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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Subject: Agricultural Extension × End date: 2016 × Start date: 2010 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT OF MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME (MGNREGS) IN ANANTHAPURAMU DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) HANUMANTHA, K; Dr. V. SAILAJA
    The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) aims at enhancing the livelihood security of the people in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage employment in a financial year to a household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was notified on 7th September, 2005. The Act came into force on February, 2006 and was implemented in a phased manner. In phase-I, it was introduced in 200 most backward districts of the country on 2nd February, 2006 and implemented in additional 130 districts in phase-II on 1st April, 2007. To bring the whole nation under its safety net and keeping in view of the demand the Act was extended to the remaining 285 districts of India on 1st April, 2008 in phase-III. An ex-post facto research design was followed to study the impact of MGNREGS in Ananthapuramu district of Andhra Pradesh. The study was conducted in Andhra Pradesh state during 2015-16. Ananthapuramu district of Andhra Pradesh was purposively selected based on criteria of maximum employment generation in Rayalaseema region. Out of 63 mandals of Ananthapuramu district, three mandals were selected purposively based on the criteria of maximum employment generation. From the list of villages in each mandal, four villages were selected thus making total 12 villages, based on the criteria of maximum employment generation. From each selected village 10 respondents were selected by following the simple random sampling, thus making a total of 120 respondents constituted the sample of the study. Data was collected by pre-testing followed by personal interview method. For the purpose of statistical analysis of the coded data, various tools were used; Frequency (F), Percentage (%), paired‘t’ test, Arithmetic Mean ( ), Standard Deviation (σ), Correlation coefficient (r) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). The detailed analysis of profile characteristics indicated that majority of the MGNREGS beneficiaries belonged to the categories of middle aged (65.00%), male (61.70%), illiterate (50.00%), medium size of the family (62.50%), agriculture (68.30%), other backward caste (48.30%), medium annual income category (48.33%), with 7 to 9 years of benefit (53.30%), medium socio-politico participation (94.17%), medium sources of information (65.00%), medium economic motivation (69.00%), medium achievement motivation (68.00%), medium risk orientation (74.14%) and medium level of aspiration (86.67%). The detailed analysis of the dependent variables indicated that the majority (79.16 %) of the respondents had moderate favourable attitude, where in 13.33 per cent had unfavourable attitude and 7.50 per cent highly favourable attitude. Majority (70.00%) of MGNREGS beneficiaries belonged to medium direct changes category followed by more (17.50%) and less (12.50%) direct changes categories. Direct changes occurred due to the implementation of MGNREGS were increase in the total number of man days in an year from 169.41 days/ year to 278.83 days/ year, increase in the mean value of number of employed persons in the family from 1.73 persons to 2.44 persons, reduction in the mean daily working hours from 8.79 hours to 7.24 hours, increase in the mean daily wage rates from Rs.66.53/ day to Rs.144.95/day, increase in the mean income level from Rs.29188.33/year to Rs.45950/year, increase in the overall community assets up to 91.39 percent, increase in the overall development of works on individual land holding up to 75.62 percent and reduction in the mean days of migration from 99.16 days/year to 22.25 days/ year. About 67.50 percent of MGNREGS beneficiaries experienced medium indirect changes followed by more (20.00%) and less (12.50%) indirect changes. Due the implementation of MGNREGS, the beneficiaries experienced medium (73.33%) level of empowerment, medium (75.83%) personal and family security, increase in the food consumption level with a mean difference of 7.75 Kg/ week, increase in the conservation of natural resources and strengthening democracy. Out of the fourteen selected independent variables five of the variables viz., education, size of family, socio-politico participation, sources of information and achievement motivation showed significant relation with the attitude of the MGNREGS beneficiaries. Remaining variables like age, gender, occupation, caste, annual income, number of years benefited economic motivation, risk orientation and level of aspiration did not showed any significant relation with the attitude of the beneficiaries. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis indicated that all the fourteen variables put together explained 69.20 per cent of variance in the attitude of MGNREGS beneficiaries, remaining 30.80 per cent due to the extraneous factors. Out of the fourteen selected independent variables seven of the variables namely education, size of the family, occupation, annual income, risk orientation, achievement motivation and level of aspiration showed the significant relation with the direct changes of MGNREGS beneficiaries. Remaining variables like age, gender, caste, number of years benefited, socio-politico participation, sources of information and economic motivation did not show any significant relationship with the direct changes experienced by the MGNREGS beneficiaries. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis indicated that all the fourteen variables put together explained 57.80 per cent of variance in the direct changes experienced by the MGNREGS beneficiaries, remaining 42.20 per cent due to the extraneous factors. Out of the fourteen selected independent variables five of the variables namely education, annual income, number of years benefitted, socio-politico participation and achievement motivation showed significant relation with the indirect changes of the MGNREGS beneficiaries. Remaining variables like age, gender, size of the family, occupation, caste, sources of information, risk orientation, economic motivation and level of aspiration did not show any significant relationship with the indirect changes. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis indicated that all the fourteen variables put together explained 73.60 per cent of variance in the indirect changes experienced by the MGNREGS beneficiaries, remaining 26.40 per cent due to the extraneous factors. The various constraints faced by the selected MGNREGS beneficiaries were ‘late payment of wages’, ‘no scope to get employment more than 150 days’, ‘nonprovision of 150 days’, ‘non availability of regular work’, ‘poor work site facilities’, ‘distances of work site’, ‘non-payment of wages in the form of grains’, ‘low payment of wages’, ‘no special provision for elderly persons’, ‘delay in disposal of beneficiaries complaints’, ‘migration of laborers due to non-provision of works under MGNREGS’, ‘non- payment of unemployment allowance’, ‘no provision for skilled or semi-skilled works in MGNREGS’ and ‘provision of employment during agricultural seasons’. The suggestions given by the selected MGNREGS beneficiaries for the effective implementation of the scheme were ‘timely payment of wages’, ‘extending the limit of 150 days employment’, ‘fulfillment of 150 days of employment’, ‘payment of wages in the form of grains’, ‘timely allotment of works’, ‘provision of necessary work site facilities’, ‘provision of sufficient employment near by the village’, ‘timely payment of unemployment allowance’, ‘special provisions for elderly persons’, ‘timely solution to the beneficiaries complaints’, ‘provision of employment during off-season’ and ‘provision of employment for skilled and semiskilled workers’. Based on the constraints faced and suggestions given by the beneficiaries a suitable strategy was formulated for the effective functioning of MGNREGS.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOUR ON FARMING PERFORMANCE OF COTTON GROWERS IN KURNOOL DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2015) FAYAZ, S; Dr. P.V. SATYA GOPAL
    The present study was conducted with broad objective of studying the impact of entrepreneurial behaviour on farming performance of cotton growers in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh and to study the influence of their personal characteristics on entrepreneurial behaviour and farming performance. The problems faced by the cotton growers and their suggestions to overcome the problems for better entrepreneurship and farming performance were also elicited. Ex-post- facto research design was followed in the present investigation. Adoni, Kosigi, Mantralayam were selected purposively based on the highest area under cotton crop in Kurnool district. Four villages were selected from each mandal thus constituting a total of twelve villages. A total of 120 cotton farmers, 10 from each village were selected randomly. Ten independent variables and the entrepreneurial behaviour, farming performance as the dependant variable were identified for the study. Data were collected from the respondents through pre-tested structured interview schedule individually. Majority of the Cotton growers belonged to middle aged, educated up to primary school, having small land holdings and possessed medium level of farming experience, annual income, social participation, training xii undergone, scientific orientation, marketing facilities and approach banks for micro finance. Majority of Cotton growers had medium level of entrepreneurial behaviour and farming performance. Correlation analysis revealed that there was positive and significant relationship between entrepreneurial behaviour and farming performance of cotton growers. Correlation analysis revealed that age and farming experience had non-significant relationship whereas education, farm size, annual income, social participation, training undergone, scientific orientation, sources of micro finance and marketing facilities had positive and significant relationship with the entrepreneurial behaviour and farming performance of Cotton growers. Regression analysis revealed that out of the 10 selected independent variables age, education, farm size and market facilities are positively and significantly contributed to the most of the variation in entrepreneurial behaviour of Cotton growers. Regression analysis revealed that out of the 10 selected independent variables training undergone, sources of microfinance, scientific orientation and market facilities are positively and significantly contributed to the most of the variation in farming performance of Cotton growers. The results of the ANOVA test clearly indicated that the calculated ‘P’ value was less than the ‘P’ table value among the mean groups of entrepreneurial behaviour and hence it was inferred that there was a significant impact of entrepreneurial behaviour on framing behaviour of cotton growers. Further the results of Duncan Multiple Range test reveals that the respondents under low, medium and high Entrepreneurial behaviour category were not overlapping and each category differ significantly. Non availability of labour, high cost of labour, lack of machinery for cotton cultivation operations, lack low market price, poor quality seeds, low yields, lack of adequate trainings on improved cotton practices, more incidence of pests and diseases, adverse weather conditions, poor extensionfarmer linkages were the major problems expressed by the cotton growers. Requirement of machinery for different cotton cultivation operations, adequate market price, NREGS works should be converged to cotton operations where labour requirement is more, provision of good quality seed, strengthening of training, research facilities to update knowledge and skills, organization of exposure visits to well grown areas to make the farmers understand and adopt new technologies, more number of visits by extension personnel to farmers fields, avoid fluctuation of market price, credit with low interest rate, assured and continued power supply.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON TECHNOLOGICAL GAP IN ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED CULTIVATION PRACTICES BY THE RICE FARMERS IN KURNOOL DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) RAMU KUMAR, T; Dr. S.V. PRASAD
    Rice is life, for most people of Asia. Rice has shaped the cultures, diets and economies of thousands of millions of people. It is a time honored crop to the Asian way of life; deeply embedded in the cultural heritage, spirituality, traditions and norms. A Chinese proverb says that “precious things are not pearls and jades but the five grains, of which rice is the finest”. Almost one fifth of the world’s population depends on rice cultivation for its livelihood. In Asia, where about 90 per cent of rice is grown, has more than 200 million rice farms, most of which are smaller than one hectare. Ricebased farming is the main economic activity for hundreds of millions of rural poor in this region. India occupies first position in the area (42.50 M ha) which is the highest area occupied by a single crop in the million-hectare plus countries in world and second position in the production of the rice (152.60 Mt) during 2012 (FAO, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok). It contributes 26 per cent of global rice production and a share of 15 per cent in 16 global rice export. Most of 726 million rural population in India are dependent on Agriculture (2005). Rice is the staple food of nearly 65 per cent of the total population in India. Rice contributes a lion's share of food grain and 55 per cent of total cereal production. Rice is the principal food crop cultivated throughout the state of Andhra Pradesh providing food for its growing population, fodder to the cattle and employment to the rural masses. Any decline in its area and production will have a perceivable impact on the state’s economy and food security. In Andhra Pradesh rice is mostly cultivated under irrigated eco-system under canals (52.00%), tube wells (19.31%), tanks (16.20%), other wells (8.80%) and other sources (3.70%). In the past two decades, Agricultural technology has changed from conventional methods and techniques to new methods and techniques. Technological changes however, have opened up a new era for Indian farming community. The new Agricultural technologies have established their superiority over the old ones. It is, therefore, believed that the adoption of such technologies will lead to enhance socio-economic development of the country. At present, adoption of agricultural technologies confined only to certain sections of farming community and this way create socio-economic disparities. Many new technologies which are small farmers friendly are available and farmers are adopting the technologies from decades but some serious lacunae are hindering to make these farmers self sustainable, to increase their yields or productivity. These lacunae are nothing but the technological gaps. Hence this study to analyze the technological gap in adoption of recommended cultivation practices by the farmers in rice production was undertaken, which was not undertaken previously by any researcher in the zone. Ex- post- facto research design was adopted for the study. The study was carried out in three mandals of Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh which were purposively selected, where rice was intensively grown. A sample of 120 farmers was randomly selected from the six selected villages. 17 The data was collected by personal interview method and analyzed by employing suitable statistical tools. Thirteen independent variables were subjected to statistical analysis for the purpose of categorization of the respondents and for studying their relationship with the dependent variable i.e. technological gap and extent of adoption of cultivation practices in rice production. Majority of the rice farmers were middle aged, had primary school education, were marginal farmers, had medium farming experience, had low annual income, medium cosmopoliteness; social participation; innovativeness; scientific orientation; mass media exposure; extension contact; risk orientation and medium management orientation. Correlation analysis revealed that age, education, annual income, cosmopoliteness, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, innovativeness, scientific orientation, management orientation and risk orientation were found negatively and significantly correlated with technological gap of rice farmers. Farming experience was found to have positive and significant relation with technological gap where as farm size had non-significant relation with technological gap of rice farmers. Study reveals that the independent variables viz. age, annual income, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure and management orientation are positively and significantly contributed to the most of the variation in technological gap of rice farmers. Variables, age and farming experience were negatively and significantly correlated with extent of adoption of technology by rice farmers. Farm size had non-significant relation where as remaining variables viz, education, annual income, cosmopoliteness, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, innovativeness, scientific orientation, 18 management orientation and risk orientation were found positive and significant correlation with extent of adoption of technology by rice farmers Present study revealed that the independent variables viz. education, cosmopoliteness, innovativeness and scientific orientation are positively and significantly contributed to the most of the variation in extent of adoption of technology by rice farmers. The major problems perceived by rice farmers were high cost of machinery, pest and disease occurrence, non availability of labour, high cost of inputs, unawareness of rice cultivation practices, low quality of seed, middlemen exploitation, insufficient finance, low market price, electricity problem, non availability of water, land conversion, non compatibility of machinery and climatic hazards. The suggestions given by respondents were, providing subsidies on purchasing of machinery, provide good quality seed, provide finance at low interest rates, uninterrupted power supply, provide inputs on subsidy based, provide facilities for direct marketing, conduct trainings and demonstrations on newly released technologies, provide crop loans if crop failure occurs due to climatic hazards, provide machineries for harvesting at low cost and provide timely information on pest and disease control.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON FARMERS’ PERCEPTION AND ADAPTABILITY OF THE FARMERS TOWARDS CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN KURNOOL DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2016) KRANTHI KUMARI, B; PRASAD, S.V.
    The present study entitled “A Study on farmers’ perception and adaptation to climate variability in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh” had been initiated focusing on the perception and adaptability of the farmers to climate variability. Ex-post facto research design was adopted in the present investigation. Kurnool district of Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh state was purposively selected for the study. The study was conducted in six villages selected from three mandals of Kurnool district, which included 20 farmers from each of the selected villages. A sample of 120 farmers was selected for the study. The analysis of profile characteristics of the farmers indicates that majority of them are male farmers, illiterate and middle aged, fell under medium category in terms of farming experience, farm size, family size, family income, achievement motivation, mass media exposure, social participation, extension contact, credit and subsidy orientation and preparedness for adaptation. xiv Majority of the farmers had medium level of perception and medium level of adaptation of practices to overcome the effects of climate variability in groundnut, red gram and cotton crops. With regard to the level of perception of the respondents on climate variability, majority of the respondents had high perception on items like early withdrawal of monsoons followed by perception late onset of monsoons and prolonged dry spell and the least ranked perception items are decreased fertilizer use efficiency, increased water stress, reduced soil fertility and perception on reduced water holding capacity. In case of extent of adaptation measures to face the climate variability in groundnut, majority of the respondents had high adoption of groundnut based intercropping systems, followed by timely sowing of groundnut crop with sati seed drill, deep summer ploughing and adoption of alteration of sowing dates for delayed onset of monsoons and the least ranked adoption items are adoption of installation of pheromone traps (4/acre), construction of rain water harvesting structures viz. farm ponds, method of conserving soil moisture, thinning practice under severe drought to conserve soil moisture. In red gram, the practices like adoption of intercropping systems in red gram (groundnut+red gram in 7:1 / red gram+seteria in 1:5) deep ploughing once in 2-3 years and adaptation of short duration varieties under delayed onset of monsoons. The least ranked adoption items are installation of pheromone traps (4/acre), construction of rain water harvesting structures viz. farm ponds and resistant varieties for sterility mosaic disease and wilt resistant varieties. In case of cotton majority of the respondents had high adoption of spraying of growth hormone (NAA/ planofix), deep ploughing once in 3 years, adoption of Bt cotton to mitigate the climate variability and adoption of dead furrows for conserving moisture insitu. The least adoption items are spraying of growth reflectant hormones in cotton, construction of rain water harvesting structures viz. farm ponds, seed treatment and drought mitigating technique. The correlation analysis indicated that the profile characteristics of the respondents like education, farm size, farming experience, achievement motivation, social participation, mass media exposure and preparedness for adaptation were found positively and significantly related with the level of perception of farmers towards climate variability. Whereas the profile characteristics like education, farming xv experience, achievement motivation, social participation, mass media exposure and preparedness for adaptation were found positively and significantly related with the level of adaptation of farmers towards climate variability. The regression analysis indicated that the profile characteristics of the respondents like education, farm size, farming experience, achievement motivation and social participation were found positively and significantly contributed to most of the variation in the perception of the farmers towards climate variability. Whereas the profile characteristics of the respondents like farm size, farming experience and preparedness for adaptation were found positively and significantly contributed and age was negatively and significantly contributed to most of the variation in the adaptation of the farmers towards climate variability. Problems expressed by the farmers were price fluctuations in the market followed by lack of varieties suitable for escaping the terminal drought, high incidence of diseases and no sufficient training on climate variability coping mechanisms. Suggestions elicited by the farmers were fixing of minimum support price by the government and evolving the varieties which can escape the terminal drought in groundnut, red gram and cotton and resistant to pest and diseases followed by more awareness may be created among the farming community on available of varieties which can tolerant to pest and diseases and training may be given to farmers and extension officials on techniques of crop production and adaptation options to address various issues in climate variability. Suitable strategy was developed to enhance the adaptability to face the climate variability. The strategy includes the interventions to be taken up by the research system, extension system and government.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    LIVELIHOOD ANALYSIS OF TRIBAL FARMERS IN HIGH ALTITUDE TRIBAL ZONE OF KARNATAKA STATE
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) RAMYA, H R; SATYAGOPAL, P.V.
    The present study was conducted to analyze the personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of tribal farmers and their livelihood security. The relationship between personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of tribal farmers and their livelihood security was elicited. Different livelihood systems followed by the tribal farmers were examined. The problems and suggestions as perceived by the tribal farmers for their livelihood security were elicited and a strategy was designed for improving the livelihood security of tribal farmers. Ex post facto research design was followed in the present investigation. The Chamaraja Nagara district was purposively selected for the study since it is having highest number of tribal farmers in Karnataka State. All the four ranges Viz., Yelandur, Kollegal, Chamaraja Nagara and Punjur of High Altitude Tribal Zone located in Biligiri Rangana hills (B R Hills) of Chamaraja Nagara district were selected for the study.Two villages from each range were selected by following simple random sampling procedure, thus making a total of eight villages for the study. From each of the eight selected villages, 15 respondents were selected by following simple random sampling procedure, thus making a total of 120 respondents. Fourteen independent variables and livelihood security of tribal farmers as the dependent variable were selected for the study. The data were collected by personal interview method through a structured interview schedule and analyzed by employing suitable statistical methods. The results of the study shown that majority of the respondents were in middle age, illiterates, marginal farmers, had medium farming experience, medium level of annual income, majority were having nuclear family with four to five family members and medium level of extension contact, mass media exposure, social participation, economic orientation, risk orientation and level of aspiration with high fatalism. Nearly two-third of the tribal farmers possessed moderate livelihood security and nearly one fourth of the tribal farmers had below moderate livelihood security, where as slightly more than one tenth of tribal farmers possessed above moderate livelihood security. Under different components of livelihood security, tribal farmers possessed highest economic security followed by health security, occupational security and cultural security. Correlation analysis revealed that land holding, annual income, extension contact, mass media exposure, social participation, economic orientation and risk orientation were positively and significantly related and fatalism was negatively significantly related at 0.01 level of significance whereas education was positively significant at 0.05 level of significance. Age, farming experience and family size were found to be positively non-significant where as family type showed negatively non-significant relationship with livelihood security of tribal farmers. The regression analysis revealed that, Annual income, mass media exposure, family size, risk orientation and fatalism were the major variables to explain the Livelihood security of tribal farmers up to 82.60 per cent. Among different combinations of livelihood systems, one fourth of the tribal farmers followed ‘Horticulture + Migration’ combination as the major source of their livelihood and nearly one fifth of tribal farmers followed ‘Agriculture + NTFP+ Livestock + Migration’ combination. About two third of tribal farmers followed ‘Migration’ as their major source of livelihood option and the livelihood options like ‘Horticulture’ and ‘Collection of NTFPs’ were documented among half of the tribal farmers. Among the available livelihood options, one third of the tribal income was contributed by migration activity followed by horticulture whereas the tribal farmers were spending relatively one third, highest proportion of time for horticulture followed by agriculture. Almost equal share by male and female tribals was noticed in horticulture and agriculture in terms of their involvement in different livelihood options whereas under migration activities three fourth and one fourth of the male and female share was noticed in terms of their involvement. Govt / semi- govt job/private job holders, small vendors and tribals going for collection of NTFP’s among tribal farmers was found to have higher technical competency than others. Collection of NTFPs, migration activities and horticulture were perceived as highly risky livelihood options among nine livelihood options. Among the major problems as perceived by tribal farmers, landlessness/ small land holdings was the major problem. The stringent laws, acts, rules and regulations pertaining to NTFPs collection and improper functioning of PDS were perceived as critical problems by large majority of respondents. The major suggestions given by them were, Allotment of land for the landless tribals, strengthening of wage employment avenues and Subsidies and loans to establish on farm/ off farm enterprises etc., The strategy was designed with a 5 step progressive approach considering 6 core areas. For each Core area, five steps were identified to describe the strategy more comprehensively. The strategy analyzed the reality of the situation and shown the right direction for the flow of efforts of stakeholders to strengthen the livelihood security of the tribal farmers.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT OF ANDHRA PRADESH MICRO IRRIGATION PROJECT (APMIP) IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) MAHESH BABU, T; LAKSHMI, T
    The present study was conducted with broad objective of studying the impact of Andhra Pradesh Micro Irrigation Project in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. The study was framed in such a manner to explore the selected profile characteristics of APMIP beneficiaries, to impact of APMIP. The constraints faced by the APMIP beneficiaries and suggestions to overcome the constraints was analysed. Few cases were also analysed to reinforce the study. Ex post facto research design was followed in the present investigation. The investigation was carried out in 3 mandals viz., Venkatagiri Kota, Shanthipuram and Ramakuppam which were purposively selected for the study. Eight villages were selected from each mandal, thus constituting a total of twenty four villages. A total of 120 respondents were selected randomly by taking 5 from each village. The data were collected by personal interview method through a structured interview schedule and analyzed by employing suitable statistical methods. Sixteen independent variables and one dependent variable were identified for the study. Majority of the APMIP beneficiaries were middle aged, educated up to high school level, had small farm size, medium level of farming experience, farming experience under MIS, extension contact, mass media exposure, innovativeness, training undergone, economic orientation, achievement motivation, social participation, scientific orientation, risk orientation, knowledge on MIS and extent of adoption of critical management practices of MIS. xv The APMIP has shown 68.60 per cent of impact on the beneficiaries. The study also revealed that different indicators of dependent variable i.e. percentage increase in irrigated area, percentage increase in yield level, percentage decrease in labour usage, percentage decrease in cost of cultivation, percentage increase in income, percentage increase in cropping intensity and percentage increase in generation of assets has shown significant increase. Correlation analysis revealed that education, farming experience, extension contact, mass media exposure, innovativeness, training undergone, economic orientation, achievement motivation, social participation, scientific orientation, risk orientation, knowledge and adoption were positively and significantly related with Impact of APMIP at one per cent level of significance. Whereas, age was negatively significant with Impact of APMIP at 0.05 level of significance. Combined effect of all the selected 16 independent variables put together explained about 46.40 per cent variation on the impact of APMIP. Among them extension contact, social participation and adoption of CMP of MIS had positively and significantly contributed to most of the variation on the dependent variable i.e. impact of APMIP. Regarding constraints expressed by APMIP beneficiaries, poor quality of the material was the major constraint faced by the majority of the APMIP beneficiaries followed by non-availability of spare parts, delay in sanctioning of micro irrigation systems, poor after sales service, lack of good training on operation and maintenance of micro irrigation systems, clogging of emitters, unavailability of water soluble fertilizers, damage due to rats and animals, lack of extension support, lack of awareness about fertigation, irregular power supply, high initial investment cost, limitation of subsidy for only 5 acres, improper selection of the beneficiaries, difficulties in getting loan on micro irrigation systems, lack of capital to cover maximum area were the other constraints. The suggestions given by APMIP beneficiaries to overcome the constraints were supplying of standard quality material followed by local dealers should be provided with spare parts, regular visits by extension officials, organizing training programs and demonstrations to farmers and extension agents, timely supply of micro irrigation system, easily providing loan in time at low interest and uninterrupted power supply as the other suggestions. The results of the study were also reinforced with three cases.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON DIRECT SOWN RICE CULTIVATION IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) SOWJANYA, CHERUKU; MUKUNDA RAO, B
    Research study entitled “An analytical study on direct sown rice cultivation in Guntur district of Andhra pradesh” was undertaken to study the profile characteristics of direct sown rice farmers, knowledge, adoption levels of farmers about recommended technologies, cost of cultivation of direct sown rice system with traditional systems of rice cultivation, relationship between dependent and independent variables and aims to elucidate the constraints faced by the farmers and suggestions given by them to overcome the constraints. The study was taken up in three mandals of Guntur district with a sample size of 120 members. Fourteen independent variables with knowledge and adoption as dependent variables were studied. The farmers were interviewed personally by a well structured interview schedule. The data collected was coded, tabulated and analyzed using suitable statistical tools. The profile of the direct sown rice farmers revealed that majority of the farmers were middle aged, educated upto middle school, had small to marginal land holding, Agriculture and labour work as the main occupation, medium annual income, 11 to 20 years of farming experience, untrained on direct sown rice farming, medium level of utilization of source of information, social participation and extension contact. Regarding psychological variables, majority of the respondents were under medium level of economic motivation and scientific orientation, low level of risk orientation and high level of innovativeness. Majority of the farmers had medium to high level of knowledge regarding direct sown rice technology. majority of the farmers had knowledge about practices like seed drilling, amount of recommended quantities of herbicides, plant protection chemicals, micronutrients, about moisture sensitive stages, suitable varieties for direct sown rice technology, etc., Majority of the farmers had low level of knowledge on aspects like usage of baits for rodent management, use of pheromone traps, trichocards, biofertilizers, etc., Even though farmers had knowledge about new and eco-friendly technologies, due to their non-availability in local markets, they were not adopted. Some practices like plant protection based on Economic Threshold Levels (ETLs) were not understood by most of the farmers. Majority of the respondents were in medium level of adoption of recommended direct sown rice technology. Technologies like application of recommended quantity of Nitrogen, weedicides, zinc sulphate were overly adopted. Practices like cultivation of suitable varieties, use of eco-friendly technologies, micronutrient sprats, poison baits, etc., were not adopted by the farmers. Out of fourteen independent variables studied Age, Education, Experience, Training received, Source of information, Social participation, Extension contact and Innovativeness showed a positive and significant association with knowledge and adoption levels of direct sown rice farmers. The correlation values of Land holding, Occupation, Annual income, Economic motivation and Scientific orientation had showed a negative relationship with the knowledge and adoption levels of the respondents. Multiple Linear Regression analysis gave the “R2” value of 0.8835 indicated that all the selected 14 profile characteristics put together, explained about 88.35 per cent variation in the level of knowledge of direct sown rice farmers. Remaining 11.65 per cent is due to the extraneous effects of the variables. The “R2” value of 0.651 indicated that all the selected 14 profile characteristics put together, explained about 65.10 per cent variation in the extent of adoption of direct sown rice farmers. Remaining 34.90 per cent is due to the extraneous effects of the variables. Regarding economics of direct sown rice, total cost of cultivation per hectare was worked out to be Rs.86,700 which was very less compared to total costs of transplanted rice cultivation Rs. 96,562.5. The net returns of direct sown rice crop and transplanted system were Rs. 15,572.72 and Rs.5,710.22 respectively. The benefit to cost ratio for direct sown crop and transplanted crop was 1.17 and 1.05 respectively. The most important constraints encountered by the farmers in direct sown rice cultivation were late release of canal water, improper implementation of warabandhi system, ineffectiveness of recommended herbicides for management of weeds, nonavailability of fine varieties for direct sown rice cultivation, non-availability of trichocards, high labour costs, high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals leading to high cost of cultivation, lack of suitable crop insurance policy and nonavailability of sufficient credit, most important problems faced by the farmers were lack of remunerative Minimum Support Price(MSP), insufficient godown facilities either at village level/ AMC level, lack of awareness regarding fluctuations in market prices and insufficient public purchase points for marketing of the produce. Suggestions made by the farmers to overcome constraints in direct sown rice cultivation were providing remunerative Minimum Support Price by the government, timely provision of seed, fertilizers and plant protection chemicals on subsidized rates, development of fine varieties suitable for direct sown rice cultivation, provision of sufficient godown facilities at AMC level and timely provision of credit facility at low interest rates and subsidies on seeds, fertilizers and plant protection chemicals.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF NO-TILL MAIZE TECHNOLOGIES BY THE FARMERS IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) VARA PRASAD, P; MUKUNDA RAO, B
    The present investigation was undertaken with the main objective of identifying the level of knowledge and adoption of no-till maize technologies by the farmers of Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Ex- post-facto research design was followed for the study. Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh was purposively selected, out of 57 mandals, three mandals were selected purposively and four villages were selected from each selected mandal for the study. Respondents were selected from each selected village by following proportionate random sampling method. Thus, 120 farmers constituted the sample of the study. Data was collected by pre-tested schedule followed by personal interview method. Appropriate statistical procedure was employed to analyze and interpret the data. The detailed analysis of profile characteristics of no-till maize farmers indicated that majority of the no-till maize farmers were middle aged (45.00%), having high school level of education (24.17%), small land holdings (30.83%), 4 to 6 years of farming experience in no-till maize cultivation (46.67%), medium levels of annual income (62.50%), social participation (55.83%), mass media exposure (60.83%), extension contact (58.33%) innovativeness (59.17%), scientific orientation (65.83%), economic motivation (72.50%) and risk orientation (75.00%) respectively. The detailed analysis of dependent variables indicated that majority of the no-till maize farmers (59.17%) had medium level of knowledge followed by high (25.83%) and remaining with low (15.00%) level of knowledge. An overwhelming majority of respondents had knowledge on the selected production technology in following aspects viz., seed rate, method of sowing, spacing, fungicide used in seed treatment, depth of sowing, quantity of fungicide for seed treatment, pre-emergence application of atrazine, recommended dose of Carbofuran 3G granules for control of stem borer, Combination of herbicides recommended for control of weeds in notill maize, and post emergence application of paraquat. About 69.17 per cent of no-till maize farmers had medium level of adoption followed by those having high (17.50%) and low (13.33%) adoption levels.In case of extent of adoption, present study reported that cent per cent of the no-till maize farmers were using chemical fertilizers indiscriminately. The recommended dose of fertilizer for no-till maize is 250 kg N, 80 kg P2O5 and 80 kg K2O per hectare whereas respondents were using 370 kg N, 140 kg P2O5 and 80 kg K2O per hectare. Out of twelve selected profile characteristics eight of them such as education, farming experience, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk orientation, economic motivation, mass media exposure and extension contact showed significant relation with level of knowledge on selected production technology of no-till maize. But age, land holding, annual income, social participation did not show any significant relationship with level of knowledge on selected production technology of no-till maize. The multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) indicated that all the twelve selected profile characteristics put together explained 79.02 per cent of variance in the level of knowledge selected production technology, remaining 20.98 per cent is due to the extraneous effect of variables. Out of twelve selected profile characteristics eight of them such as education, farming experience, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk orientation, economic motivation, mass media exposure and extension contact showed significant relation with the extent of adoption on selected production technology of no-till maize. But age, land holding, annual income, social participation did not show any significant relationship with the extent of adoption on selected production technology of no-till maize. The multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) indicated that all the twelve selected profile characteristics put together contributed 81.60 per cent to the total variance in the extent of adoption, remaining 18.40 per cent due to the extraneous effect of variables. The total cost of cultivation of no-till maize cultivation is Rs.53600 which was greater compared to total costs of rice-fallow black gram cultivation Rs.29600. The gross returns and net returns of no-till maize were Rs.117900 and Rs.64300 as against Rs.52500 and Rs.22900 for rice-fallow black gram cultivation respectively. But the benefit-cost ratio of no-till maize is 1.19 which was much more greater compared to benefit-cost ratio of rice-fallow black gram cultivation which was only 0.77. The most important constraints encountered by the no-till maize farmers were: Scarcity of irrigation water followed by non-availability of public hybrids, scarcity of labour during peak season, high cost of seed material, high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, ineffective weed control, imbalanced use of fertilizers, high incidence of pests and diseases, non-availability of sowing and harvesting equipments, non-availability of bio-fertilizers in the local market, poor extension services, exploitation by middle men in weighing, lack of remunerative price, non-availability of rural godowns, high cost of transportation, complex procedures in getting loans from the banks, non-availability of loans for tenant farmers, inadequate financial assistance from the government and lack of proper insurance schemes for the maize during natural calamities. Suggestions made by the no-till maize farmers to overcome the constraints were: providing public maize hybrids timely on subsidized rates, engagement of MGNREGA workers in agriculture to overcome labour scarcity, provision of remunerative minimum support price to maize, Provision of timely credit facility, provision of sowing and harvesting equipments on subsidy, proper extension support, strictly implementation of National Agricultural Insurance Scheme for maize crop, strictly implementation of Warabandi system for improving water use efficiency, early completion of Pulichintala project for timely sowing of rice followed by maize, establishment of Processing units for value addition of maize, development of tolerant hybrids against stem borer and sheath blight, provision of good marketing facilities and provision of subsidies in using of drip irrigation system in no-till maize.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON THE KNOWLEDGE AND EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF THE FARMERS ON RECOMMENDED RICE FALLOW BLACKGRAM PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) RAGHAVENDRA REDDY, M; GOPI KRISHNA, T
    Blackgram is scientifically known as Phasiolus mungo and it is commonly known as Urad in India. India is its primary origin and is mainly cultivated in Asian countries including Pakistan, Myanmar and parts of Southern Asia. About 70% of world's blackgram production comes from India. In India, blackgram is grown in 31 lakh hectares with production of 14 lakh tonnes with productivity of 451 kg per hectare. In Andhra Pradesh, blackgram is grown in an area of 3.7 M ha with a production of 3.9 M t with productivity of 968 kg per hectare. An ex-post facto research design was followed .The study was conducted in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh state during the year, 2015-16. Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh was selected, out of 57 mandals, three mandals were selected purposively and four villages were selected from each mandal for the study. Respondents were selected from each village by following proportionate random sampling method. Thus, 120 farmers constituted as sample for the study. Data were collected by pre-tested schedule followed by personal interview method. For the purpose of statistical analysis of the coded data, appropriate statistical tools were used viz., frequency and percentages, correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis and ranking. The detailed analysis of profile characteristics of blackgram growers indicated that majority of the growers were old aged (40.00%), one fourth with primary school (23.33%), having small land holdings (38.33%), medium farming experience (61.66%), medium extension contact (46.66%), high social participation (38.33%), medium level of mass media exposure (45.00%), medium level of economic motivation (59.16%), medium level of innovativeness (43.33%), medium level of scientific orientation (62.50%), medium level of risk orientation ( 59.16%), medium level of market orientation ( 67.50%), medium level of annual income (52.50%), and majority of them (57.50%) with zero trainings. The detailed analysis of dependent variables indicated that majority of the blackgram growers (65.00%) had medium level of knowledge followed by high (19.16%) and low (15.83%) level of knowledge. About 65.00 per cent of blackgram growers had medium level of adoption followed by those having low (17.50%) and high (17.50%) adoption levels. The study revealed that blackgram growers had knowledge on the selected production technology in following aspects viz., recommended method of sowing as broadcasting , recommended time of sowing in the month of November –December , sowing shall be taken up 3-4 days prior to harvest of paddy , variety which is resistant to yellow mosaic , recommended chemical used for seed treatment against seed borne diseases ,duration of rabi blackgram varities grown ranges from , 1-2 irrigations should be given when there are no rains , weeds are dominant problem in rice fallow blackgram. In case of extent of adoption, that the blackgram growers had fully adopted the selected production technology in the following order viz., The method of sowing is broadcasting, sowing of seed in the months of November- December, drying of harvested crop on threshing floor and later going for threshing by trampling with help of tractors, harvesting of crop is done when most of the pods turn black, following drying of seed after seed treatment, harvesting of crop after 75-95 days after sowing, growing of blackgram in well drained loam soils, sparying of weedicide after 20-25 days after sowing,Sowing of seed prior to 2-3 days of harvest of Paddy. Out of fourteen selected profile characteristics, nine of them viz., extension contact, social participation, mass media exposure, economic motivation, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk orientation, market orientation, annual income, showed significant relation with level of knowledge of blackgram growers.But age, education, farm size, farming experience, training received did not show any significant relationship with their level of knowledge. The multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) indicated that all the fourteen selected profile characteristics put together explained 86.66 per cent of variance in the level of knowledge selected production technology, remaining 13.34 percent is due to the extraneous effect of variables. Out of fourteen selected profile characteristics namely education, innovativeness, scientific orientation, market orientation, risk orientation, mass media exposure and extension contact showed significant relation with extent of adoption of selected production technology of Rice fallow Blackgram. But age, education, farm size, farming experience, training received did not show any significant relationship with extent of adoption. The MLR indicated that all the fourteen selected profile characteristics put together contributed 69.07 percent to the total variance in the extent of adoption; remaining 30.03 percent due to the extraneous effect of variables. The most important constraints encountered by the blackgram growers were, inadequate quantity of seed availability from government agencies, inadequate technical knowledge on usage of foliar sprays, inadequate information on crical stages of irrigation, inadequate availability of sprayers, exploitation by middle men, inadequate financial assistance from the government , non-availability of labour in time, inadequate storage facility, and inadequate technical guidance through training programmes about cultivation practices. Suggestions made by the blackgram growers to overcome the constraints were, financial assistance from the government at the time of crop losses, timely technical guidance to the farmers, provision of plant protection equipment on subsidy, provision of good marketing facilities, provision of timely credit facility at lower interest, providing support price to blackgram, evolving suitable varieties with YMV and drought resistance, supply of seed adequately and on timely basis. through government agencies.