Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Open Access
IMPACT OF SOIL HEALTH CARDS ON RICE CULTIVATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(guntur, 2022-09-07) NAVEEN, B.; PRASAD, S.V.
ABSTRACT The present study entitled ‘Impact of Soil Health Cards on rice cultivation in Andhra Pradesh’ had been initiated focusing on attitude of farmers towards Soil Health Card and Impact of Soil Health Card on farmers with the following objectives; the profile of Soil Health Card farmers, develop attitude scale and measure the attitude of the farmers towards Soil Health Cards, the impact of Soil Health Card on farmers, the relationship between the attitude, impact and profile of the farmers and the problems faced by the farmers in the adoption of recommendations of Soil Health Cards and elicit suggestions to overcome them. Ex post facto research design was used for conducting the study. Andhra Pradesh state was selected purposively for the study as the researcher hails from the same state and is familiar with local language and culture. Three districts of Andhra Pradesh namely East Godavari, West Godavari and Krishna were selected purposively based on the highest area under rice cultivation. Two mandals from each of the selected districts were selected purposively based on the highest area under rice cultivation, for present study. Two villages were selected from each of the 6 mandals by following simple random sampling thus making a total of 12 villages. From each village, 20 farmers possessing Soil Health Cards were selected by following simple random sampling procedure, thus making a total of 240 respondents for the study. Thirteen independent variables and two dependent variables viz., attitude of the farmers towards Soil Health Card and impact of Soil Health Card on farmers were selected for the study. A pre tested interview schedule with measurement devices of all the variables was used for the collection of raw data. The data were collected by personal interview method through a structured interview schedule and analyzed by employing suitable statistical methods. The analysis of profile characteristics of the farmers indicated that majority of the respondents belonged to middle age, middle school education, semi medium land holding with medium farming experience, extension contact, mass media xvii exposure, social participation, achievement motivation, scientific orientation, management orientation, innovativeness, economic orientation and differed gratification. The detailed analysis of the dependent variables indicated that majority (74.58%) of SHC rice farmers had medium favourable attitude followed by high (15.84%) and less (9.58%) favourable attitude. The Soil Health Card has shown 24.50 per cent of impact on the rice farmers. The study also revealed that different indicators of dependent variable i.e., change in dosage of fertilizers, micro nutrients, manures and soil amendments, change in sources of fertilizers, change in time of application, change in problematic soil management, change in pest and disease management, change in cost of inputs, change in yield level, change in income has shown significant change. SHC had shown medium (53.33%) level of impact followed by low (30.42%) and high (16.25%) levels of impact on the farmers. The computed correlation coefficient (r) values of education, farm size, extension contact, mass media exposure, social participation, achievement motivation, scientific orientation, innovativeness, economic orientation and differed gratification were positively significant at 0.01per cent level of probability and management orientation was also positively significant at 0.05 per cent level of probability in their relationship with attitude of the farmers. However, age and farming experience exhibited negative and non-significant relationship with attitude of the farmers. The computed correlation coefficient (r) values of education, farm size, extension contact, mass media exposure, social participation, achievement motivation, scientific orientation, management orientation, innovativeness, economic orientation, and differed gratification were positively significant at 0.01per cent level of probability. However, farming experience exhibited negative and significant relationship and finally age exhibited negative and non-significant relationship with impact of SHC on farmers. The major problems perceived by the farmers about SHC were; calculation of fertilizer doses was difficult on the basis of nutrient status of the soil, difficult to understand SHC information without expert, the quantity of FYM recommended as per SHC was not available for farming and lack of trust on SHC information with regards to reliability and validity. The major suggestions elicited by farmers to surmount problems regarding Soil Health Card were: Calculation of fertilizer dose of application through SHC should be made easy, availability of micronutrient status of soil in SHC should be displayed, subsidies for fertilizers should be given as per soil heath card and innovative farmers should follow the SHC recommendation which should make other farmers to follow SHC.
Open Access
A STUDY ON IMPACT OF RASTRIYA KRISHI VIKAS YOJANA (RKVY) PROGRAMME OF ANGRAU
(guntur, 2022-08-04) USHA, MADUGULA; RAMBABU, P.
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) was initiated in 2007 as an umbrella scheme for ensuring holistic development of agriculture and allied services. The programme incentivises states in order to increase public investment in agriculture and allied sectors. The main objective of the programme is to reduce the yield gaps in important crops of the state, maximize returns of the farmers in agriculture and allied sectors and to make quantifiable changes in the production of agriculture and allied sectors. The scheme has come a long way since its inception and has been implemented across two five year plan periods (11th and 12th). Although many of these continuing programmes like RKVY, National Horticulture Mission (NHM), and National Food Security Mission (NFSM) were initiated during 2000, an in-depth assessment of the public delivery of services is not readily available. The implementation of targeted interventions need to be analysed and lessons to be learnt to enhance public investment efficiency and up scaling. Further, perception of the farmers and officials of the concerned department constitutes a vital input to policy makers for designing government programmes in a better way. Hence, in this study an attempt was made to study the impact of RKVY of ANGRAU as it made significant contributions in agriculture with respect to rice crop. The study was conducted by following an ex-post-facto Research Design. Three districts viz., Srikakulam (from North Coastal Zone), West Godavari (from Godavari Zone) and Nellore (from Southern Zone), were purposively selected based on the existence of maximum number of rice farmers. From each of the selected district, one Agricultural Research Station (ARS) / RARS, one Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), one District Agricultural Advisory and Transfer of Technology Centre (DAATTC) of ANGRAU were selected purposively which were successfully implementing RKVY programme in rice crop. A total of 80 beneficiaries from each district associated with ARS/RARS, KVK and DAATTC were selected by using proportionate random sampling method and thus, making a total sample of 240 respondents. Appropriate statistical tools such as Mean, Standard Deviation, Frequency, Percentage, Garret Ranking, Chi-square and Multiple Liner Regression (MLR) were used. The detailed analysis of profile characteristics of rice farmer beneficiaries of RKVY indicated that majority of the members were middle aged (65.00%), with primary school education (29.58%) and medium annual income (70.00%), marginal land holding (28.33%), farm experience of 11-15 years (36.67%), under gone 3-4 trainings (35.00%), medium socio politico participation (57.09%), medium decision making (66.67%), medium extension contact (67.50%), medium mass media exposure (65.00%), medium achievement motivation (63.33%), medium risk orientation (68.75%), medium market orientation (60.42%), medium scientific orientation (60.42%) and medium innovativeness (62.50%). In Chi Square analysis, education and farm experience were significant at 0.01 level of probability, whereas training received socio-politico participation, extension contact, decision making, achievement motivation, risk orientation, market orientation and scientific orientation were significant at 0.05 level of probability. The remaining profile characteristics like age, annual income, land holding, mass media exposure and innovativeness were not significant. The detailed analysis of dependent variables indicated that more than two-fifths (42.58%) of the rice farmer beneficiaries of RKVY had high knowledge on recommended production practices and when found relationship between profile characteristics of rice farmer beneficiaries of RKVY with knowledge, age, education, farming experience, training received, socio-politico participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, achievement motivation, risk orientation, market orientation, scientific orientation and innovativeness showed a positive and significant relationship with knowledge of the rice farmer beneficiaries of RKVY and the multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) indicated that all the fifteen profile characteristics put together contributed for 77.43 per cent of variance in the knowledge of the beneficiaries about rice cultivation leaving the rest (22.57%) to the effect of extraneous unknown characteristics. With regard to extent of adoption, two-fifths (42.08%) of the rice farmer beneficiaries of RKVY had high extent of adoption of recommended production technologies. The relationship between profile characteristics and extent of adoption revealed that age, education, farming experience, training received, socio-politico participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, decision making, achievement motivation, market orientation, scientific orientation and innovativeness showed a positive and significant relationship with extent of adoption and the multiple regression equation with profile characteristics put together contributed for 86.50 per cent of variance in the extent of adoption of recommended production technologies in rice leaving the rest (13.50%) for extraneous effect of unknown characteristics. Similarly in case of direct changes, nearly half (47.08%) of the rice farmer beneficiaries of RKVY had high level of direct changes undergone. The relationship between profile characteristics and direct changes reveled that age, annual income, training received, socio-politico participation, decision making, extension contact, mass media exposure, achievement motivation, risk orientation, market orientation, scientific orientation and innovativeness showed a positive and significant relationship with direct changes of the beneficiaries and the multiple regression equation with fifteen profile characteristics put together contributed for 84.00 per cent of variance in the direct changes leaving the rest (16.00%) for extraneous effect of unknown characteristics. In case of indirect changes almost half (49.58%) of the rice farmer beneficiaries of RKVY had medium level of indirect changes undergone. The relationship between profile characteristics and indirect changes revealed that age, annual income, farming experience, training received, socio-politico participation, decision making, extension contact, mass media exposure, achievement motivation, market orientation, scientific orientation and innovativeness showed a positive and significant relationship with indirect changes and the multiple regression equation with fifteen profile characteristics put together contributed for 82.40 per cent of variance in the indirect changes of the beneficiaries leaving the rest (17.60%) to extraneous effect of unknown characteristics. The major constraints faced by rice farmer beneficiaries of RKVY were ‘high cost of hire charges of MSRI machinery’, soil test based fertilizer application resulting in low yields’, ‘No knowledge on market information to sell the farm produce’ and less practicability of soil health card recommendations’. Similarly major constraints faced by scientists in implementation of RKVY were ‘Insufficient funds allocated for critical inputs’, ‘increased workload in implementing the RKVY programme’, ‘No technical competence in updating information of Kiosk’. A suitable strategy was designed with five core areas for effective implementation of RKVY. The areas are 1) Strengthening Bhoochetana programme 2) Popularizing cost reduction technologies 3) Strengthening infrastructural facilities 4) Popularizing IFS models 5) Promoting extension services.
Open Access
IMPACT OF TECHNICAL SERVICE CENTRES (TSCs) ON SERICULTURE FARMERS IN KARNATAKA STATE OF INDIA
(guntur, 2022-08-04) HARISHA, N; MUKUNDA RAO, B.
Sericulture is considered as main employment and income generating activity in Karnataka. The Technical Service Centres (TSCs) are playing an incredible role of extension for wellbeing of sericulture farmers through their extension activities. Technical Service Centers are the front line units and they motivate the farmers to take up mulberry cultivation and silkworm rearing. The TSC is the distinctive extension system established at grass root level, which are easy accessible to farmers and helps to disseminate knowledge and make for them adopt the scientific technologies of mulberry cultivation and silkworm rearing. All the findings of the study help to refinement and reformation of extension methodologies of TSCs. There is a scope for extension system for diffusion of sericulture technologies to the non-sericulture growing areas and to become agriculture as a profitable sector and none of the research studies was conducted on sericulture extension system (Technical Service Centres). The present study on Impact of Technical Service Centres on Sericulture Farmers in Karnataka State of India was carried out during 2017. The Karnataka state was contributing 35.00 per cent of silk production in India. The Ramanagara and Mandya districts were selected because these district having highest number of TSCs in Bangalore and Mysore division respectively. Ex-post-facto research design used for the study. Mandya, Malavalli and K.R Pet taluks from Mandya district on the other hand Ramanagara, Channapatna and Kanakapura taluks were purposively selected for the study. Above the taluks were selected based on top 3 taluks in TSCs in district. The four TSCs from each taluk leads to twelve from each district, Totally 24 TSCs were selected for the study. Ten sericulture farmers under each TSC, collectively 240, were selected by using random sampling method. The age, education, farming experience, annual income, size of land holding, family status, cropping pattern, mass media utilization, social participation, , information consultancy, credit acquisition and utilization, scientific orientation, management orientation , risk orientation and achievement motivation were xvii considered as independent variables and attitude, direct and indirect changes, knowledge and adoption were considered as dependent variables for the study. For the variables attitude and knowledge were studied by constructing scale and test respectively. A well structured interview schedule was used for data collection. The statistical tools like frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, correlation, multiple regression and Garret ranking were used for data analysis. The detailed analysis of the profile of sericulture beneficiary farmers of TSCs indicated that majority of them were middle aged with having education high school and middle school and 23-30 years of experience in sericulture. It also found that majority of them had medium annual income and most of the farmers belonged to small farmers and marginal farmers. Most of the sericulture farmers had medium family status (4-6 members), Mulberry+Coconut+Ragi cropping pattern, medium mass media utilization, high social participation, medium information consultancy, medium scientific orientation, medium management orientation, high risk orientation and high achievement motivation. The dependent variable attitude of sericulture beneficiary farmers towards activities of TSCs was measured by constructing Likert Scale with 21 statements comprises both positive and negative statements. The study found that more than half of the sericulture farmers had medium favourable attitude towards activities of TSCs followed by high favourable attitude and low favourable attitude. In case of knowledge, most of sericulture farmers had medium knowledge on recommended technologies of sericulture. Only just more than one fifth (11.25 %) of the sericulture farmers had low knowledge on recommended technologies of sericulture. With respect to adoption of recommended technologies, majority of the sericulture farmers belonged to medium adoption category followed by high adoption and low adoption category. Before interventions of TSC, majority of the sericulture farmers had low mulberry yield succeeded by medium mulberry yield, after interventions of TSC, of the sericulture farmers had high mulberry yield followed by medium mulberry yield and low mulberry yield. Correlation coefficient (r) values of independent variables such as education, Mass media utilization, information consultancy and Scientific orientation were positively significant at 0.01 level of significance. Whereas, experience in sericulture social participation and Achievement motivation were positively significant at 0.05 level of significance. Independent variables such as education, Experience in Sericulture, Mass media utilization, Information consultancy and Achievement motivation were positively significant at 0.01 level of significance. Whereas, cropping pattern, Social participation and scientific orientation were positively significant at 0.05 level of significance. The major constraints of TSCs as perceived by the sericulture farmers were Discrimination in identification of farmers for benefits followed by misuse of funds as second rank, Poor information dissemination about scientific technologies as third rank, Delay in subsidy transfer to the beneficiary account as fourth rank, xviii Selling of subsidised inputs to grainage centres as fifth rank, Lack of consultancy services about mulberry cultivation and silkworm rearing, less demand driven technologies and finally lack of need based trainings for mulberry cultivation silkworm rearing. The major suggestions given by sericulture farmers for improvement of functioning of TSCs were Transparency in selection of farmers to benefit extension services followed by Online transfer of monetary benefits to beneficiary farmers, Providing insurance to sericulture as like Crop insurance, Appointment of technically sound and skilful extension officials, Effective consultancy services in sericulture by TSC officials, Generation demand driven technologies and Unbiasness in the selection of farmers for training .
Open Access
PROSPECTS OF SUGARCANE CULTIVATION FOR JAGGERY -A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
(guntur, 2022-08-04) ARCHANA, K; SATHYA GOPAL, P.V.
Sugarcane is one of the most important commercial crops grown in the world. In India, there are three kinds of principal products obtained from sugarcane viz., sugar, jaggery and khandasari. Sugarcane crop provides employment to lakhs of people in the country from the cultivation of cane to production of sugar, jaggery and khandasari. The jaggery industry is an unorganized sector in the country run by small and marginal farmers. In Andhra Pradesh, it is providing employment to three lakh people who live in rural areas and relying on quick returns from jaggery. However, over the years the jaggery consumption has drastically reduced through the substitution of sugar as most of the cane utilized for sugar production. The other reasons for this are increased number of sugar mills, statutory price of cane, increased consumption of sugar, jaggery being in unorganized sector, low remunerative prices for jaggery and low preference of jaggery by the consumes etc. Even though the consumers are not preferring jaggery due to several reasons, some of the farmers are preparing different forms of jaggery to grab their attention. On the other side, in this era of health consciousness, jaggery is definitely a better substitute for sugar in terms of its medicinal and nutritional values. There is an urgent need to popularise jaggery among the consumers and to produce quality jaggery in order to meet the growing demand. Hence, this study has been undertaken to assess the extent of knowledge on sugarcane cultivation and jaggery making as well as the attitude of the farmers towards sugarcane cultivation for jaggery. Backward and forward linkages in sugarcane cultivation for jaggery and the problems associated with production and marketing of jaggery along with designing a suitable strategy helps to amplify the prospects of sugarcane cultivation for jaggery. Ex-post facto research and descriptive research designs were followed in the present investigation. Three districts were purposively selected from three regions of Andhra Pradesh viz., Vishakapatnam (North Coastal Region), West Godavari (Coastal Region) and Chittoor (Rayalaseema Region) based on the highest area under sugarcane cultivation. Four mandals from each district, two villages from each mandal and ten sugarcane growers for jaggery from each village were selected by using simple random sampling method. Thus, making a total of 12 mandals, 24 villages and 240 respondents xix for the study respectively. The data was collected by personal interview method through a structured interview schedule and analyzed by employing suitable statistical methods. Knowledge and attitude were taken as the dependent variables along with eighteen independent variables for the study. The results of the study shown that majority of the respondents were old aged with primary school education having small to marginal land holdings. They had medium level of farming experience, annual income, material possession, extension contact, social contact, mass media utilization, innovativeness, economic orientation, scientific orientation, management orientation, risk orientation and achievement motivation. They had high decision-making ability and drudgery perception. Nearly 41.66 per cent of the respondents had medium level of knowledge on sugarcane cultivation and jaggery making. Regarding the sugarcane cultivation, about 96.67 per cent of the respondents had high knowledge on “recommended varieties” followed by “depth of planting” (93.75%). Similarly, in jaggery making 87.50 per cent of the respondents had good knowledge on “consistency of jaggery” followed by “complexing agents” used in jaggery (85.00%). About 33.33 per cent of the sugarcane growers had neutral attitude followed by moderately favourable (25.00%) and moderately unfavourable (19.17%) attitude towards sugarcane for jaggery. Whereas, 12.92 and 9.58 per cent of the respondents had highly favourable and highly unfavourable attitude towards sugarcane for jaggery respectively. Farmers had highly favourable attitude towards “challenging nature of their enterprise” and highly unfavourable attitude towards “labour management”. Correlation analysis revealed that education, farming experience, land holding, trainings undergone, extension contact, social contact, mass media utilization, decision making ability, innovativeness, scientific orientation and achievement motivation had a positively significant relationship with the knowledge of the respondents. The variables like age, annual income, material possession, drudgery perception, management orientation and risk orientation were found to be non-significant with the knowledge of the sugarcane growers for jaggery. MLR revealed that mass media utilization, social contact, innovativeness and scientific orientation were having positive and significant contribution to the variation in the knowledge. Correlation analysis revealed that education, farming experience, trainings undergone, extension contact, social contact, economic orientation, scientific orientation, management orientation, risk orientation, annual income, mass media utilization and achievement motivation were found to be positively significant with the attitude of the respondents. Drudgery perception was found to have negatively significant relationship with the attitude. MLR revealed that education, scientific orientation and management orientation were found to have positive and significant contribution to the most of the variation in the attitude. The backward and forward linkages in sugarcane cultivation for jaggery were grouped into different components i.e., sugarcane cultivation, jaggery making and marketing under backward linkages and packing, storage, transportation and jaggery marketing under forward linkages. Regarding the input procurement, farmers were going for their own planting material. For the fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and jaggery making chemicals they were primarily contacting village merchants. Irrigation machinery and equipment were mainly procuring from electric motor suppliers. The xx farm machinery for sugarcane cultivation and jaggery making were mainly getting from Department of Agriculture and local manufacturing companies respectively. Money lenders were major source of finance/credit. Regarding the sugarcane cultivation, majority of the sugarcane growers were having own electric motors/bore wells/oil engines. Farmers were getting labour from nearby village. Farmers had hired machinery from friends/neighbours and who had owned machinery were majorly approaching mechanics nearby town for repairs and replacements. For jaggery making the major source for labour were own family members. Majority of the farmers were hiring machinery and equipment from friends/neighbours. For technical support, farmers were mainly using his own experience and expertise. Pertaining to the forward linkages, majority of the farmers had approached local retailers for packing and the farmers do not have any storage facilities. The sources of transportation for jaggery marketing were rental vehicles. Registered jaggery merchants in market yards were found to be major linkages for jaggery marketing. The average per hectare cost of cultivation of sugarcane in Andhra Pradesh was Rs. 1,95,252 with a yield of 82.24 t/ha in sugarcane plant crop. Whereas, a yield of 73.89 t/ha was recorded in ratoon crop with a cost of cultivation of Rs. 1,41,887 per hectare. The overall BCR for jaggery making in Andhra Pradesh was 1.26. Highest BCR was noticed (1.38) in Rayalaseema Region followed by Coastal Region (1.37) and North Coastal Region (1.03). Regarding the sugarcane cultivation, “non-availability of labour” and “day by day increase in labour wages” were the major constraints. Similarly, “lack of support from government” and “lack of technical knowledge” were the problems pertaining to jaggery making. The major marketing constraints were “lack of remunerative price for jaggery” and “more middlemen involvement”. A suitable strategy was designed with four broad perspectives viz., Consumer’s perspective, Farmer’s perspective, Research and Development perspective and Administrative perspective. Consumer’s perspective was projected with strategies like “creating awareness on jaggery among the consumers”, “Public Distribution System” and “product range and branding”. Under Farmer’s perspective, the components like “capacity building”, “attracting youth” and “Farmers organizations/groups” were depicted. Similarly, Research and Development perspective was viewed with “mechanization”, “production of quality sugarcane” and “product range and quality of jaggery”. Administrative perspective includes “linkages”, “recognition under MSME” and “subsidies & incentives”.
Open Access
LIVELIHOOD ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(guntur, 2022-08-04) VENKATA REDDY, I.; GOPI KRISHNA, T.
Agricultural labourers are the most unorganized and exploited class in the rural population of the country. Agriculture labourers are those who derive their main source of income by working on farms of others for a wage. The number of agricultural labourers rose almost three times over the period from 1951 to 1991from 27.3 million in 1951 to 74.6 million in 1991. As per the census of 2 011, 263 million people are engaged in the agriculture sector and over half of them are now agricultural labourers, a trend observed for the first time in the past 40 years. Livelihood is the means of people use to survive themselves, to endure, and to prosper. A study on livelihood analysis of agricultural labourers in Andhra Pradesh was carried out in three districts Srikakulam, Guntur and Kurnool from three regions of Andhra Pradesh during 2018-20. From each selected district two mandals have been selected for the study by using simple random sampling. From the selected mandals, four villages have been selected by simple random sampling method. From each selected village, ten agricultural labourers were selected at random, thus making a total of 240 agricultural labourers. Considering the importance, livelihood security and attitude of agricultural labourers towards their livelihood were selected as dependent variables, index and scale were developed respectively. Scale was developed for attitude by using summated rating technique. The attitude scale comprised of 22 statements. The study was conducted by following an Ex-Post-Facto research design. Data was collected by pre-testing followed by personal interview method. For the purpose of statistical analysis of the coded data various statistical tools were used viz., frequency, percentage, class interval, ranking, correlation analysis, multiple liner regression analysis and Chi-square test inclusive. xix The detailed analysis of profile characteristics of agricultural labourers indicated that majority of the members were middle aged (52.91%), illiterate (27.08%) with medium size family (70.00%), medium agricultural labourers experience (40.84%), low farm experience (35.83%), marginal land holding (54.58%), majority marginal tenant land holding (50.00%), wage work as occupation (32.50%), majority had annual income of Rs. 46,753-89,000/-., medium savings (65.00%), medium expenditure pattern (63.75%), medium urban contact (64.58%), medium deferred gratification (65.84%), medium credit orientation (57.50%), medium achievement motivation (60.84%), medium economic orientation (55.84%), medium self confidence (65.83%) and medium level of aspiration (64.16%). In Chi Square analysis urban contact significant at 0.01 level of significance and credit orientation, expenditure pattern, savings, annual income, tenant land holding, farm experience significance at 0.05 level of significant. Majority had wage earning+ crop production (31.66%) as livelihood pattern as option. The detailed analysis of dependent variables indicated that majority of the agricultural labourers had moderately favorable attitude towards their livelihood (49.58%) and medium livelihood security index (62.92%), the components wise livelihood securities were medium asset security (52.50%), medium food and nutritional security (41.25%), medium educational security (62.50%), medium habitat security (48.34%), medium social security (63.75%), medium clothing security (71.67%), medium health security (71.66%), medium transport security (60.00%) and medium information security (64.16%). The relationship between profile characteristics of agricultural labourers with attitude towards their livelihood, variables like age, family size, land holding, occupation status, annual income, savings, expenditure pattern, urban contact and achievement motivation, economic orientation found to have positive and significant relationship and the multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) indicated that all the eighteen independent variables put together explained about 63.00 per cent variation in the attitude of agricultural labourers, remaining 37.00 per cent was due to the effect of extraneous characteristics. Similarly, the relationship between profile and livelihood security revealed that land holding, annual income, occupation status, savings, expenditure pattern, urban contact, deferred gratification, achievement motivation, economic orientation and level of aspiration were found to have positive and significant relationship with livelihood security and that the multiple regression equation with eighteen selected profile characteristics put together contributed 58.60 per cent to the total variance in the livelihood security; remaining 41.40 per cent was due to the extraneous effects of the variables. In case of association between profile characteristics with attitude towards their livelihood, the profile characteristics like agricultural labourer experience, economic orientation, landholding positive and significant association at one per cent level. Similarly, the association between profile characteristics with livelihood security the variables such as age, education, farm experience, expenditure pattern and achievement motivation exhibited positive and significant association at one per cent level. The most important constraints faced by the agricultural labourers were: lack of fixed wages for fixed work (88.75%), agricultural labour work involves much drudgery (82.50%), no fixed for fixed work (80.83%), mechanization led to decreased demand for labourer (80.41%), lack of hygienic living conditions at home and worksite (80.00%), poor social relationship existing with other sections of society (77.08%), inadequate opportunities for health care (77.08%). Suggestions perceived by agricultural labourers to improve their livelihood security were wage rates must be increased (89.58%), establishment of small scale labour intensive enterprises (87.91), implementing more government schemes to increase the employment opportunities xx (87.08), establishment of village markets for purchase of agricultural produce (61.66%), providing timely and quality inputs to the farmers (59.16%). The strategy was designed with a five step progressive approach with five core areas to improve the livelihood security; the core areas were 1) Education and Training, 2) Group dynamics and Cultural heritage 3) Health and Habitat, 4) Support and Services, 5) Communication and Networking.

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

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