereas, significantly lower values were observed with exportation of maize stover (M1) with application of 50% RDF (S3) during both the years of study and pooled data. xx The physical and physico-chemical properties viz., bulk density, pH and EC of the soil were not affected significantly either due to maize crop residue management practices or fertiliser levels after harvest of rice. The higher organic carbon and soil microbial population, noticed with incorporation of maize stover with rotovator (M4) whereas, the effect of fertiliser levels on organic carbon and soil microbial population was not influenced significantly. A significant interaction between maize crop residue management practices and fertiliser levels in rice observed for drymatter accumulation at 90 DAS, number of filled grains panicle-1, grain yield, gross return, net return and B: C ratio during both the years. The treatmental combination of incorporation of maize stover with rotovator (M4) along with application of 100% RDF (S1) was noticed at par with mulching of maize stover with rotary mulcher at the same fertiliser level and was found significantly superior to other treatmental combinations. Growth parameters, yield attributes, grain yield, stover yield, nitrogen uptake available NPK and economic returns of zero till maize were influenced significantly by maize crop residue management practices and fertiliser levels applied to kharif rice and fertiliser levels given to rabi maize. Among the maize crop residue management practices, incorporation of maize stover with rotovator (M4) had recorded higher above parameters and was observed statistically superior to other treatments. With respect to fertiliser levels applied to kharif rice, application of 100% RDF (S1) registered the maxiumum values of above parameters followed by 75% RDF (S2) and 50% RDF (S3) treatments. The above parameters shown significantly increasing trend with increase in dose of fertiliser level from 50% RDF to 100% RDF imposed to succeeding maize crop. The physico-chemical properties, pH and EC of soil after harvest of rabi maize failed to show any significant influence. The higher residual organic carbon registered with incorporation of maize stover with rotovator (M4) treatment and the lowest with exportation of maize stover (M1) treatment. The highest system productivity was observed with incorporation of maize stover with rotovator (M4) treatment and it was significant over rest of the treatments. Among the fertiliser levels imposed to kharif rice crop, the maximum values of system productivity noticed with 100% RDF (S1) treatment. The higher dose of fertiliser level i.e.,100% RDF (F1) to maize, recorded significantly more values of system productivity and the lower values recorded with 50% RDF (F3) treatment during two years of study and pooled data. Interaction effect of maize crop residue management practices and fertiliser levels applied to kharif rice was significant with system productivity; incorporation of maize stover with rotovator (M4) along with application of 100% RDF (S1) registered higher system productivity which was significantly superior over other interactions. From the investigation of two consecutive years with maize crop residue management practices and fertiliser levels given to kharif rice and fertiliser levels applied to rabi maize, it can be concluded that incorporation of maize stover with rotovator along with 100% RDF was found more effective in realizing higher grain yield of rice, availability of nutrients besides giving monetary benefits. Further, application of 100% RDF to maize crop during rabi resulted in increased grain yield and profitability besides enhancing the soil health and sustainability.ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHAR AND FERTILIZER - N EFFECT ON PRODUCTIVITY OF RICE-BLACKGRAM SEQUENCE(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-15) VULLAGANTI SAI SURYA GOWTHAMI; B. VENKATESWARLUA field experiment entitled “Biochar and fertilizer - N effect on productivity of rice-blackgram sequence” was conducted for two consecutive years (2020-21 and 2021-22) on sandy clay loam soils of the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The experimental site was uniform in topography and homogeneously fertile. The soil pH was slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potassium. The experiment was laid out in split plot design replicated thrice. The kharif experiment on rice consisted of four rice husk biochar doses viz.,control (M1), 2.5 t ha-1 (M2), 5.0 t ha-1 (M3) and 7.5 t ha-1 (M4); as main plot treatments. Five nitrogen levels to rice viz., control (S1), 40 kg N ha-1 (S2), 80 kg N ha-1 (S3), 120 kg N ha-1 (S4) and 160 kg N ha-1 (S5) as sub plot treatments. The rabi experiment was continued on succeeding blackgram in the un distributed layout (spilt plot design) to find out the residual effect of the treatments imposed to rice. The application of biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1 (M4) recorded significantly higher growth parameters of rice viz., plant height, number of tillers-1, drymatter production, LAI, SPAD values and CGR than other treatments but were comparable with biochar @ 5.0 t ha-1 (M3) treatment with similar trend in both the years of study. The lowest growth parameters were recorded in control treatment (M1). The influence of biochar levels exhibited non significant associated with respect to RGR. Among nitrogen levels, the application of 160 kg N ha-1 (S5) registered significantly the highest plant height, number of xxiv tillers-1, drymatter production and leaf area index at harvest than others except 120 kg N ha-1. The highest values of SPAD, CGR, RGR and NAR also recorded highest under S5 treatment than others and were comparable with 120 kg N ha-1 (S4) treatment regarding all growth parameters. The lowest growth parameters were registered in control (S1) treatment. Yield attributes viz; number of panicles m-2, Panicle length, total number of grains panicle-1 and grain yield panicle-1 were higher under biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1 (M4) than other treatments except the application of biochar @ 5.0 t ha-1. Test weight of rice did not alter to an infeasible extent during both the years of study. Application of 160 kg N ha-1 (S5) registered higher number of panicles m-2, total number of grains panicle-1, panicle length and grain yield panicle-1, which was however comparable with S4 treatment and the control treatment was reported lower yield parameters. Various nutrient management practices did not influence the test weight of rice during both the years of study. The higher grain and straw yields were observed with biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1 (M4) and the lowest yields were registered under control treatment (M1) during both the years of study. Significantly the highest grain and straw yields of rice recorded with application of 160 kg N ha-1 (S5) superior over other treatmentsand it was found comparable with S4 treatment and the lowest yields were exhibited in control treatment (S1) treatment during both the years of study. Quality parameters like milling, volume expansion ratio, crude protein content, L/B ratio and head rice recovery per cent were not significantly influenced by rice husk biochar during both the years of study and in pooled data. The highest values of these quality parameters were recorded at highest level of nitrogen (160 kg N ha-1), which was comparable with that of 120, 80 and 40 kg N ha-1 but it was significantly superior to that of control treatment. The content and uptake of nitrogen at different growth stages of rice were significantly influenced by biochar as well as nitrogen levels and the highest values were recorded with biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1 (M4) and 160 kg N ha-1 (S5). Grain and straw nutrient content of phosphorus and potassium were uninfluenced by biochar and nitrogen levels. The application of rice husk biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1 registered significantly the highest phosphorus and potassium uptake by grain and straw than other treatments and it was on par with the application of rice husk biochar @ 5.0 t ha-1 treatment uptake during both the years of study and in pooled data. Application of 160 kg N ha-1 registered higher phosphorus and potassium uptake by grain and straw and the control treatment was registerd the lowest upatake values. Analysis of economic return indicated that biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1 (M4) was superior to other treatments, however which was however comparable with M3 treatment. Incase of nitrogen levels, the application of 160 kg N ha-1 treatment (S5) registered higher economic return but was comparable with S4 treatment. The lowest economic return was realized in control treatment during both the years of study. xxv Plant height, no. of branches plant-1 and drymatter accumulation of succeeding blackgram were significantly affected by residual outcome of diversified biochar and nitrogen levels imposed in rice during both the years of study The higher growth parameters of blackgram obtained with the biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1 and was on a par with the biochar @ 5.0 t ha-1 treatment. Among residual nitrogen levels, significantly the taller plants, more number of branches plant-1 and higher drymatter accumulation of rabi blackgram recorded with 160 kg N ha-1 treatment applied to kharif rice superiot over other treatments and it was comparable with 120 kg N ha-1 treatment during both the years of study and in pooled data. Yield attributes, yield, quality, nutrient uptake and economic return of rabi blackgram were significantly influenced by biochar and nitrogen levels imposed to kharif rice. The higher yield attributes, yield, quality, upatake and economic returns of blackgram registered with the biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1 applied to kharif rice and it was on a par with biochar @ 5.0 t ha-1 treatment. With respect to nitrogen levels, the higher values of these parameters of blackgram were obtained with 160 kg N ha-1 treatment applied to kharif rice and it was comparable with 120 kg N ha-1 treatment during both the years of study and in pooled data. Physical properties of soil viz; pH and bulk density after harvest of rice and blackgram was not influenced significantly by biochar and nitrogen treatments imposed to kharif rice crop. After harvest of rice and blcakgram, the higher organic carbon content, water holding capacity and cation exchange capacity were registered with the application of biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1 over biochar @ 2.5 t ha-1 and control treatments. The control treatment recoded the lower values during 2020-21, 2021-22 and in pooled data. Application of 160 kg N ha-1 was registered higher organic carbon content and cation exchange capacity as compared to other treatments except 120 kg N ha-1 during the first and second years of experimentation and in pooled data as well. In two successive years and in pooled analysis, significantly the highest residual available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were recorded with the biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1 and the application of 160 kg N ha-1 treatment. A significant increase in rice equivalent yield observed in biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1 imposed to preceding rice crop over other treatments and was comparable with biochar @ 5.0 t ha-1. With respect to nitrogen treatments, application of 160 kg N ha-1 treatment to kharif rice manifested significant superiority over rest of the treatments but was comparable with 120 kg N ha-1 treatment during both the years of study.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON IMPACT OF BROWN MANURING IN RICE – MAIZE SEQUENCE(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-15) BOTHA PRASHANTHI; P.V.N PRASADA field experiment entitled “Studies on impact of brown manuring in rice – maize sequence” was conducted for two consecutive years (2020-2021 and 2021-2022) on clay loam soils of the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The experimental site was uniform in topography and homogeneously fertile. The soil pH was slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium status. The kharif experiment was laid out in a split plot design during both the years of rice crop. The main plot treatments consisted of brown manure species dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) sown at three seed rates (20, 30 and 40 kg ha-1) and sub plot treatments comprising knockdown of dhaincha at four stages (20, 25, 30 and 35 DAS) using 2,4-D @ 0.5 kg ha-1 with three replications. During the succeeding rabi, the experiment was laid out on the same site in a split-split plot design to acommodate maize crop wherein, the three sub plot treatments imposed to kharif rice were divided into three sub-sub-plots to receive three nitrogen levels viz., control (no nitrogen), 75 % and 100 % RDN to each plot thus, making a total of 12x3=36 treatments during rabi. The cultivars used in the investigation were Samba mashuri (rice) and Pioneer P-3396 (maize) respectively. Among the three seed rates of dhaincha, the maximum biomass production, nitrogen and carbon input was recorded with seed rate @ 40 kg ha-1. With respect to timing of knockdown, the 35 days aged brown manure treatment registered the highest values. Dhaincha seed rate @ 40 kg ha-1 recorded significantly taller plants, higher leaf area index, number of tillers m-2, drymatter xxi accumulation and among the knockdown days maximum growth parameters were registered with BM at 30 days, which was found significantly superior to BM at 25, 35 and 20 days, while BM at 25 and BM at 35 days were comparable to each other. Number of panicles m-2, number of filled grains, grain yield, straw yield, NPK uptake, gross return, net return and B:C ratio were the highest with dhaincha seed rate @ 40 kg ha-1 and among the timing of knockdown of dhaincha the highest values were observed with treatment of brown manuring at 30 DAS. However, BM at 25 DAS maintained parity with BM at 35 DAS treatment. Non significant changes in test weight, harvest index, pH and EC of the soil either due to seed rates or timing of knockdown of dhaincha after harvest of rice were noticed. The highest organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, residual available nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium were noticed with seed rate @ 40 kg ha-1 and among the sub plot treatments, knockdown at 35 DAS recorded the maximum organic carbon, which was however on par with BM at 30 DAS. Interaction effect of seed rates and timing of knockdown of dhaincha displayed significant behaviour with drymatter accrual at 90 DAS, number of panicles m-2 and grain yield of rice. Seed rate @ 40 kg ha-1 along with application of 2,4-D spray at 30 DAS registered the highest values followed by BM at 25 DAS at the same seed rate. Plant population was maintained at optimum level during both the years of study. The maximum plant height and drymatter accumulation of maize was recorded when the preceding rice was supplied with dhaincha seed rate @ 40 kg ha-1, While the seed rates @ 30 and 20 kg ha-1 depicted comparable behaviour with each other. The values of above parameters were significantly higher when knockdown of dhaincha was resorted at 35 DAS in preceding rice crop, which was however statistically comparable to brown manuring at 30 DAS. Application of 100% RDN was found to be the best treatment producing the highest growth attributes in maize. Days to 50 percent tasseling and silking of maize was not affected either by seed rates or timing of knockdown of dhaincha in kharif rice and nitrogen levels treatments to rabi maize. Number of cobs plant-1 was not significantly influenced by seed rate treatments of dhaincha in preceding rice crop. Among the sub plots, significantly higher number of cobs plant-1 was observed in BM at 35 DAS, however, it was on a par with BM at 30 and 25 DAS. With regard to nitrogen levels, the highest number of cobs plant-1 was observed with increased level of nitrogen i.e., 100% RDN. Significantly higher cob length, cob girth, number of grain rows cob-1 and number of grains row-1, grain yield cob-1, grain and stover yields of rabi maize were recorded when its preceding rice crop received the highest seed rate of dhaincha and conversely preceded seed rate @ 20 kg ha-1 of dhaincha in rice registered statistically lower values in maize, which was comparable to seed rate @ 30 kg ha-1. Among the sub plot treatments, brown manuring at 35 DAS followed by BM at 30 DAS registered higher values. Noticeably, the superior xxii values of above parameters and test weight were observed with the application of 100% RDN. Among the seed rates of dhaincha, preceding to maize, seed rate @ 40 kg ha-1 has registered the highest uptake of NPK by maize kernel and stover and reflected in agronomic use efficiency of succeeding maize, which was significantly superior to other treatments. Significantly higher NPK uptake and AUE was displayed with knockdown of dhaincha at 35 DAS in preceding crop and remained at par with BM at 30 DAS. A significant improvement of the above parameters in maize was observed with 100 % RDN. Physiological use efficiency and apparent nitrogen recovery of nitrogen of maize, pH and electrical conductivity of soil at harvest in maize failed to manifest any significant influence. The highest residual organic carbon, available N, P2O5, K2O of soil and economic returns of maize and the lowest values of these parameters were registered in 40 and 20 kg ha-1 seed rate of dhaincha treatment respectively and among the knockdown days BM at 35 DAS recorded higher values, which was however comparable to BM at 30 DAS. Significant difference in the organic carbon of soil was not observed with the various nitrogen levels applied to maize. Among the different levels of nitrogen, higher available N, P2O5 and K2O of the soil and monetary benefits were disclosed by the application of 100% RDN. The highest system productivity was observed with seed rate @ 40 kg ha-1 and it was significant over other seed rates. Among the timing of knockdown days, significantly the highest system productivity was recorded due to the brown manuring of dhaincha at 30 DAS imposed to kharif rice, which was statistically at par with 35 days age of knocking down of dhaincha. The higher dose of nitrogen @ 100% RDN in sub plots recorded higher system productivity during the two years of study and in pooled data and the lower values of system productivity were recorded with control plots.ThesisItem Open Access BIOFORTIFICATION WITH NANO ZINC AND IRON IN FINGER MILLET-GREENGRAM SEQUENCE(2023-11-10) U. TRIVENI; M. MARTIN LUTHERThe present experiment entitled “Biofortification with nano zinc and iron in finger millet- greengram sequence” was conducted as four sub-experiments viz., characterization of ZnO and FeO nanoparticles, in-vitro germination test, pot culture experiment and field experiment with finger millet-greengram sequence. Nano ZnO and FeO prepared at IFT, RARS, Tirupathi were characterized through XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) Analysis, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic analysis (FT-IR) and Zeta potential for confirmation of its size, shape and stability at nano laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur and IFT, RARS, Tirupathi. The shape of the ZnO and FeO nanoparticles were Hexagonal wurtzite structure and Rhombohederal structure respectively. The mean size of the ZnO and FeO nanoparticles were 38.9 nm and 77.4 nm respectively and the zeta potential values were 70.1mV and -40.9mV respectively for ZnO and FeO nanoparticles. Invitro-germination tests were conducted at Agricultural College, Bapatla in finger millet and greengram with ZnO and FeO separately for fixing of optimum doses of these nutrients for seed priming. Different concentrations of nano ZnO / nano FeO were tested along with control (distilled water) and corresponding bulk ZnSO4 /FeSO4 and found that the highest germination per cent, seedling vigour index and speed of germination of finger millet were observed with 50 ppm nano ZnO and nano FeO. A similar response was observed with nano ZnO @ 50 ppm and nano FeO @ 50 ppm in greengram. Hence, 50ppm concentration of these nano nutrients was considered as optimum doses for seed priming in these crops. xxiv Pot culture experiment was carried out with different concentrations of nano ZnO and FeO separately on finger millet and greengram crops during pre kharif, 2018 at Agricultural College, Bapatala and identified that 200ppm of nano ZnO, 200ppm of nano FeO in finger millet, 100ppm of nano ZnO, 100ppm of nano FeO in greengram as optimum doses for foliar applications as they produced highest plant height, drymatter accumulation and chlorophyll contents. The field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2018-19 and 2019-20) with finger millet (kharif) - greengram (rabi) sequence at Agricultural Research Station, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh on deep red loamy soils containing low OC, neutral pH, low in available N, high in available P2O5, medium in available K2O, low in Zn and low in Fe. In finger millet, seven treatments of nano and bulk sources of Zn and Fe applied through various methods at different stages of the crop were tested in randomized block design with three replications. During rabi, greengram was sown in the same field without disturbing the previous layout with various treatments including carryover influence of Zn and Fe applied to previous crop as well as seed priming and foliar spray of bulk and nanoforms of Zn and Fe applied at various stages of the crop. 100% RDF was applied to all the treatments as per recommendation in finger millet and greengram crops. In kharif finger millet, growth attributing characters (plant height, leaf area index and drymatter accumulation), yield attributing characters (number of productive tillers per hill, earhead length, number of fingers per ear, earhead weight and test weight), grain yield and straw yield were found highest with T4, however, it remained on par with T3 and T7 during both years of study and in pooled data. The lowest growth, yield attributes, grain and straw yields were recorded with T1 (control), where RDF alone was applied. The grain zinc and iron contents and uptakes were highest with T4, however, it remained on par with T7 but significantly superior over T3. Whereas in the case of straw, zinc and iron contents and uptakes recorded with T4, T7 and T3 were on par with each other. Zn harvest index was highest with T7 and Fe harvest index was highest with T4. Control was found with the lowest zinc and iron contents and uptakes in both grain and straw. The highest grain protein content was observed with T4, however, it remained at par with T3 and T7. Grain anti-nutritional parameters like phytic acid and tannin contents were lowest with T4, but it was in statistical parity with T3 and T7. Concerning the economics of various treatments in finger millet, the highest gross returns were registered with T4, T3 and T7 as compared to other treatments. However, the net returns and benefit-cost ratio were found highest with T3. The zinc and iron treatments applied in rabi greengram had a tremendous effect during both years of study and found that all the yield attributes (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and test weight), grain yield and haulm yield were significantly higher with T7 but it remained on par with T4. Grain Zn and Fe contents were highest with T7, but they remained in statistical parity with T4. But Zn and Fe uptakes in grain were significantly highest with T7 as compared to the rest of the treatments. Haulm uptake of Zn and Fe was highest with T7 but found at par with T4. xxv The economics of rabi greengram showed that the T7 realized the highest gross and net returns but it remained on par with T4. Concerning the benefit-cost ratio, T3 realized the highest but was found on par with T7. The lowest benefit-cost ratio was obtained with control. Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that from the pre kharif in-vitro germination test, 50 ppm of nano ZnO and nano FeO were optimum for seed priming in finger millet and greengram crops. From the pot culture study with nano ZnO and FeO, it could be inferred that 200ppm of nano ZnO and 200ppm of FeO in finger millet, 100ppm of nano ZnO and 100ppm of nano FeO in greengram were found as optimum doses for foliar applications. Basal ZnSO4 (50 kg ha-1) and FeSO4 (25 kg ha-1) + Foliar nano ZnO (200 ppm) and FeO (200 ppm) at pre flowering and grain filling along with RDF significantly enhanced growth and yield attributing characters, grain and straw yield in finger millet, zinc and iron contents and uptakes in grain and hence was found as the optimum combination for finger millet. The performance of greengram was found best with respect to growth and yield attributing characters and grain and haulm yields, grain biofortification with zinc and iron when it was supplemented with RDF+ seed priming with nano ZnO (50 ppm) and nano FeO (50 ppm) + Foliar nano ZnO (100 ppm) and nano FeO (100 ppm) at peak vegetative stage and at appearance of 1st flower. System economics of finger millet-greengram sequence revealed that the gross returns were highest with T7, whereas the net returns and BCR were highest with T3. However, highest system productivity in terms of finger millet equivalent yield was observed with seed priming with nano ZnO (50 ppm) and FeO (50 ppm) + Foliar nano ZnO (200 ppm) and FeO (200 ppm) at maximum tillering and pre flowering stage and hence can be recommended as the best treatment provided the present cost of nano fertilizers is not a hindrance for its future adoption by the farmers taking into consideration the huge reduction in application of bulk fertilizers, environmental safety and reduction in micronutrient malnutrition in humans as the major priorities.ThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR ENHANCING YIELD AND QUALITY OF SEEDCANE(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-10) PODAPATI VINAYA LAKSHMI; M. MARTIN LUTHERA field experiment titled “Biological nutrient management for enhancing yield and quality of seedcane” was conducted during 2019-20 and 2020-21 on sandy clay soil at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with the treatments consists of three main plot treatments viz., a control and two organic sources-biofertilizer mixture (Azospirillum, Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria, Potassium Releasing Bacteria each @ 1250 ml ha-1 and VAM @ 12.5 kg ha-1) and trash mulching with bio-decomposers and six sub plot treatments viz., S1-75% STBNK (Soil Test Based Nitrogen and Potassium) at planting, 30, 60, 90, 120 DAP + additional dose of 25% recommended K one month before harvesting, S2-75% STBNK at planting, 45, 90, 135 and 180 DAP, S3-100% STBNK at planting, 30, 60, 90, 120 DAP + additional dose of 25% recommended K one month before harvesting, S4-100% STBNK at planting, 45, 90, 135 and 180 DAP, S5-125% STBNK at planting, 30, 60, 90, 120 DAP + additional dose of 25% recommended K one month before harvesting, S6-125% STBNK at planting, 45, 90, 135 and 180 DAP, in three replications. A high yielding commercial cane variety CoA 92081 (87A 298) was used. Germination percentage was not significantly influenced either by organic sources or time and dose of N and K given to seed crop of sugarcane. The growth parameters viz., plant height, number of tillers and shoots and drymatter production were influenced with application of biofertilizer mixture and it was comparable with trash mulching (M3) and both found to be xvii significantly superior to control. Among sub plot treatments, 125% STBNK + additional 25% RDK (S5) resulted in taller plants with more tiller and shoot population and drymatter production and found at par with 100% STBNK + additional 25% RDK (S3). A significant interaction between organic sources and different doses and time of N-K application was observed for drymatter production at 180 DAP during both the years of study and in pooled data. Yield attributes viz., stalk population, cane length, diameter, single cane weight, weight of 100 three bud setts and cane yield were maximum with application of biofertilizers (M2) and trash mulching (M3) and found significantly superior to control. Among different sub plot treatments, significantly higher yield attributing characters were recorded with application of 125% STBNK + additional 25% RDK (S5), but it was found statistically comparable with 125% STBNK (S6), 100% STBNK + additional 25% RDK (S3) and found superior to S1 and S2 treatments. Seedcane yield showed significant interaction between organic sources and different rates and timing of N-K application. Application of less fertilizer dose along with biofertilizers (M2S1) and with trash mulching (M3S1) was found on a par with that of M1S5. Quality parameters of seedcane were not influenced by the organic sources, however the sub plot treatments showed significant influence on moisture per cent, reducing sugars per cent, germinability of setts and seedling vigour index. Application of 125% STBNK (S6) significantly improved quality parameters of seedcane over S1 and S2 and was at par with S3 and S4 treatments. Combined application of biofertilizers or trash mulching along with 125% STBNK or 100% STBNK applied at 30 days interval + additional 25% RDK one month before harvesting recorded higher N, P and K content, uptake and availability in soil after harvest. A significant interaction between organic sources and different rates and timing of N-K application was observed with N uptake at 180 DAP and P uptake at harvest. The higher N and P uptake were registered with M2S5 whereas, lower were with M1S2 and M1S1 treatments. Gross returns, net returns and BC ratio were higher with application of biofertilizers or trash mulching along with 125% STBNK + additional 25% RDK (S5) and it was comparable with 100% STBNK + additional 25% RDK (S3). A significant interaction between organic sources and different rates and timing of N-K application was observed with net returns. The higher net returns were recorded with M2S5 treatment. Whereas, lower net returns were observed with M1S2 and M1S1 treatments. From the experiment conducted for two consecutive years, with organic sources and different rates and timing of N-K application, it can be concluded that combined application of biofertilizer mixture or trash mulching with bio-decomposers and 100% STBNK at 30 days interval + additional dose of 25% recommended potassium one month prior to harvest was found to be optimum and profitable for improving yield and quality of sugarcane seed crop on sandy clay soils of North Coastal Zone.ThesisItem Open Access TILLAGE AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR MANAGING PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF DIRECT SEEDED RICE – GREENGRAM SEQUENCE(guntur, 2022-08-08) NAGARJUNA, POLAGANI; VENKATESWARLU, B.A field experiment entitled “Tillage and nutrient management options for managing productivity and profitability of direct seeded rice-greengram sequence” was conducted for two consecutive years (2019-20 and 2020-21) on clay loam soils of the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The experimental site was uniform in topography and homogeneously fertile. The soil pH was slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potassium. The kharif experiment on rice consisted of four tillage practices viz., Dry seeding on puddled soil (T1), Reduced tillage (T2), Minimum tillage (T3) and Conventional tillage (T4); as horizontal strip treatments. Five nutrient management treatments to rice viz.,100% STBN through fertilizer (N1), 75% STBN through fertilizer + 25% N through FYM (N2), 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through FYM (N3), 75% STBN through fertilizer + 25% N through cured poultry manure (N4) and 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through cured poultry manure(N5) as vertical strip treatments. All the treatments were randomly allocated in three replications in a strip plot design. During rabi, the experiment was continued in the undisturbed plot to find out the residual effect of the treatments imposed to rice were studied (strip plot design) on succeeding greengram. The cultivers used in the investigation were Samba Mashuri (rice) and LGG 460 (greengram) respectively. xxiv Conventional tillage (T4) recorded significantly higher growth parameters of rice viz., plant height, number of tillers m-2, drymatter production and CGR but were comparable with dry seeding on puddled soil (T1) treatment with similar trend in both the years of study. The lowest growth parameters were recorded with minimm tillage (T3). The influence of tillage practices exhibited non significant associated with respect to LAI, RGR, NAR and SPAD readings. Nutrient combination comprising 50% STBN through fertilizer and 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) registered significantly the highest plant height, number of tillers m-2, drymatter production, leaf area index at harvest. SPAD, CGR, RGR and NAR were also recorded highest under N5 treatment and were comparable with 75% STBN through fertilizer with 25% N through cured poultry manure (N4) treatment regarding all growth parameters. The lowest growth parameters were registered with 100% STBN through fertilizer (N1) treatment. Yield attributes viz; number of panicles m-2, total number of grains panicle-1, number of filled grains panicle-1 and grain yield panicle-1 were significantly higher under conventional tillage but was comparable with dry seeding on puddled soil (T1). Panicle length and test weight of rice did not alter to an infeasible extent during both the years of study. Application of 50% STBN through fertilizer and 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) registered higher number of panicles m-2, total number of grains panicle-1, panicle lenght, number of filled grains panicle-1 and grain yield panicle-1 which was however comparable with N4 treatment. Various nutrient management practices did not influence the test weight of rice during both the years of study. Supply of either 100% STBN through fertilizers (N1) or with minimum tillage concept resulted in the lowest yield attributes during both the years of study. Significantly higher grain and straw yields were observed with conventional tillage (T4) and the lowest yields were registered under minimum tillage (T3) during both the years of study. Significantly the highest grain and straw yields were recorded with application of 50% STBN through fertilizer and 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5), which was however comparable with N4 treatment and the lowest yields were exhibited in 100% STBN through fertilizer (N1) treatment during both the years of study. Nutrient content and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at different growth stages of rice were significantly influenced by tillage as well as nutrient management practices and the highest values were recorded with conventional tillage (T4) and 50% STBN through fertilizer blended with 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5). Grain nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were uninfluenced by various tillage practices. With respect to nutrient management practices, higher nutrient content and uptake nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were associated with combined application 50% STBN through fertilizer and 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) xxv but were comparable with N4 treatment and the lowest yields were registered under 100% STBN through fertilizer (N1) treatment during both the years of study. Analysis of economic return indicated that conventional tillage (T4) was superior to other treatments, however which was comparable with T1 treatment. Further nutrient management supplying 50% STBN through fertilizer along and 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) registered higher economic return but was comparable with N4 treatment. The lowest economic return was realized with 100% STBN through fertilizer (N1) treatment during both the years of study. Plant height, drymatter accumulation, CGR, LAI, RGR, NAR and SPAD readings of succeeding greengram were significantly affected by residual outcome of diversified nutrient management practices imposed in rice during both the years of study. The residual effect of nutrient supply to kharif rice comprising 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through cured poultry manure resulted in the higher growth parameters, but were however on a par with the treatments N4 and N3. Similarly, SPAD values registered under the treatment supplying with 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through cured poultry manure was also on a par with N4, N3 and N2 treatments. Tillage practices and their interaction with nutrient management practices did not exhibit significant influence on growth parameters of succeeding greengam. Yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and economic return of rabi greengram were significantly influenced by nutrient management treatments imposed to kharif rice, but not by the tillage practices or their interaction. Among the nutrient management treatments, conjuctive use of either 50 or 75% STBN through fertilizer + 50 or 25% N through cured poultry manure, respectively; resulted in manifesting significant superiority over the other treatments. Physical properties of soil viz; pH and EC after harvest of rice and greengram were not influenced significantly by either the tillage or nutrient management treatments imposed to kharif rice crop. Total system productivity (total rice equivalent yield) was the highest with conventional tillage (T4) which was however on a par with T1 treatment under various tillage practices. With respect to nutrient management treatments, application of 50% STBN through fertilizer along with 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) treatment to kharif rice manifested was significantly superiority over rest of the treatments but was comparable with N4 treatment during both the years of study.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DEFOLIANTS IN HIGH DENSITY PLANTING COTTON-GREENGRAM SEQUENCE(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2021-12-07) SRAVANTHI, S.; . SREE REKHA, Dr. MA field experiment entitled “Studies on defoliants in high density planting cotton- greengram sequence” was conducted during 2018-19 and 2019-20 on clay soils at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The experiment was conducted in split-plot design with nine treatments and replicated four times using Suraj variety cotton. The main plots were defoliants D1- Dropp Ultra @ 250 ml ha-1 , D2- Mepiquat chloride @ 100 ml ha -1 and D3-Etherel @ 3000 ppm, the sub plots were times of application viz., 80 % Boll Opening (T1), Node Above Cracked Boll (NACB-T2) and Node Above White Flower (NAWF-T3). During the two years of study and in pooled data, defoliants, times of application and their interaction did not alter the plant height and drymatter accumulation significantly from 30 DAS to 120 DAS. At 21 days after defoliants spray, reduction in plant height was observed at all the three different times of application. Mepiquat chloride @ 100 ml ha-1 recorded maximum drymatter at harvest which was on par with Etherel @ 3000 ppm and at 80% Boll Opening recorded highest drymatter, which was found on par with NACB in 2018. In pooled data, interaction of Mepiquat chloride applied at 80 % Boll Opening (D2T1) recorded highest drymatter accumulation. In two years of experimentation and in pooled data, at 21 days after defoliant spray, significantly highest percent defoliation was noticed with Dropp Ultra @ 250 ml ha-1 and 80 % Boll Opening, which was on par with Node Above Cracked Boll. Sympodial branches and total number of bolls plant-1 were not significantly influenced by defoliants and time of application and their interaction. Lowest number of unopened bolls plant-1 and highest boll opening percentage were recorded with Dropp Ultra @ 250 ml ha-1 and 80% Boll Opening. Number of picked bolls plant-1 were more with application of Dropp Ultra @ 250 ml ha-1 which was on par with Etherel during first year, and 80 % Boll Opening which was found on par with NACB during second year. The xv interaction between Dropp Ultra applied at 80 % Boll Opening recorded maximum number of picked bolls plant-1 and highest boll opening percentage. Highest boll weight was recorded at 80 % Boll Opening, which was found on a par with Node Above Cracked Boll. Test weight, lint index, ginning percentage and quality parameters were not significantly influenced by either defoliants, or time of application and their interaction during both the years and in pooled data. Highest seed cotton yield was obtained with application of Dropp Ultra @ 250 ml ha-1 , which was found on par with Etherel @ 3000 ppm and 80% Boll Opening during first year of study and in pooled data. In 2019, Dropp Ultra and 80 % Boll Opening recorded highest seed cotton yield. Maximum stalk yield was recorded with Mepiquat chloride and 80 % Boll Opening which was found on par with Node Above Cracked Boll. Highest harvest index was found with Dropp Ultra and it was found on par with Etherel. Application of defoliants at three times of application had reduced the crop duration during both the years. Degree days were in the range of 260-315 °C days which hastened the defoliation process during both the years. Plant height and drymatter accumulation at harvest of greengram grown after cotton as sequence crop was not influenced by defoliants applied in previous crop during both the years and in pooled data. Greengram sown in Node Above Cracked Boll plots recorded highest drymatter accumulation and was found to be on par with early sown plots. The highest greengram seed yield was recorded under Dropp Ultra which was on par with Etherel. In pooled data, D1 was significantly superior over other treatments. Greengram sown in Node Above Cracked Boll plots recorded highest seed yield and was on a par with Node Above White Flower treatment during both the years and in pooled data.The highest haulm yield was recorded when greengram was sown in Dropp Ultra @ 250 ml ha-1 and Node Above Cracked Boll applied plots which was on par with T3 (Node Above White Flower). Interaction between these two factors was found to be non-significant. After harvest of both the crops, Dropp Ultra received plots recorded highest soil nitrogen and were on par with Etherel in pooled data and soil phosphorus was maximum in Dropp Ultra received plots. During both the years and in pooled data, total cotton equivalent yield was highest with Dropp Ultra @ 250 ml ha-1 (D1) which was on par with Etherel @ 3000 ppm (D3) in 2018 and in pooled data. 80 % Boll Opening recorded maximum total cotton equivalent yield, which was on par with Node Above Cracked Boll. Land Use Efficiency and Production Use Efficiency in terms of yield and returns were highest in late sown (80 % boll opening) plots. The highest net returns and returns per rupee investment were noticed with application of defoliant Dropp Ultra @ 250 ml ha-1 (D1) and at 80% Boll Opening. From the two years trial conducted it can be inferred that Dropp Ultra and Etherel can be used in cotton as defoliants at 80 % Boll Opening and greengram can be grown in sequence in Krishna agro-climatic zone of Andhra Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access SYSTEM OF INTENSIFICATION AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN FINGER MILLET-HORSEGRAM SEQUENCE(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2021-12-07) ALIVENI, A.; VENKATESWARLU, : Dr. B.A field experiment entitled “System of intensification and nutrient management in finger millet - horsegram sequence” was conducted for two consecutive years (2018-19 and 2019-20) on sandy clay loam soils of the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The soil pH was slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and potassium. The kharif experiment on finger millet consisted of three geometries with different age of seedlings viz., 30×10 cm spacing with 30 days old seedlings (M1), 30×30 cm spacing with 15 days old seedlings (M2) and 45×45 cm spacing with 15 days old seedlings (M3); as main plot treatments. Seven nutrient management treatments to finger millet viz., Absolute control (S0), Farmers practice (FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + application of Dravajeevamrutham (S1), Farmers practice (FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + application of Dravajeevamrutham along with wooden log treatment (S2), FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + 100% RDF (S3), FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + 100% RDF along with wooden log treatment (S4), FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + 125% RDF (S5) and FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + 125% RDF along with wooden log treatment (S6) as sub plot treatments. All the treatments were randomly allocated in three replications in a split plot design. During rabi, the experiment was continued to find out the residual effect of imposed treatments to finger millet without disturbing the layout for succeeding horsegram.ThesisItem Open Access CROP STAND ESTABLISHMENT AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEM IN NORTH COASTAL ANDHRA PRADESH(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2021-12-07) .RAJENDRA KUMAR, B; PRASAD, Dr. P.V.N.A field experiment entitled “Crop Stand Establishment and Nutrient Management in Rice based Cropping system in North Coastal Andhra Pradesh” was conducted for two consecutive years (2017 -18 and 2018-19) at the Agricultural College Farm, Naira. The experimental site was uniform in topography and the soil was a sandy loam in texture. The soil pH was slightly acidic, low in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and medium in available potassium. The experimentation was conducted during both kharif and rabi seasons and during kharif experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The treatments consisted of two main plots (Wet seeded rice (Drum seeding) and transplanting method) and four sub plots Viz., S1: 100% RDF (Chemical fertilizers); S2: 75% RDF+ 25% RDF through FYM; S3: 75% RDF + 25% RDF through green manure crop (Sunhemp); S4: 50% RDF + 25% RDF through FYM + 25% RDF through green manure crop (Sunhemp). During rabi rice fallow crops viz., blackgram, ragi and sunhemp were sown each where in kharif sub plot treatment which was sub divided into three sub-sub treatments and thus, double split plot design was adopted for rabi and the total number of plots during kharif was 24 (8×3=24) and during rabi was 72 (24×3=72) respectively. The experiment on rice-rice fallow crops sequence was repeated in another site during the 2nd year. Application of 75% RDF + 25% RDF through green manure crop (S3) manifested significantly superior performance in terms of growth characters of rice and other parameters studied, but remained on a par with the application of 100% RDF (S1) during both the years of study. The highest number of xxiii productive tillers m-2 (425 and 404), maximum number of filled grains panicle-1 (138 and 132) and test weight (24.22 and 22.53 g/1000 grains) were recorded respectively during first and second year of study with S3 treatment applied with 75% RDF + 25% RDF through green manure crop but it was on par with S1 treatment receiving 100% RDF. The lowest number of yield attributes were recorded with S4 50% RDF + 25% RDF through FYM + 25% RDF through green manure crop in both the years of study. Significantly higher grain (6166 and 5586 kg ha-1 ) and straw yield (7157 and 7143 kg ha-1 ) were recorded with the application of organic sources with 25% in S3 treatment and 75 % RDF + 25% RDF through green manure crop which was at par with S1 where only (100% RDF) chemical source of fertilizers were used. The lowest grain and straw yields were recorded when nutrient applied with 50% RDF + 25% RDF through FYM + 25% RDF through green manure crop during both the years of study. All the nutrient contents (%) and uptake (kg ha-1 ) i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium at different growth stages including grain and straw have recorded the highest values with the treatment that received 75% RDF + 25% RDF through green manure which remained on par that was applied 100% RDF in both the years of study. Post harvest available soil N, P and K status was significantly influenced by nutrient management interventions. The N, P and K status in the soil was recorded higher with 50% RDF + 25% RDF through FYM + 25% RDF through green manure crop (S4) which was at par with 75% RDF + 25% RDF through FYM (S2) and was found significantly superior to the rest of the treatments. During rabi significant increase in growth and yield attributes of rice fallow crops (blackgram, ragi and sunhemp) was recorded with the treatment, which received 50% RDF + 25% RDF through FYM + 25% RDF through green manure crop (S4) which was however at par with 75% RDF+ 25% RDF through FYM (S2) during both the years of study. The residual effect of INM treatments iimposed in kharif rice on succeeding rice fallow crops, resulted in higher net return and return rupee-1 investment with 50% RDF along with 25% RDF through FYM + 25% RDF through green manure crop which was at par with 75% RDF + 25% RDF through FYM during both the years of study. Among the three rice fallow crops sunhemp recorded significantly higher net return rupee -1 investment (Rs. 63225 3.62) with 50% organic sources (FYM and green manure) and (Rs. 59097 3.38) with 25% organic sources (FYM) respectively. The second best crop in terms of net return and return rupee -1 investment was blackgram with Rs. 24401 and Rs. 23251 with return rupee -1 investment of 2.08 and 1.99, respectively. However, the crop ragi recorded the lowest net return and return rupee -1 investment.