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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur
The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad.
The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966.
The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter.
HISTORICAL MILESTONE
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication.
Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers
1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country...
1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country...
1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country...
1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension...
1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted...
June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University...
June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)...
20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India...
1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State...
23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India...
July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture...
May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department...
7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga...
15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005...
26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007...
2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now...
serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)(guntur, 2022-08-17) VYSHNAVI, BOBBILI; VIJAYA BHASKAR REDDY, U.A field experiment was conducted to study the “Effect of physical and chemical weed management practices on growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” on sandy loam soils at College Farm, Agricultural College, Mahanandi campus of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University during rabi, 2020-2021. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The present experiment consists of eight different weed management treatments viz., weedy check (T1), two hand weedings at 20-25 DAS and 35-40 DAS (T2), intercultivation fb hand weeding at 20-25 DAS (T3), alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb hand weeding at 20-25 DAS (T4), alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb intercultivation at 20-25 DAS (T5), alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb intercultivation at 20-25 DAS fb hand weeding at 35-40 DAS (T6), alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl @ 222 g a.i. ha-1 at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds (T7) and fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl @ 222 g a.i. ha-1 at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds fb hand weeding at 35-40 DAS (T8). The data on weed flora observed in the experimental field consists of twelve species of weeds belonging to eight taxonomic families of which four species were grasses, one species was sedge and seven species were broad leaved weeds. Data on weed dynamics viz., weed density, weed dry weight, weed control efficiency and weed index revealed that alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb hand weeding at 20-25 DAS (T4) recorded xvi lesser weed density, weed dry weight and higher weed control efficiency at 30 DAS. But at 60 DAS and at harvest two hand weedings at 20-25 DAS and 35-40 DAS (T2) registered lower weed density, weed dry weight, weed index and higher weed control efficiency. Among integrated methods, alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb intercultivation at 20-25 DAS fb hand weeding at 35-40 DAS (T6) found superior in controlling weeds. However, maximum weed density, weed dry weight, weed index and lower weed control efficiency were observed in weedy check (T1). Data on growth parameters of chickpea viz., plant height, number of branches plant-1, dry matter accumulation and days to 50 % flowering revealed that alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb hand weeding at 20-25 DAS (T4) recorded maximum plant height, number of branches plant-1 and dry matter accumulation at 30 DAS. But, at 60 DAS and at harvest two hand weedings at 20-25 DAS and 35-40 DAS (T2) recorded higher values of plant height, number of branches plant-1, dry matter accumulation and days to 50 % flowering. Among integrated methods, alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb intercultivation at 20-25 DAS fb hand weeding at 35-40 DAS (T6) recorded higher growth parameters compared to other treatments. Lower values of growth parameters were recorded with weedy check (T1). The higher yield attributing characters i.e., number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, test weight, seed yield, haulm yield and harvest index were recorded with two hand weedings at 20-25 DAS and 35-40 DAS (T2). Among integrated methods, alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb intercultivation at 20-25 DAS fb hand weeding at 35-40 DAS (T6) registered higher yield attributes over other treatments. The lowest values of yield attributes were observed with weedy check (T1). The higher gross returns, net returns and benefit-cost ratio was registered with two hand weedings at 20-25 DAS and 35-40 DAS (T2) and alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb intercultivation at 20-25 DAS fb hand weeding at 35-40 DAS (T6), however these two treatments were on par with each other. The lower gross returns, net returns and benefit-cost ratio were observed with weedy check (T1). In conclusion, among the physical and chemical methods tried in the experimentation during rabi revealed that two hand weedings at 20-25 DAS and 35-40 DAS (T2) and alachlor 50 EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence application fb intercultivation at 20-25 DAS fb hand weeding at 35-40 DAS (T6) found superior in recording higher yield and economics of chickpea.ThesisItem Open Access POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) CULTIVARS TO LEVELS OF NITROGEN(guntur, 2022-08-08) VASEEM AKRAM, SHAIK; PRASAD, P.V.NA field experiment entitled “Potential performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars to levels of nitrogen’’ was conducted during rabi 2020 on sandy loam soils of Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with factorial concept and replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of three varieties V1: Dharani, V2: Kadiri lepakshi and V3: TAG-24 and four nitrogen levels viz., N1: 0 kg N ha-1 N2: 25 kg N ha-1 N3: 50 kg N ha-1 and N4: 75 kg N ha-1. The results indicated that among the three varieties tested, the plant height of dharani (V1) was significantly taller and found superior over kadiri lepakshi (V2) and TAG -24(V3). The number of branches plant-1recorded with kadiri lepakshi (V2) was significantly higher over other two varieties. The drymatter accumulation observed with kadiri lepakshi (V2) was significantly the maximum over TAG 24 and was found on par with dharani (V1). Similarly number of pods plant-1and number of filled pods plant-1were significantly more with kadiril epakshi (V2), than that of dharani (V1) and TAG -24 (V3). Pod yield, haulm yield and kernel yield were recorded significantly higher with kadiri lepakshi (V2) followed by dharani (V1) over TAG-24. xv Among the four levels of nitrogen tried the growth characters viz., plant height, number of branches plant-1, drymatter accumulation and nodule dry weight were higher with the application of 75 kg N ha-1 followed by 50 kg N ha-1, which were however statistically on par with each other and was found significantly superior to other levels of nitrogen. Similarly, number of pods plant-1, number of filled pods plant-1, pod yield and haulm yield were also registered higher with 75 kg N ha-1 and found significantly superior to that of 25 kg N ha-1 and control respectively. Nitrogen content (%) did not exhibit significant differences with varieties at 30,60 DAS and at harvest. Nitrogen uptake (kg ha-1) was recorded the highest with kadiri lepakshi (V2) followed by dharani (V1), whereas nitrogen content and uptake increased significantly with incremental increase in nitrogen level and higher uptake of N was attained with 75 kg N ha-1, which was on par with 50 kg N ha-1. Protein content recorded was the highest with 75 kg N ha-1 followed by 50 kg N ha-1. The maximum oil content (%) and oil yield (kg ha-1) were obtained with variety kadiri lepakshi (V2) followed by dharani (V1) and the lowest was observed with TAG-24. There was no significant difference observed in respect of oil content and oil yield with increasing levels of nitrogen. The higher gross returns was achieved with kadiri lepakshi (V2) was found on par with dharani (V1). While application of 75 kg N ha-1 recorded the maximum gross returns and it was found on par with 25 kg and 50 kg N ha-1.Net returns and B:C ratio followed the similar trend as that of gross returns with respect to nitrogen levels. With increase in levels of nitrogen application, the soil available N also increased. Application of nitrogen @ 75 kg N ha-1 resulted in significantly higher available soil N, which was however, on par with the treatment that received 50 kg N ha-1. Interaction between varieties and nitrogen levels was found to be non- significant for all parameters studied. It can be concluded from the present investigation that higher growth parameters, yield parameters, gross returns were recorded with kadiri lepakshi (V2) with the application of 50 kg N ha-1 which can be advisable under rainfed conditions of coastal Andhra Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access TILLAGE AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR MANAGING PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF DIRECT SEEDED RICE – GREENGRAM SEQUENCE(guntur, 2022-08-08) NAGARJUNA, POLAGANI; VENKATESWARLU, B.A field experiment entitled “Tillage and nutrient management options for managing productivity and profitability of direct seeded rice-greengram sequence” was conducted for two consecutive years (2019-20 and 2020-21) on clay loam soils of the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The experimental site was uniform in topography and homogeneously fertile. The soil pH was slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potassium. The kharif experiment on rice consisted of four tillage practices viz., Dry seeding on puddled soil (T1), Reduced tillage (T2), Minimum tillage (T3) and Conventional tillage (T4); as horizontal strip treatments. Five nutrient management treatments to rice viz.,100% STBN through fertilizer (N1), 75% STBN through fertilizer + 25% N through FYM (N2), 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through FYM (N3), 75% STBN through fertilizer + 25% N through cured poultry manure (N4) and 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through cured poultry manure(N5) as vertical strip treatments. All the treatments were randomly allocated in three replications in a strip plot design. During rabi, the experiment was continued in the undisturbed plot to find out the residual effect of the treatments imposed to rice were studied (strip plot design) on succeeding greengram. The cultivers used in the investigation were Samba Mashuri (rice) and LGG 460 (greengram) respectively. xxiv Conventional tillage (T4) recorded significantly higher growth parameters of rice viz., plant height, number of tillers m-2, drymatter production and CGR but were comparable with dry seeding on puddled soil (T1) treatment with similar trend in both the years of study. The lowest growth parameters were recorded with minimm tillage (T3). The influence of tillage practices exhibited non significant associated with respect to LAI, RGR, NAR and SPAD readings. Nutrient combination comprising 50% STBN through fertilizer and 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) registered significantly the highest plant height, number of tillers m-2, drymatter production, leaf area index at harvest. SPAD, CGR, RGR and NAR were also recorded highest under N5 treatment and were comparable with 75% STBN through fertilizer with 25% N through cured poultry manure (N4) treatment regarding all growth parameters. The lowest growth parameters were registered with 100% STBN through fertilizer (N1) treatment. Yield attributes viz; number of panicles m-2, total number of grains panicle-1, number of filled grains panicle-1 and grain yield panicle-1 were significantly higher under conventional tillage but was comparable with dry seeding on puddled soil (T1). Panicle length and test weight of rice did not alter to an infeasible extent during both the years of study. Application of 50% STBN through fertilizer and 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) registered higher number of panicles m-2, total number of grains panicle-1, panicle lenght, number of filled grains panicle-1 and grain yield panicle-1 which was however comparable with N4 treatment. Various nutrient management practices did not influence the test weight of rice during both the years of study. Supply of either 100% STBN through fertilizers (N1) or with minimum tillage concept resulted in the lowest yield attributes during both the years of study. Significantly higher grain and straw yields were observed with conventional tillage (T4) and the lowest yields were registered under minimum tillage (T3) during both the years of study. Significantly the highest grain and straw yields were recorded with application of 50% STBN through fertilizer and 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5), which was however comparable with N4 treatment and the lowest yields were exhibited in 100% STBN through fertilizer (N1) treatment during both the years of study. Nutrient content and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at different growth stages of rice were significantly influenced by tillage as well as nutrient management practices and the highest values were recorded with conventional tillage (T4) and 50% STBN through fertilizer blended with 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5). Grain nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were uninfluenced by various tillage practices. With respect to nutrient management practices, higher nutrient content and uptake nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were associated with combined application 50% STBN through fertilizer and 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) xxv but were comparable with N4 treatment and the lowest yields were registered under 100% STBN through fertilizer (N1) treatment during both the years of study. Analysis of economic return indicated that conventional tillage (T4) was superior to other treatments, however which was comparable with T1 treatment. Further nutrient management supplying 50% STBN through fertilizer along and 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) registered higher economic return but was comparable with N4 treatment. The lowest economic return was realized with 100% STBN through fertilizer (N1) treatment during both the years of study. Plant height, drymatter accumulation, CGR, LAI, RGR, NAR and SPAD readings of succeeding greengram were significantly affected by residual outcome of diversified nutrient management practices imposed in rice during both the years of study. The residual effect of nutrient supply to kharif rice comprising 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through cured poultry manure resulted in the higher growth parameters, but were however on a par with the treatments N4 and N3. Similarly, SPAD values registered under the treatment supplying with 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through cured poultry manure was also on a par with N4, N3 and N2 treatments. Tillage practices and their interaction with nutrient management practices did not exhibit significant influence on growth parameters of succeeding greengam. Yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and economic return of rabi greengram were significantly influenced by nutrient management treatments imposed to kharif rice, but not by the tillage practices or their interaction. Among the nutrient management treatments, conjuctive use of either 50 or 75% STBN through fertilizer + 50 or 25% N through cured poultry manure, respectively; resulted in manifesting significant superiority over the other treatments. Physical properties of soil viz; pH and EC after harvest of rice and greengram were not influenced significantly by either the tillage or nutrient management treatments imposed to kharif rice crop. Total system productivity (total rice equivalent yield) was the highest with conventional tillage (T4) which was however on a par with T1 treatment under various tillage practices. With respect to nutrient management treatments, application of 50% STBN through fertilizer along with 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) treatment to kharif rice manifested was significantly superiority over rest of the treatments but was comparable with N4 treatment during both the years of study.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SOIL AND FOLIAR APPLICATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF GROUNDNUT IN SANDY SOILS(guntur, 2022-08-08) ABHIGNA, DOKKA; LAKSHMAN, K.A field experiment entitled ―Effect of soil and foliar application of micronutrients on productivity of groundnut in sandy soils‖ was conducted during rabi, 2020 on sandy loam soil of Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) and replicated thrice with ten treatments. The treatments consisted of T1 (Control), T2 (RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1), T3 (RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 16 kg ha-1 as a basal), T4 (RDF + soil application of FeSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 as a basal), T5 (RDF + soil application of borax @ 10 kg ha-1 as a basal), T6 (RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 16 kg ha-1 + FeSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 + borax @ 10 kg ha-1 as a basal), T7 (RDF + foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% at 30 and 60 DAS), T8 (RDF + foliar application of FeSO4 @ 0.5% at 30 and 60 DAS), T9 (RDF + foliar application of borax @ 0.25% at 30 and 60 DAS) and T10 (RDF + foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% + FeSO4 @ 0.5% + borax @ 0.25% at 30 and 60 DAS). The results indicated that application of each and combined micronutrients through soil and foliar methods significantly influenced the growth parameters, yield and yield attributes, quality parameters, nutrient content, uptake and available nutrient status in soil after harvest and economics of groundnut crop. The highest plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of branches plant-1, SPAD chlorophyll meter readings, leaf area index, total number of nodules and nodules dry weight were recorded with application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with RDF (T2) and was on a par with soil and combined foliar application of micronutrient treatments (T6, T10, T5, T3 and T4). The higher number of developed pods plant-1 and lower number of undeveloped pods plant-1 recorded with T2 (RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1) and was found on par with sole and combined application of micronutrient treatments (T6, T5, T3 and T4) to soil. xv The highest number of pods plant-1, 100 kernel weight, pod and haulm yield were recorded significantly higher with application of RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 and found on par with soil and combined foliar application of micronutrient treatments (T6, T5, T3, T4 and T10). There was no significant effect of micronutrient fertilization on number of kernels pod-1 and harvest index of groundnut. However, the highest shelling percentage and protein content in kernel was recorded with treatment T2 (RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1) and was on a par with all the other treatments except with the application of RDF alone (T1). Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with RDF recorded the highest oil content and oil yield. It remained on a par with soil application of micronutrient treatments (T6, T5, T3 and T4) in case of oil content and with T6 and T5 in case of oil yield. Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with RDF recorded the highest nutrient content and was found on par with all the treatments except RDF alone (T1) in case of nitrogen and potassium and treatments (T1, T3 and T7) in case of phosphorous content. The treatment T2 (RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1) recorded higher total zinc content and was found at par with the treatments (T3, T7, T6 and T10). The total iron content recorded with RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 (T2) was found on par with soil and foliar application of iron treatments (T4, T8, T6 and T10) and in case of boron, T2 (RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1) recorded higher total content and was found on par with soil and foliar application of boron treatments (T5, T9, T6 and T10). Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with RDF recorded highest total nutrient uptake and was found on par with treatments (T6 and T5) in case of nitrogen, potassium and boron uptake; treatment (T6) in case of phosphorous and zinc uptake and treatments (T6 and T4 ) in case of iron uptake. Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with RDF (T2) recorded the highest available N, P2O5, K2O, Zn, Fe and B status in soil after harvest. It was found on par with the treatments T6, T5, T3, T4 and T10 in case of nitrogen; treatments T6 and T5 in case of phosphorous; treatments T6, T5, T3 and T4 in case of potassium; treatments T3, T6, T7 and T10 in case of zinc; T4, T6, T8 and T10 in case of iron and treatments T5, T6, T9 and T10 in case of available boron nutrient status in soil. Higher agronomic use efficiency and apparent recovery efficiency due to micronutrient fertilization was recorded with the combined foliar application of micronutrients (T10) whereas, higher physiological use efficiency was obtained with the combined soil application of micronutrients (T6). The highest gross returns were realized with T2 (RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1), however the higher net returns and benefit cost ratio was realized with combined soil application of micronutrient treatment (T6). From the findings it can be concluded that combined soil application of all micronutrients followed by individual micronutrient application alone found better than foliar application of each micronutrient alone. The highest net returns and benefit cost ratio were obtained with the combined soil application of all micronutrients. However, combined foliar application of all micronutrients proved on par with soil application of micronutrients.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF POST-EMERGENCE HERBICIDES IN GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)(guntur, 2022-08-08) JITENDRA, MAJJI; SRINIVASULU, K.A field experiment entitled “Evaluation of post-emergence herbicides in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)” was carried out during rabi, 2020-21 at the Agricultural college farm, Bapatla of Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur. The experiment was laidout in a complete randomized block design comprising of nine treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of T1: Weedy check, T2: Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, T3: Alachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i ha-1 as PE, T4: Imazethapyr @ 50 g a.i ha-1 as PoE, T5: Quizalofop ethyl @ 50 g a.i ha-1 as PoE, T6: Alachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i ha-1 as PE fb hand weeding at 30 DAS, T7: Propaquizafop @ 50 g + imazethapyr @ 75 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS, T8: Acifluorfen @ 160 g + clodinafop propargyl @ 80 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS, T9: Fomesafen @ 110 g + fluazifop-butyl @ 110 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS. Groundnut crop was sown on thoroughly prepared experimental plot. The crop was supplied with recommended fertilizer dose of 30 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 and 50 kg K2O ha-1. 20 kg of nitrogen and entire dose of phosphorous and potassium were applied as basal, remaining 10 kg of nitrogen was top dressed at 25 DAS. Gypsum was applied at the rate of 500 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS in the podding zone through band placement. Application of herbicides was done to the respective treatments as specified. Pre-emergence herbicides were applied at suitable soil moisture on very next day of sowing with hand sprayer attached with flat fan nozzle. Post-emergence herbicides were applied on 20th day after sowing on tender and actively growing weeds as blanket spray with hand sprayer fitted with solid cone nozzle. Field operations such as irrigation and plant protection measures were taken as per recommendations of ANGRAU. The data on plant height (cm), dry matter production (kg ha-1), leaf area index, number of pods xv plant-1, number of kernels pod-1, test weight (g), pod, kernel and haulm yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index (%) were recorded as per standard procedures. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and the significance was tested by Fisher's least significance difference. The predominant weed species observed in experimental plot were grasses like Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria sangunalis and Panicum repens, sedge like Cyperus rotundus and broad-leaved weeds like Trichodesma indica, Cleome viscosa, Indigiofera hirsuta and Phyllanthus niruri. Significantly lower weed density and dry weight were observed with all weed management practices over the weedy check. The lowest density and dry weight of weeds recorded with hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS. Among the post-emergence herbicides studied, fomesafen @ 110 g + fluazifop-butyl @ 110 g a.i ha-1 at 20 DAS performed better throughout the crop growth period than other treatments. Application of acifluorfen @ 160 g + clodinafop propargyl @ 80 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS and fomesafen @ 110 g + fluazifop-butyl @ 110 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS showed phytotoxicity on groundnut and markedly reduced pod and kernel yield. However, crop recoverd from the phytotoxic effect by 14 days after spraying. Plant height, number of branches per plant, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter production and uptake of nutrients by the crop were found superior with hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS and alachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i ha-1as PE fb hand weeding at 30 DAS. Among the post-emergence herbicides studied, propaquizafop @ 50 g + imazethapyr @ 75 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS recorded the highest plant height. Number of pods plant-1 were found significantly higher with hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS (8.2). Among the post-emergence herbicides, propaquizafop @ 50 g + imazethapyr @ 75 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS recorded more number of pods plant-1 (8.0). Pod, kernel and haulm yield and shelling per cent were found significantly higher with hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS (2287 kg ha-1, 1630 kg ha-1, 3325 kg ha-1 and 71.2 %, respectively), whereas the weedy check, recorded with lower number of pods plant-1 (7.1) and yield reduction was observed up to the extent of 48.2 %. Among the post-emergence herbicides, propaquizafop @ 50 g + imazethapyr @ 75 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS recorded higher pod (1986 kg ha-1), kernel (1398 kg ha-1), haulm yield (3161 kg ha-1) and shelling per cent (70.4 %). Gross returns were highest with hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS (Rs. 1,20,641 ha-1). Among the post-emergence herbicides studied, propaquizafop @ 50 g + imazethapyr @ 75 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS (Rs. 1,04,767 ha-1) was found superior than other treatments. Despite of lower pod yield (1986 kg ha-1) observed with propaquizafop @ 50 g + imazethapyr @ 75 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 xvi DAS, the chemical weed management practice lead to lower cost of cultivation, resulted in increased net returns (Rs. 60,885 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (2.39) than the hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS (Rs. 58,359 ha-1 and 1.93) Overall, the study revealed that the propaquizafop @ 50 g + imazethapyr @ 75 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS treatment was found superior among the treatments studied in terms of higher net returns and benefit cost ratio.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF DATES OF SOWING ON PERFORMANCE OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) VARIETIES(guntur, 2022-08-08) CHANDRU, S.; LAKSHMAN, K.A field experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil during kharif 2019-20 at Agricultural college Farm, Bapatla to study the “Influence of dates of sowing on performance of different groundnut(Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties” The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with Factorial concept having three replications.The treatmentsconsists of three varieties of groundnut viz. Dharani (V1), Nithyaharitha (v2), TAG-24 (V3) as first factor and three sowing windows viz, 2nd fortnight of July (D1), 1st fortnight of August (D2) and 2nd fortnight of August (D3) as other factor . The results revealed that the growth parameters viz, plant height, drymatter accumulation, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, yield attributes and yield were significantly influenced by varieties and dates of sowing, Although their interaction was found non significant. Groundnut crop sown on the 2nd Fortnight of July recorded significantly taller plants, more number of branches per plant, maximum drymatter accumulation and more number of days to reach 50% flowering and days to maturity, Number of pods per plant, seed index, kernel per pod, shelling %, Harvest Index (HI) and Yield. Among the varieties, significantly higher values in growth parameters and yield attributes were recorded with TAG-24 variety. The highest pod yield of 2442 kg ha-1 was recorded with 2nd fortnight of July. Among the varieties highest pod yield of 2381 kg ha-1 was recorded with the variety TAG-24 and found significantly superior over other varieties. Highest values of all climatic normals/Agroclimatic/weather health indices viz, GDD, HTU, PTU, HtUE, PtUE were recorded with 2nd fortnight of July (D1) irrespective of the varieties. Among the varieties TAG-24 (V3) recorded all the optimum values of weather health indices/climatic normals. These climatic normals were found optimum for all varieties to produce maximum potential yield. The highest gross return of Rs. 85850 ha-1, net returns of Rs. 51883 ha-1 were recorded with the TAG-24 variety sown on 2nd fortnight of July (D1). Among the varieties maximum returns per rupee invested (Rs. 1.52) was recorded with the TAG-24 variety sown on 2nd fortnight of July compared to other varieties.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ZINC FORTIFICATION IN FINGER MILLET(guntur, 2022-08-08) BHARGAV, GOKADA; VENKATESWARLU, B.A field experiment titled “Studies on zinc fortification in finger millet” was carried out during kharif, 2019 at the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University. The experiment was laid out in simple Randomised Block Design with eight treatments and replicated thrice. The treatments comprises of T1: Absolute Control, T2: Soil Test Based Fertilizer (STBF), T3: STBF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1, T4: STBF + ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (Soil), T5: STBF + ZnSO4 @ 0.50% at 60 DAS (Foliar spray), T6: STBF + ZnSO4 @ 0.50% at 60 and 75 DAS (Foliar spray), T7: STBF + Nano ZnO @ 500 ppm at 60 DAS (Foliar Spray), T8: STBF + Nano ZnO @ 500 ppm at 60 and 75 DAS (Foliar Spray). Soil and foliar application of zinc fertilizer along with soil test based fertilizer (STBF) application exerted a significant influence on plant growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, quality parameters and economic returns. Plant growth characters like height (122.2 cm), drymatter production (10600 kg ha-1) and yield attributing characters like number of tillers (234.1 m-2), number of earheads (224.2 m-2), grains per finger (94.2), number fingers earhead-1 (7.6) were the highest with foliar application of Nano ZnO @ 500 ppm at 60 and 75 DAS along with soil test based NPK fertilizer application (T8) compared to rest of the treatments. Grain and stover yield of finger millet also differed significantly with application of zinc management treatments. Significantly the higher grain yield (2700 kg ha-1) of finger millet was recorded with treatment (T8) Nano ZnO @ 500 ppm at 60 and 75 DAS along with soil test based NPK fertilizer application over the rest of the treatments. The higher straw yield was recorded with STBF + foliar application of nano ZnO @ 500 ppm at 60 and 75 DAS which was on par with T7, T4, T6, T5 and T3. The harvest index was not significantly influenced by the zinc management treatments. xvi Application of soil test based NPK along with foliar application of Nano ZnO @ 500 ppm at 60 and 75 DAS (T8) recorded significantly the higher protein content in grain (9.8%) and ash content in grain (1.9%) over the rest of the treatments. It was followed by treatment (T7) application of soil test based NPK along with foliar application of Nano ZnO @ 500 ppm at 60 DAS. The crude fibre in grain (3.0%) of finger millet was recorded with treatment (T2) soil test based NPK fertilizer application was significantly higher than that of rest of the treatments except T3. Among different zinc management treatments significantly the highest Zn (75.3 mg kg-1) concentration in grain was recorded with application of soil test based NPK along with foliar application of Nano ZnO @ 500 ppm at 60 and 75 DAS (T8) over the other treatments. Iron content of the finger millet grain was not significantly influenced by the zinc management practices. Plant uptake of zinc at different stages varied significantly with different zinc management practices. Basal application of zinc sulphate @ 50 kg ha-1 recorded the highest plant uptake (156 g ha-1) of zinc at panicle initiation stage. Soil test based NPK fertilization along with foliar application of Nano ZnO @ 500 ppm at 60 and 75 DAS i.e. T8 recorded the highest plant uptake of zinc at grain filling (272 g ha-1) and at harvest stage (307 g ha-1). Significantly higher gross returns (₹ 89397 ha-1) was recorded with T8 treatment i.e. STBF + foliar application of Nano ZnO @ 500 ppm at 60 and 75 DAS over the rest of the treatments. Net returns recorded was highest with treatment (T8) and it was at par with treatment T4, T7 and T6. The highest benefit cost ratio (2.37) was recorded with T4 treatment i.e. STBF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 and it was found on par with treatment T6. In conclusion, the present study revealed that productivity and quality of finger millet increased with application of soil test based NPK fertilizer along with foliar application of Nano ZnO @ 500 ppm at 60 and 75 DAS. The same nutritional management strategy also realized the highest B:C ratio was found in soil application of ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 along with soil test based fertilizer indicating that it is economically viable.ThesisItem Open Access POST EMERGENCE HERBICIDES EFFICACY IN FOXTAIL MILLET(guntur, 2022-08-04) SAI RAVALI, PONNEKANTI; PRASAD, P.V.N.A field experiment entitled “Post emergence herbicides efficacy in foxtail millet” was conducted on a sandy clay loam soil at the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during kharif, 2020 by adopting Complete Randomized Block Design with ten treatments replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of T1-Weedy check; T2-Hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS; T3-Interculture at 15 and 30 DAS; T4-Chlorimuron ethyl (2 g a.i) + metsulfuron methyl (2 g a.i) @ 4 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS; T5-Ethoxysulfuron @ 18.75 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS; T6-Penoxsulam @ 20 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS; T7-Interculture at 15 DAS fb chlorimuron ethyl (2 g a.i) + metsulfuron methyl (2 g a.i) @ 4 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS; T8-Interculture at 15 DAS fb ethoxysulfuron @ 18.75 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS; T9-Interculture at 15 DAS fb penoxsulam @ 20 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS; T10-Interculture at 15 DAS fb hand weeding at 30 DAS. Predominant weed flora comprised Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Panicum maximum among grasses; Cyperus rotundus and Fimbristylis milliacea among sedges; Trichodesma indicum, Commelina benghalensis, Digera arvensis and Cleome viscosa among broad leaved weeds. The results revealed that the lowest density and dry weight of weeds and the highest weed control efficiency was recorded under treatment T2 (Hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS). Among the herbicidal treatments implemented either alone or in combination with cultural practice (intercultivation), the treatment T8 (Interculture at 15 DAS fb ethoxysulfuron @ 18.75 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS) registered the lower values of weed density, drymatter and higher weed control efficiency, which was however comparable with treatment T2 xv (Hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS). The highest density and drymatter of weeds was associated with Weedy check (T1). The post emergence herbicides viz., chlorimuron ethyl (2 g a.i) + metsulfuron methyl (2 g a.i) @ 4 g a.i ha-1, ethoxysulfuron @ 18.75 g a.i ha-1 and penoxsulam @ 20 g a.i ha-1, tested were found to be selective to foxtail millet. All growth parameters viz., plant height, total number of tillers m-2, drymatter accumulation, yield attributes viz., number of panicles m-2, panicle length, panicle weight, total grains panicle-1, filled grains panicle-1, grain yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake of foxtail millet were maximum under the treatment T2 (Hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS), which was statistically at par with T10, T3 and T8. Treatments involving combination of cultural practice with herbicidal spray (T7, T8 and T9), displayed comparable performance among them. Sequential application of manual, cultural or chemical management practices in the present investigation were found superior to the application of herbicides alone with respect to weed parameters, crop growth characters and yield attributes during all the stages of crop growth. Among the herbicide applied treatments in combination with intercultivation, the treatment T8 (Interculture at 15 DAS fb ethoxysulfuron @ 18.75 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS) was the only treatment, which was comparable with treatment T2 (Hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS). Despite, Hand weeding followed at 15 and 30 DAS (T2) reported the highest grain yield and gross return, the net return and B C ratio were low owing to higher labour wages incurred under hand weeding practice. Among the various weed management practices, the treatment T8 (Interculture at 15 DAS fb ethoxysulfuron @ 18.75 g a.i ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS) was found to be effective and economical in controlling weeds in foxtail millet and was projected as an alternative to manual weeding, with realization of higher net return (Rs. 29814 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (2.16).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ZINC MANAGEMENT IN SWEETCORN(guntur, 2022-08-04) MONIKA YADAV, PEDDAPULI; VENKATESWARLU, BALINENIA field experiment entitled “Studies on zinc management in sweetcorn” was carried out during kharif, 2020 on a sandy clay soil at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University. The experiment was laid out in simple Randomised Block Design with nine treatments and replicated thrice. The treatments comprised T1: Control (RDF), T2: RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1(Soil application), T3: RDF + ZnSO4 @ 0.5 % foliar spray at 20 & 40 DAS, T4: RDF + Zn EDTA @ 10 kg ha-1 (Soil application), T5: RDF + Zn EDTA @ 0.5 % (Foliar spray) at 20 and 40 DAS, T6: RDF + Nano ZnO @ 250 ppm at 20 & 40 DAS (Foliar spray), T7: RDF + Nano ZnO @ 500 ppm at 20 & 40 DAS (Foliar spray), T8: RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (Soil) + Nano ZnO @ 250 ppm at 20 & 40 DAS (Foliar spray)and T9: RDF + Zn EDTA @ 10 kg ha-1 (Soil) + Nano ZnO @ 250 ppm at 20 & 40 DAS (Foliar spray). Sugar-75 variety was taken with the spacing of 60 cm x 20 cm. Combined application of zinc as soil and foliar along with recommended dose of fertilizers exerted a significant affect on plant growth characters, yield attributes, yield, quality parameters and economic returns. Plant growth parameters like height (214.4 cm), leaf area index (2.83) and drymatter production (9903 kg ha-1) were the highest at harvest with soil application of 10 kg ha-1 Zn EDTA + foliar application of nano zinc @ 250 ppm at 20 & 40 DAS along with RDF (T9) and was on par with T8 treatment i.e.RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (Soil) + Nano ZnO @ 250 ppm at 20 and 40 DAS as foliar spray) and T7 treatment i.e. RDF + Nano ZnO @ 500 ppm at 20 and 40 DAS as foliar spray. The lowest plant height, leaf area index and drymatter production were registered in control treatment. xvii Yield attributing characters like number of seed rows cob-1 (16.84), number of seeds row-1 (32.57), cob length (22.44 cm), girth (18.87 cm), weight of cob with husk (254.80 g) and without husk (201.8 g), seed yield per cob (124.86 g) were registered highest with soil application of 10 kg ha-1 ZnEDTA + foliar application of nano zinc @ 250 ppm at 20 & 40 DAS along with RDF (T9) compared to rest of the treatments and lowest was noticed in control. Among the various zinc treatments tested, RDF + Zn EDTA @ 10 kg ha-1 (Soil) + Nano ZnO @ 250 ppm at 20 & 40 DAS as foliar spray (T9) recorded the highest green cob yield (12,638 kg ha-1), green fodder yield (19674 kg ha-1) and stover yield (7590 kg ha-1) of sweetcorn over remaining treatments, whereas lowest was observed in control. Application of RDF along with soil application of 10 kg ha-1 Zn EDTA and foliar application of nano zinc @ 250 ppm at 20 & 40 DAS recorded higher kernel protein content (12.98 %) and zinc content in kernel (34.59 ppm) followed by T8 and T7 treatment over the rest of the treatments. Zinc content in the plant at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest was influenced significantly by T9 treatment with the RDF along with soil application of 10 kg ha-1 Zn EDTA + foliar application of nano zinc @ 250 ppm at 20 & 40 DAS and the lowest zinc contents in the plant at various growth stages was recorded in the control. Similarly, the highest zinc and nitrogen uptake by the plant at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest was registered in the plots treated with RDF along with soil application of 10 kg ha-1 Zn EDTA + foliar application of nano zinc @ 250 ppm at 20 & 40 DAS i.e. T9 treatment and the lowest was registered in control. The highest available zinc in soil after harvest was registered from T9 treatment (0.77 mg kg-1). Whereas, the lowest was found in control. Significantly the highest gross return (₹1,93,360) was found with T9 treatment i.e. RDF + soil application of 10 kg ha-1 Zn EDTA + foliar application of nano zinc @ 250 ppm at 20 & 40 DAS. But the net return (₹1,38,664) and the B:C ratio (2.74) was found the highest with RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + foliar application of nano zinc @ 250 ppm at 20 & 40 DAS (T8) indicating that it is economically viable.