Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Open Access
AN ANALYSIS OF FARMERS ACCESS TO CREDIT, BORROWING BEHAVIOUR AND RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2014) MANI PRIYANKA, G; RADHA, Y
Indian Agriculture is predominantly characterised by small and marginal farmers, tenants, landless / agricultural labourers with the co-existence of institutional (formal) and non-institutional (informal) credit agencies. Small and marginal farmers are usually left out of the purview of formal credit and depend on private money lenders which obviously costs them heavily. The government virtually had no record of information on tenant holdings, number of tenant farmers etc., by which they are denied of several benefits from developmental programmes. In this context it would be of high use to investigate on the access to credit, borrowing behaviour and resource use efficiency of land owned farmers, semi- tenant farmers and tenant farmers to bring out certain policy changes in the present credit structure with the following specific objectives. 1. To assess the access to credit by land owned farmers, tenant farmers and semi-tenant farmers from different sources. 2. To identify the socio-economic factors affecting the borrowing behaviour of selected farmers. 3. To study the resource use efficiency of land owned farmers, tenant farmers and semi-tenant farmers. Multi-stage random sampling design was employed to select a representative sample of 120 farmers from six villages of three mandals in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Primary data was collected through personal interview method with the help of pretested schedules from the respondents and the data was tabulated and analyzed. Secondary data was collected from Chief Name of the Author : G. MANI PRIYANKA Title of the Thesis : AN ANALYSIS OF FARMERS’ ACCESS TO CREDIT, BORROWING BEHAVIOUR AND RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH Submitted for the award of : Master of Science in Agriculture Department : Agricultural Economics Major Advisor : Dr. Y. RADHA University : Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University Year of Submission : 2014 Planning Officer (CPO) of Guntur district. Statistical tools used in analysis were mean, percentages, cost concepts, Theil’s index, Discriminant analysis and Multiple Linear Regression. The detailed analysis revealed that land owned farmers and semi-tenant farmers were having more access to both institutional and non- institutional credit than the tenant farmers. Tenant farmers were having more access to noninstitutional credit compared to land owned farmers and semi-tenant farmers as they lack collateral to pledge in banks. Land, cost of cultivation and net returns showed positive and significant influence on borrowing behaviour of land owned farmers. Cost of cultivation and net returns showed positive and significant influence on borrowing behaviour of semi-tenant farmers while only land showed positive and significant influence on borrowing behaviour of tenant farmers. The discriminant functional analysis revealed that between the land owned farmers and semi-tenant farmers, institutional loan amount was the major discriminator (52.67 %) followed by operational costs (38.56 %); between the land owned farmers and tenant farmers institutional loan amount was the major discriminator (81.38 %) followed by operational costs (22.48 %); and between semi-tenant farmers and tenant farmers, operational costs was the major discriminator (54.71 %) followed by institutional loan amount (49.08 %). Factors influencing resource use efficiency of the farmers revealed that land and labour cost showing significant influence on gross returns of land owned farmers. Labour cost, borrowed capital and owned capital showed positive and significant influence on gross returns of semi- tenant farmers. Land, borrowed capital and owned capital showed positive and significant influence on gross returns of tenant farmers. Labour cost, borrowed capital and owned capital exhibited positive and significant influence on gross returns of the total sample farmers. As credit being positively significant for all the farmers and institutional finance emerged as the major discriminator, the same may be made available to all the farmers, irrespective of owning the land, to increase resource use efficiency.
Open Access
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF DRIP IRRIGATION IN BANANA CULTIVATION IN KURNOOL DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH”
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) DIVYA, E; Dr. K. NIRMAL RAVI KUMAR
The present study entitled “An Economic Evaluation of drip irrigation in banana cultivation in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh” was undertaken mainly to study growth rates of area, production and productivity, costs and returns, resource use efficiency and constraints in drip irrigation of banana. Three stage sampling was adopted for the selection of district, mandals, villages and the sample farmers. A sample of 120 farmers was randomly selected from the selected two mandals and four villages. The farmers were stratified into Marginal (<1 ha), Small (1-2 ha) and Other (>2 ha) categories on the basis of their size of operational holding. The primary data for the year 2014-15 were collected through a pre-tested schedule by survey method. Conventional as well as functional analysis was used to analyze the data and arrived at valid conclusions. The compound growth rates of area, production and productivity of banana showed positive and significant growth rates during the overall reference period both at State level and Kurnool district level. The total cost of cultivation of banana per hectare was Rs. 3,27,410.67, Rs. 2,69,850.97 Rs. 2,34,331.40 and Rs. 3,27,027.37 on marginal, small, other and pooled farms respectively. The per hectare cost of cultivation and cost of production (Rs/bunch) are inversely related with the farm size. The gross returns were Rs. 4,16,733.96 Rs. 4,37,605.52 and Rs. 4,10,705.76 and 4,28,403.62 on xiii marginal, small, other and pooled farms respectively indicated direct relationship with the farm size. The DEA analysis pertaining to the resource use efficiency in banana cultivation revealed that, nearly 18 per cent of the farms are operating at CRS indicating efficient utilization of resources. Majority of farmers (69.16%) are operating at IRS and only 13 per cent of the farmers are operating at DRS indicating that, more resources should be provided to the farms operating at IRS and the same should be decreased towards the farms operating at DRS. Majority of the farmers prioritized sensitivity to clogging of drippers as the major constraint in drip irrigation in banana with a mean score of 81.63 followed by restricted root zone (78.36) and salt accumulation in root zone (70.64). In the view of this, due to the frequent clogging farmers were facing lot of problem, so the farmers should be educated in such a way that they can overcome these problems in a simple way without much difficulty. The life span of a drip set is only 7 years, and after the completion of this period the farmers have to replace the drip set, which is not economical to them as the cost of installation of drip is more, and the farmers cannot afford it. Hence, there is need to improve the quality standards of the drip set, such that its life span increases and the farmers can use it for more number of years.
Open Access
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF MAIZE IN KURNOOL DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2015) JAHNAVI KEERTHI PRIYA, P; Dr. K.N. RAVI KUMAR
The present study entitled “Economic analysis of production and marketing of maize in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh” was undertaken mainly to study growth rates of area, production and productivity, costs and returns, resource use efficiency, marketing aspects and constraints in production and marketing of maize. Three stage sampling was adopted for the selection of district, mandals, villages and the sample farmers. A sample of 120 farmers was randomly selected from the selected two mandals and four villages. The farmers were stratified into Marginal (<1 ha), Small (1-2 ha) and Other (>2 ha) categories on the basis of their size of operational holding. The primary data for the year 2013-14 were collected through a pre-tested schedule by survey method. Conventional as well as functional analysis was used to analyze the data and arrived at valid conclusions. Compound growth rates of area and productivity of maize showed significant increase at All-India level, in Andhra Pradesh and in Kurnool district that were influential in boosting the production of maize during the overall reference period. The total cost of cultivation of maize per hectare was Rs. 54,610.82, Rs. 51654.7, Rs. 47,159.63 and Rs. 50,214.55 on marginal, small, other and pooled farms respectively. The per hectare cost of cultivation and cost of production (Rs/Qtls) are inversely related with the farm size. The gross returns were Rs. 62,260.75, Rs. 63,018.24, Rs. 65810.35 and Rs. 63,353.11 on marginal, small, other and pooled farms respectively indicated direct relationship with the farm size. The DEA analysis pertaining to the resource use efficiency in maize cultivation revealed that, 12.5 per cent of the farms are operating at CRS indicating efficient utilization of resources. Majority of farmers (62.50%) are operating at IRS and 25 per cent of the farmers are operating at DRS indicating that, more resources should be provided to the farms operating at IRS and the same should be decreased towards the farms operating at DRS. Price spread in transacting maize was studied with reference to two marketing channels: Channel-I (Producer → Commission agent → Wholesaler → Poultry feed unit → Retailer → Consumer (sale of poultry feed)), Channel-II (Producer → MARKFED → Co-operative dairy → Consumer (sale of animal feed)). Of the two channels identified in transacting maize, Channel-II was found more efficient than Channel-I, as indicated by the computed marketing efficiency indices. Majority of the farmers prioritized power cut as the major constraint for production of maize with a mean score of 73.47 followed by high cost of input and input services (67.72) and shortage of labour during production (62.63). Regarding marketing, they prioritized frequent price fluctuations as the major problem with a mean score of 71.84 followed by unorganized marketing (67.85) and lack of transportation facilities (64.38). In view of the production constraints, regulating quality power supply to the farmers, purchase of inputs on co-operative basis, encouraging farm mechanization, effective implementation of crop insurance scheme etc., deserve immediate attention to improve production scenario. The prospects of marketing of maize can be enhanced through improving transportation facilities, marketing news and information network and strengthening scientific storage facilities.
Open Access
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF BANANA IN KURNOOL DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2016) RAMA KRISHNA, M; RAVI KUMAR, K.N.
The present study entitled “Economic analysis of production and marketing of banana in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh” was undertaken mainly to study growth rates of area, production and productivity, costs and returns, resource use efficiency, marketing aspects and constraints in production and marketing of banana. Three stage sampling was adopted for the selection of district, mandals, villages and the sample farmers. A sample of 120 farmers was randomly selected from the selected two mandals and four villages. The farmers were stratified into Marginal (<1 ha), Small (1-2 ha) and Other (>2 ha) categories on the basis of their size of operational holding. The primary data for the year 2012-13 were collected through a pre-tested schedule by survey method. Conventional as well as functional analysis was used to analyze the data and arrived at valid conclusions. The compound growth rates of area, production and productivity of banana showed positive and significant growth rates during the overall reference period both at State level and Kurnool district level. The total cost of cultivation of banana per hectare was Rs. 3,27,531.06, Rs. 3,13,337.47, Rs. 2,47,989.47 and Rs. 3,21,323.07 on marginal, small, other and pooled farms respectively. The per hectare cost of cultivation and cost of production (Rs/bunch) are inversely related with the farm size. The gross returns were Rs. 4.47,592.71, Rs. 4,78,306.13 and Rs. 4,91,516.58 and 4,79,795.94 on marginal, small, other and pooled farms respectively indicated direct relationship with the farm size. The DEA analysis pertaining to the resource use efficiency in banana cultivation revealed that, nearly 28 per cent of the farms are operating at CRS indicating efficient utilization of resources. Majority of farmers (52.50%) are operating at IRS and only 20 per cent of the farmers are operating at DRS indicating that, more resources should be provided to the farms operating at IRS and the same should be decreased towards the farms operating at DRS. Price spread in transacting banana was studied with reference to three marketing channels: Channel-I (Producer → Local exporter → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer), Channel-II (Producer → Wholesaler → Cart-vendor → Consumer) and Channel-III (Producer → Juice holder → Consumer) considering without and with marketing losses in transacting the produce. Of the three channels identified in transacting banana, Channel-II was found more efficient than Channel-I and ChannelIII, as indicated by the computed marketing efficiency indices. It is interesting that, these indices are higher across the marketing channels considering without MLs when compared to considering MLs in transacting the produce. Majority of the farmers prioritized power cut as the major constraint for production of banana with a mean score of 73.12 followed by high cost of input and input services (65.14) and shortage of labour during production (57.02). Regarding marketing, they prioritized frequent price fluctuations as the major problem with a mean score of 68.56 followed by unorganized marketing (66.98) and lack of transportation facilities (61.76). In view of the production constraints, regulating quality power supply to the farmers, purchase of inputs on co-operative basis, encouraging farm mechanization, effective implementation of crop insurance scheme etc., deserve immediate attention to improve production scenario. The prospects of marketing of banana can be enhanced through improving transportation facilities, marketing news and information network, strengthening scientific storage facilities, effective implementation of pledge loan finance to banana producers etc.
Open Access
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF GINGER IN WAYANAD DISTRICT OF KERALA STATE
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) MERLIN MATHEW; VANI, N
The present study entitled “Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing of Ginger in Wayanad District of Kerala State” was undertaken to study the input use patterns, cost and returns, resource use efficiency, allocative efficiency and constraints of production and marketing. The study covered two blocks and four villages with 80 farmers growing ginger. The sample farmers were stratified into small (up to 2 ha) and large (more than 2 ha). The data pertained to agricultural year 2014-15 were collected through survey method with the help of pretested schedules. Conventional and functional tools were used to analyse the data and to arrive at valid conclusions. The per hectare cost of cultivation of ginger in the study area was estimated at ` 4,54,991.62, ` 4,94,501.03 and ` 4, 81,957.23 on small, large and pooled farms respectively and thus exhibiting direct relationship with the size of the farm. The cost of producing a quintal of ginger exhibited inverse relationship with the size of the holding as it was ` 1,643.19 on large farms and ` 1,692.86 on small farms. A quintal of ginger yielded a net income of ` 1,013.10, ` 1,105.98 and ` 1,050.97 on small, large and pooled farms respectively. xii The break- even analysis indicated that the break-even output per hectare in the cultivation of ginger was 41.28, 39.04 and 40.44 quintals on small, large and pooled farms respectively. The actual output obtained by the farmers exceeded the break-even output. The functional analysis revealed that planting material coupled with fertilizers and manures on small farms, fertilizers and manures on large farms and planting material, plant protection chemicals and manures on pooled farms contributed to the increasing yields. The results of allocative efficiency highlighted that the MVP/MFC ratios were more than unity for seeds, fertilizers and manures on small farms, and seeds and plant protection chemicals on pooled farms. However, the negative ratio of MVP/MFC for fertilizers on large farms and less than one ratio of the same for manures on large and pooled farms indicated that the factor was used at higher levels than necessary in ginger production. In the marketing of ginger two channels were identified. They were, producer  village merchant  town merchant (wholesaler)  wholesaler (distant market)  retailer  consumer (channel-I) and producer  town merchant  wholesaler (distant market)  retailer consumer (channel-II). The analysis of marketing costs and margins revealed that the producer was getting marginally higher share of consumer’s rupee in channel- II (54.76 per cent) than that of channel-I (52.53 per cent).
Open Access
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF VIABILITY OF SMALL FARMERS IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) DEEPTHI, CHINTABATHINI; RAGHUNADHA REDDY, G
Farmers are the back bone of the Indian economy. Indian agriculture is overwhelmingly dominated by smallholders and researchers have long debated the ability of a smallholder-dominated subsistence farm economy to diversify into riskier high-value crops. Small farmers are not well placed technologically and financially. Moreover, they do not have easy access to the credit agencies. Hence the research study entitled “An Economic analysis of viability of small farmers in vegetable production in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh” was taken up with the following objectives. 1. To estimate cost-returns structure of selected vegetables vis-à-vis commercial crop in Guntur district. 2. To evaluate the resource use efficiency of vegetable production. 3. To identify the factors influencing the small growers to choose the vegetable production and the constraints faced by small growers in vegetable production. Guntur district was purposively selected for research study due to the availability of more number of small farmers i.e., approximately 150600. A total of 150 small farmers from six villages in three mandals of the district were selected based on Multi-stage random sampling design. Primary data were collected through personal interview method. The secondary data were collected from Horticultural Office, Assistant Statistical Office and Chief Planning Office (CPO) of Guntur district. Statistical tools used in data analysis were cost concepts for cost-returns structure, Cobb-Douglas production function analysis for resource use efficiency, binary logistic regression analysis for factors influencing to choose vegetable production and Garrett ranking technique for ranking the various constraints. In the socio-economic profile, the middle aged farmers with less farming experience, were going for vegetable cultivation along with low education status and more composition of family labour. The average land holding size of small farmers was 0.96 ha. High gross returns were observed in bhendi - cluster bean cropping system, followed by red chilli. The net returns per rupee expenditure was high in bhendi – cluster bean cropping system. The net returns per rupee expenditure of two vegetable cropping systems was higher than red chilli. Bhendi was the low invested and most profitable crop over investment. Cluster bean requires more investment comparatively. Gross margin was lowest in ridge gourd – bottle gourd cropping system. Family labour cost, manures & fertilizers cost, machine power cost and plant protection chemicals cost were significant in resource use efficiency of overall vegetable production at one per cent and five per cent level of significance in all the sampled vegetable farmers. The co-efficient of multiple determination (R2) value was 0.82, which indicates that about 82 per cent variations in the gross return was explained by the selected explanatory variables. The sum of elasticities of production was observed as 1.308. The main constraints faced by small farmers in the sampled area were less farm holding, dependence on monsoon, pest damage, high wages of labour, disease attack, credit and inputs problem, middle men is the main constraint and low price during harvest. Most of the sampled farmers were engaged in secondary occupation which influences their viability by other farm and off-farm income such as hired labour, rearing livestock, to work with their own equipment on rental basis, and other services, MGNREGS under government respectively. The results revealed that sampled farmers can sustain in the long run when off-farm income (wages, business) added to their farm and dairy income. So, farmers should be encouraged to diversify and raise the livestock so that their income base gets widened. Government should take up some established arrangements to control middlemen and encourage to sustain the small farmers along with some credit, quality inputs and subsidies. Technologies need to be transferred to small farmers for farm diversification.
Open Access
A STUDY ON VIABILITY OF SMALL FARMERS IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRAPRADESH
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) SAIDHAR, RONANKI; UMADEVI, K
Agricultural sector is the largest employer in India's economy. Small holdings agriculture is important for raising agriculture growth, food security and livelihoods in India due to numerical dominance. But difficulties faced by the small farmers include absence of collaterals for getting bank loans, increased expenditure on cultivation and low returns among many problems. All these problems fully or partly affect the viability of small farmers in agriculture. The research study entitled “A Study on Viability of Small farmers in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh” was taken up with the following objectives. 1. To study the socio economic conditions of the small farmers. 2. To analyse the investment pattern, productivity, profitability of small farms. 3. To study the viability and factors influencing the viability of small farmers. 4. To identify and analyse the constraints of small farmers in management of farms. Guntur district was purposively selected for the research study due to the availability of more number of small farmers i.e approximately 150845. A total of 120 small farmers from 12 villages in six mandals of the district were selected based on the maximum concentration of small farmers in the study area. Three years data on various aspects of small farmers from 2012-13 to 2014-15 agricultural years was collected through personal interview method. The secondary data on agro economic features of the district was collected from Chief planning office, Department of agriculture and other agencies. Name of the Author : RONANKI SAIDHAR Title of the thesis : A STUDY ON VIABILITY OF SMALL FARMERS IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH Degree : MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE Department : AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Chair person : Dr. K. UMADEVI University : ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Year of Submission : 2016 Majority of the sample small holders found to be illiterate and half of them were having 26-50 years of farming experience group in the study area. Value of owned land (103.1%) and rental values of both leased in (15.35%) and leased out (20.9%) categories increased from 2012 to 2014. The average total asset value of sample farmers accounted to Rs.56.29 lakhs with land contributing major share in total assets of the sample farmers followed by tractor, rotovator, cattle shed, pump set, bullock cart, sprayers, spades and sickles. In the total family consumption expenditure of the sample farmers, food occupied major share (41.12%) followed by education (20.41%), and clothing (10.23%) respectively. More number of farmers borrowed money from local money lenders than banks. There are large scale inter- regional variations in cropping pattern, investment pattern and yields of crops in Guntur district. Paddy occupied highest (11.9%) operational area in kharif crops of the sample farmers, followed by cotton (8.81%). In rabi season, green gram was the major (16.02%) contributing crop followed by maize (11.4%) and black gram (9.77%). Chilli occupied major share in investment, gross income and net income of the crops. Net income from dairy also increased from 2012-13 to 2014-15. Sample small holders were distributed into viable and non –viable classes based on economic surplus. This economic surplus was calculated by deducting the domestic expenditure and debts from the net farm income obtained from crops and dairy and Off-farm income of sample farmer households. It was observed that in the sample of 120 farmers, there are 33 viable farmers and 87 non-viable farmers. On an average, farmers in the three selected divisions (Guntur, Tenali and Narsaraopet), could not get surplus income from farms. Sample farmers in the three divisions were incurring loss after deducting domestic expenditure, debts from net farm income (crop and dairy) and off-farm sources. Income from dairy and off-farm activities are the only factors, which can help them to become viable farmers. The results revealed that sample farmers in the selected divisions can sustain in the long run when off-farm income (wages, salary, business) is added to their farm and dairy income. So, farmers in three divisions should be encouraged to diversify and raise the livestock so that their income base gets widened. Small sample farmers were faced with different constraints like agro-ecological constraints, technical constraints, socio-economic constraints, market related constraints and family related constraints. To raise the income level and productivity of small farmers, there should be timely supply of modern inputs and there is a need for horizontal and vertical diversification involving high yielding, high income generating and eco- friendly crops. Technologies need to be transferred to small farmers for farm diversification. For ensuring sustainable viability of sample small farmers, creation of job opportunities in rural areas along with suitable policy support for development of livestock sector and other allied activities especially dairy, goat and sheep farming would be panacea for resource-poor farming community in the future. Hence, access to technology, credit, insurance and market can make farmers viable.
Open Access
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF DRIP IRRIGATION IN COCONUT ORCHARDS IN SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) GAYATRI DEVI, P; SUNANDA, N
The present study was conducted in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh with the major objectives (1) to analyze the cost structure of drip irrigation system in Coconut orchards (2) to appraise the economic viability and financial feasibility of installing drip irrigation system in Coconut cultivation with and without subsidy component (3) to assess water use efficiency of drip method of irrigation in Coconut orchards and (4) to study the possible constraints in installation, execution and maintenance of drip irrigation system in Coconut cultivation and offer relevant suggestions. A total sample of 90 farmers were selected randomly i.e., 45 drip irrigated and 45 conventionally irrigated farmers. The important analytical tools employed in the study were the project evaluation techniques such as PBP, ROR, Average annual returns per rupee of investment, NPW, B-C Ratio, IRR, N/K Ratio and Switching values were used to study the financial feasibility of Coconut plantations with drip method of irrigation and conventional method of irrigation. The average per hectare total cost with DMI in Coconut was Rs. 1, 33, 377.77 and Rs. 1, 20,058.27 for CMI. The per hectare total establishment cost for DMI in coconut was Rs. 2, 61, 297.20 and Rs. 2, 50,570.32 for CMI. The per hectare total maintenance cost for DMI in Coconut was Rs. 64,07,591.40 and Rs. 61,31,195.95 for CMI. The cost of drip irrigation system in 1 ha of coconut with no subsidy was Rs. 29,435 and with 90 per cent subsidy was Rs. 2943.50 in Andhra Pradesh under APMIP. The higher water use efficiency of 1024 nuts/ha-cm in DMI to that of 304 nuts/ha-cm in CMI was observed. The amount of water saved through DMI compared to CMI was 4522.39 ha-cm i.e., 62.22 per cent. The average per hectare yield of coconut was 56244 nuts under DMI and 44325 nuts under CMI. The average income obtained from one ha Coconut under drip irrigation was Rs. 2, 24,976 and Rs 1, 77,301. The payback period, rate of return, average annual return per rupee of investment, net present worth, benefit-cost ratio, IRR and N/K ratio in the study area for drip method of irrigation were found to be 2.85years, 68.68 per cent, 35.05 per cent, Rs. 5, 37,165.60, 2.18, 26.86 and 4.74 respectively. Similarly for conventional irrigation the payback period, rate of return, average annual return per rupee of investment, net present worth, benefit-cost ratio, IRR and N/K ratio was 4.58 years, 44.58 per cent, 21.82 per cent, Rs. 2, 54,370.60, 1.49, 21.67 and 2.45 respectively. The drip irrigation is found financially viable compared to conventional irrigation. The results also proved that coconut cultivation under drip irrigation system is economically viable even without subsidy. The major problems faced by the Coconut farmers in installation, maintenance and execution of drip irrigation system were sensitivity to clogging of drippers, only diluted fertilizers were used in root zone, high skill is required for design, installation and operations, unavailability of cheap locally available spare parts, damage caused to the system by rats and wild pigs in field, high cost compared to conventional methods, inadequate follow up services by the drip agencies, low quality equipment and spare parts, Moisture distributions problems and Salt accumulation in root zone. It is understood from the study that capital cost required to install drip irrigation is relatively high. Therefore, measures can primarily be taken to reduce the cost of drip irrigation equipment by promoting production and supply of low cost drip systems. Considering the high yield per hectare through drip method of irrigation in Coconut cultivation compared to conventional method of irrigation, drip irrigation technology should be expanded to all the Coconut cultivation areas as a mandatory as majority of the farmers are small farmers and is financially viable even without subsidy. Since Coconut plantations with DMI are viable financially and economically even without subsidy in drip, subsidies can be rationally reduced. As an alternative for reduction of subsidies, loans from banks shall be provided for adoption of DMI in Coconut cultivation.
Open Access
IMPACT OF PRICE FORECASTS IN DECISION MAKING IN CHILLI FARMING – A STUDY IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2016) INDHUSHREE, A; RAGHUNADHA REDDY, G
In recent days there has aroused a question regarding the practical utility of the price forecasts and there is a need to know how far the farmers are following the forecast prices based recommendations given by the institutions specifically in chilli crop and its impact on the decision making of the farmers. Hence the study is being carried out in order to reveal the after effects of price forecasting and difficulties in it at various stakeholder levels. OBJECTIVES 1. To compare the prices forecasted by different agencies over time period. 2. To study the accessibility of price forecasts to farmers in Guntur district. 3. To study the impact of price forecasts in decision making in chilli farming. 4. To identify the constraints in price forecasting faced by different stakeholders. Multi-stage stratified random sampling design was employed to select a representative sample of 120 farmers from four selected villages of two mandals in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Primary data was collected from chilli farmers through well structured interview schedule. Secondary data was collected from Chief Planning Officer (CPO) of Guntur, forecasting institutes and other agencies and Government publications, reports and other published materials. Statistical tools used in data analysis were arithmetic mean, frequencies, percentages, cost concepts, binary logit regression and Garrett ranking technique. By comparing the chilli prices forecasted by different agencies in Guntur district it was observed that the accuracy of chilli price forecast was more in case of ANGRAU, PJTSAU, Reliance foundation and Guntur Market Yard Traders Association when compared to the price forecast by Guntur District Cold Storage Owners Welfare Association and Vijayakrishna Spice Farms Pvt. Ltd. Farmers who adopted price forecasts were more educated than non-adopters. When compared to non-adopters of price forecasts adopters were more among those who possessed newspaper and krishi magazines. The majority of adopters of price forecasts belong to medium category whereas majority of non-adopters belong to small farming category. The average farming experience of adopters was less than that of non-adopters. Possession of farm assets was more in case of adopters than non-adopters. The average production and productivity of adopters were more than that of nonadopters. The total cost incurred and net income realized from chilli cultivation by adopters was more than that of non-adopters of price forecasts. The average annual income of adopters was also higher than that of non-adopters of price forecasts. Majority of the non-adopters were not aware of price forecasts. The major source of market intelligence was traders and online resources for adopters and fellow farmers, relatives, friends for non-adopters of price forecasts. All of the adopters of price forecasts followed price forecast previously also whereas only 36.67 per cent of non-adopters followed price forecasts previously. Majority of the adopters reported price forecasts were beneficial to them in taking farm decisions and among the nonadopters of price forecasts those who followed price forecasts 16.67 per cent farmers were benefitted from price forecasts. Education level, possession of communication assets by farmers, average annual income of the farmers and source of market intelligence to farmers were the significant factors influencing the adoption of price forecasts by farmers. The impact of adoption of price forecasts was high in case of decision on storage, followed by decision on quantity to sell, allotting the area of land for chilli, time of harvesting and selection of crops. Less impact was identified in case of decision making regarding time of sowing. Fluctuation in chilli prices and less reliability of the forecasted price were major constraints faced by adopters of price forecasts. Lack of awareness was the major constraint in case of non-adopters of price forecasts. Important suggestions given by farmers were forecasted price consistent with market temperature, consideration of storage problem and market rush during the recommended month of sale.

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

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