Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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Open Access
A STUDY ON FARMER’S ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE PURCHASE OF INDOFIL PRODUCTS IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2015) VINEEL KUMAR, S; PRABHAVATHI, Y
The pesticide market in India is becoming highly competitive. Farmer’s decision making on pesticides therefore becomes a topic of considerable interest. Research on the purchase attitude of pesticides (agriinputs) has been very limited and confined to the developed country context. This study attempts to develop an understanding of the purchase attitude of the farmers regarding pesticides in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Multistage purposive cum random sampling design was employed in the present study. The data collected were subjected to conventional (simple tabulation) as well as functional analysis to arrive at valid conclusions. Data was statistically analyzed using SPSS program version 13.0 and percentage analysis was used. Per hectare cost of cultivation was highest in chilli with (Rs 2,60,078) followed by cotton (Rs 1,14,639) and paddy (Rs 76,359). The yield of main produce was 77, 69 and 39 quintals per hectare in case of chilli, paddy and cotton. The gross returns from crops was found to be highest in chilli (Rs 5,77,500) followed by cotton (Rs 1,52,000) and paddy (Rs 1,02,200) and net returns recorded chilli crop (Rs 3,17,422) followed by cotton (Rs 37,361) and paddy (Rs 25,841). Returns per rupee of investment was highest for chilli (Rs 2.22) followed by cotton (Rs 1.35) and paddy (Rs 1.33). Thus, it is inferred that chilli was most remunerative crop compared to other crops in the study areas. Out of 100 sample respondents 85 percent of the farmers were aware that token has to be sprayed in the field at less BPH infestation and remaining 15 percent of the farmers were un aware of token application. Out of sample respondents of 100, 84 percent of the farmers knew that token is compatible with avtar, baan and merger and remaining 16 percent of the respondents were un aware token is compatible with avtar, baan and merger. Farmer’s meet plays a major promotional campaign in creating new product awareness irrespective of age group. The total sales of the company increased by 10.76 percent from 2010-11 to 2011-12 and then decreased by 7.96 percent in 2012-13. In 2013-14, there was an increase of 29.61 percent in sales compared to 2012-13 and sales increased by 2.28 percent in 2014-15. Indofil M-45 sales increased by 0.62 percent in 2011-12 compared to 2010-11. The sales decreased by 8.04 and 8.44 percent in 2012-13 and 2013-14 and then sales increased by 10 percent in 2014-15. Main promotion should be done through demonstration for users because farmers always believe what they see followed by distribution of pamphlets in farmer’s meeting.
Open Access
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF AGRO INDUSTRY- A CASE STUDY OF SRI VENKATESWARA CO-OPERATIVE SUGAR LTD, GAJULAMANDYAM, RENIGUNTA.
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2015) SHINY ISRAEL, KOMMU; PRABHAVATHI, Y
The study was undertaken to carry out Economic analysis of agrobased industry and to assess the business performance of the Sri Venkateswara Co-operative Factory Ltd., Gajulamandyam in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh with the following objectives 1. To evaluate the growth and performance in terms of physical indicators. 2. To evaluate the growth and performance in terms of financial indicators 3. To study the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities of the Sri Venkateswara co-operative sugar ltd. and. 4. To support a suitable strategy for effective functioning of the Sri Venkateswara co-operative sugar ltd. The Sri Venkateswara co-operative sugar industry, Renigunta, Gajulamandyam of Chittoor district was selected purposively for the present study. There exist two co-operative sugar factories in the district. Among them, one co-operative sugar factory namely Gajulamandyam was purposively selected as this is only co-operative factory carrying out sugarcane crushing operations. Index number, growth rate analysis and ratio analysis were used to analyze the data. X Agreement area under sugarcane increased from 4744 hectares in 19771978 to 6681.75 hectares in 2013-14.Highest agreement area under cane was observed during the year 1994-1995. The agreement quantity of the sugarcane to be supplied by the sugarcane growers was 93014 in 1977-77 and increased to 172993 metric tons in 2013-2014. A highly fluctuating trend of sugar production was observed in the factory The compound annual growth rate(CAGR) for agreement area, agreement quantity, average cane crushed, sugar production, sugar recovery and average cane crushed per day was 1.025, 1.027, 1.03, 1.04, 1.005 and 1.02 respectively. The index number of agreement area which was 125 had fallen to 60 during1997-1980.But improved for 122 during 1981-1982. The maximum percentage change in the agreement area took place during 1985-86 where it was increased by 150 percent over 1984-85. The index number of sugar production which was 79 quintals in 197778 gradually rose to 608 quintals by 2000-01 and thereafter there was decline for subsequent four years with a steep production in 2004-05.The momentum picked up in 2006-07 but could not sustain from 2010-11onwards as there was a gradual fall in the sugar production. The index number of sugar recovery which was 5.37percent in 1977-78 slowly started increasing and touched 9.6 percent by 2002-03 The percentage change in average cane crushed per day recorded all time high in the year 1981-82 where it was increased by 110 percentage. The current ratios of the factory for the years 2009-10, 2010-11, 201112, 2012-13 and 2013-14 were 0.83, 0.73, 0.86, 0.84 and 0.73 respectively. the quick ratio of the factory for the years 2009-10, 2010-11,201112,2012-13 and 2013-14 were 0.16 ,0.09,0.13,0.12 and 0.07 respectively. The debt ratio of the company for five years i.e. for 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12,2012-13 and 2013-14 were Rs. 0.44, 0.51, 0.57, 0.52and 0.59 respectively. The lenders contribution over the assets maintained by the company was increased from 2009-10 to 2011-12 and then decreased in the year 2012-13 and again increased in the year 2013-14. The interest coverage ratios for the years 2009-10 and 2012-13 were 0.74 and 4.43 respectively. XI The interest coverage ratios for the years 2009-10 and 2012-13 were 0.74 and 4.43 respectively. The fixed charges coverage ratio for the year 2009-10 and 2012-13 were 0.05 and 0.19 respectively. For the remaining years i.e. for 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2013-14 the above two ratios were not calculated as there were no earnings available with the company in order to pay the interest principle.The inventory turnover ratios of the factory for the years 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14 were 3.04, 0.62, 1.10, 1.49 and 0.89 respectively The inventory turnover ratios of the factory for the years 200910, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14 were 3.04, 0.62, 1.10, 1.49 and 0.89 respectively The gross profit margins of the company for the year 2009-10, 201011, 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14 were (0.092),( 0.189), (0.0546), (0.772), and (0.044). The net profit margins of the company for the years 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14 were 0.811, 2.311, 1.388, 1.0209, and 2.123. The return on equity figures of the company reveals that there was no increase in the shareholders wealth from 2009-10 to 2013-14.
Open Access
A STUDY ON PROCUREMENT OF MILK BY BALAJI DAIRY IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2015) BHAGYA PHANINDRA, CH; PRABHAVATHI, Y
Indian dairy sector has grown substantially over the years. India ranks first among the world's milk producing nations, achieving an annual output of 137.7 million tonnes of milk during 2013-14 recording the growth of 3.5 percent. India's milk production accounts for 16 percent approximately of the world’s total output. The present project entitled ―A Study on Procurement of Milk by Balaji Dairy in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh‖ was taken up with the following objectives. 1. to identify and analyse the factors influencing supply of milk by farmers to Balaji dairy. 2. to study and examine the cost and returns in procurement per unit of milk. 3. to identify and analyse the factors influencing procurement of milk. 4. to suggest measures for efficient procurement of milk. The present study was under taken in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in view of importance dairy farming in the district. From the district 4 villages supplying milk to Balaji Dairy were selected purposively. Fifteen farmers from each village are chosen randomly. The total sample size of the study was 60. For this study, both primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data have been collected at the village level from the milk producer households. The information on problems of procurement, price received and expenses incurred by the dairy farmers were collected. Secondary data with regard to factors influencing procurement and quantity of milk supplied were collected from the records of Balaji dairy milk collection units, statistical abstracts, journals, websites etc. The data is collected through structured schedules by interview method. The collected data were analyzed by simple statistical tools such as percentages, averages, etc. Average milk yield in the study area for cow, buffalo and crossbred cow are 12, 6-7 and 13 litres per day per animal respectively. Average supply of milk per day per respondent was upto 10 litres, 1120 litres and above 20 litres are 51.66 percent, 13.33 percent and 35 percent respectively of the total sample respondents. The total operational costs per unit of milk (1000 litres) including interest on working capital were Rs.25,80,09,993.1. The cost of raw material (milk) accounted for 31.5 percent of the total operational costs followed by interest on working capital 4.12 percent. The total fixed costs per unit of milk (1000 litres) including interest on fixed capital was Rs.40,06,82,866.4. The depreciation on machinery accounted for 42.1 percent followed by depreciation on buildings 10.2 percent.
Open Access
ANALYSIS OF FOOD SAFETY STANDARDS FOLLOWED BY STREET FOOD VENDORS, RETAILERS, AND HOUSEHOLD WOMEN IN TIRUPATI OF CHITTOR DISTRICT
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2015) NARAYANA, M.V.; PRABHAVATH, Y
The present study entitled “ANALYSIS WITH REFERENCE TO STREET FOOD VENDORS, RETAILERS, AND HOUSEHOLD WOMEN IN CHITTOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH ” has been taken up with the objectives namely viz., to evaluate the food safety standards followed by the fruits, meat and Packaged processed food value chains. The sample for the study consisted of 50 household women, 25 street food vendors and 10 retail food value chains selected through purposivc cum random sampling technique. The study pertains to Chittor district of Andhra Pradesh. Education group categorization indicates that 20 per cent of the household women had qualification up to 9th class, 26 per cent has under gone upto intermediate level while 54 per cent were degree holders. Coming to safety standards 18 per cent of the household women followed low food safety standards, 68per cent followed moderate food safety standards and 14 per cent adopted high food safety standards. A greater percentage of sample household women belonged to OC, category. Among general requirements (100%) of the selected households possessed electricity connections, 87.3 per cent of women were found to cook daily 3 times and 84.6 per cent women followed the practice of protecting the ready to eat food protected from contamination. Regarding health and hygiene requirements majority (96%) indicated that they were having proper hand washing facilities. Taking into 13 consideration of cleaning and sanitation maintenance requirements the majority (98.6%) are mentioned that house toilets were maintained in cleanly condition, followed by 97.3 per cent maintained kitchen in cleanly condition. There was no significant association between opinions given by the sample household women while buying food protected from contamination with respective age groups, education groups, and social groups. In terms of general requirements street food vendors had 86.6 per cent knowledge on license to run the business, with 42.6 per cent displaying current licence prominently on premises. They were also having 84 per cent knowledge on food protected from contamination at the receiving point , 40 per cent knowledge on food stored in contamination free environment and 37.3 per cent knowledge on methods used to cool food and heating /reheating procedures. Taking health and hygiene requirements into consideration the respondents were having 81.3 per cent knowledge on ensuring staff members not to engage in food handling if they were suffering from food borne illness or sickness. Among the respondents 74.6 per cent were following cleaning and sanitation maintenance requirements for kitchen. Out of sample respondents of 4 restaurants 50 per cent followed low food safety standards 25 per cent followed moderate food safety standards and again the same per cent followed high food safety standards. Out of the 3 chicken retail outlets 33 per cent each followed low, moderate and high food safety standards. All the 3 selected retail super markets followed moderate food safety standards.
Open Access
STUDY ON MARKET COMPETITIVENESS AND FINANCIAL PATTERNS OF FARMER PRODUCER ORGANISATIONS (FPOs) IN TELANGANA AND KARNATAKA
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2015) KANDEEBAN, M; PRABHAVATHI, Y
The present study entitled “Study on Market competitiveness and Financing Patterns of Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) in Telangana and Karnataka” was intended to examine the value chain, market competitiveness, financial models and assessment of FPCs. Two-stage purposive sampling technique was adopted to select the ultimate sample units. The study was undertaken in five FPCs in Telangana and Karnataka states. For the present study, Mahabubnagar district of Telangana state and Bijapur district of Karnataka were selected as these were backward districts in their respective states. Three FPCs in Telangana state and two FPCs in Karnataka state were purposively selected since these FPCs were promoted by the same promoter. Both conventional analysis and financial ratio techniques were used to analyze the data and arrive at valid conclusions. All the specified FPCs were involved in direct marketing and handled single commodity i.e. redgram. In 2013, the maximum and minimum volume XII of produce was handled by KOFSPC (190 tonnes) and KFSPC (120 tonnes) respectively. In 2014, maximum and minimum volume of produce was handled by AFSPC (136 tonnes) and JFSPC (102 tonnes) respectively. The marketing channel of redgram currently followed by specified FPCs: Farmers – Farmer Producer Company - Traders - Miller – Wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer. The cost incurred in marketing of redgram in channel I (Rs.2732) was higher than channel II (Rs.2463). The marketing margins earned in marketing of redgram through channel II (Rs.915) were less than channel I (Rs.948). The price spread in the case of channel I (Rs.3440) was higher than channel-II (Rs.3225). The producer’s share in consumer’s rupee (PSCR) in channel II (64.560 per cent) was more than in channel I (62.198 per cent). The marketing efficiency of channel I was 1.53 and that of channel II was 1.73. It infers that channel II was more efficient than channel I. The prices that are arranged by the five FPCs for redgram in 2013-14 and 2014-15 for the farmer members were relatively on the higher side when compared to modal price (Tandur market in Telangana state and Gulbarga market in Karnataka state) and MSP. The leverage ratios, profitability ratios, debt ratio and earnings per share of all but one i.e. KFSPC, indicated reasonably good performance of the FPCs though they were hardly two years old.
Open Access
A STUDY ON BUYING BEHAVIOR OF FARMERS FOR INDOFIL PRODUCTS IN KRISHNA DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2015) CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO, A; PRBHAVATHI, Y
The present study entitled “A study on buying behaviour of farmers for Indofil products in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh” was intend to study consumption pattern of pesticides in Krishna district, factors influencing the farmers buying behaviour of Indofil products, dealer perception for promoting Indofil products and marketing constrains of Indofil products. The sample was selected using a multistage random sampling technique. Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh was purposively selected to study buying behaviour of farmers for Indofil products. Top 10 mandals having the highest consumption of Indofil products in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh was collected and top two mandals were selected for the study from the selected mandala top two mandals were selected for the study. Four villages were selected and 15 respondents from each village was selected randomly. Thus the size of the total sample respondents was 60. Total dealers exist in the Krishna district were around 400, 50 dealers buying and selling Indofil products were randomly selected for the study. The collection of data was tabulated SPSS program version 13.0. Data collected was analyzed using chi-square test, percentage analysis and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) was computed for secondary data. XI The compound annual growth rate of pesticide consumption in the state of Andhra Pradesh for a period of fourteen years (2000-01 to 2013-14) was 2.48. The compound annual growth rate of pesticide consumption in the Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh for a period of fifteen years (1999-00 to 2014-15) was 5.48. 13.3 percent of the farmers were under the age group of below 35 years, 71.7 percent in the 36-55 years range and 15 percent were under the age group of 55 years above. 91.7 percent were aware of Indofil company products and 8.3 percent of respondents were unaware and not heard about the company. 26.7 percent of the farmers were using Indofil company product in past and present, 66.7 percent have sometimes used the company products. 5 percent of them were using rarely and 1.7 percent of the respondents never used the Indofil company products. 20 percent of the farmers pay cash while buying pesticides, 30 percent of the farmers buy pesticides on credit basis and 50 percent of the farmers buy sometimes in credit and credit and cash as per the understanding between farmers and dealers. 26 percent of the dealers were rarely ask for a particular pesticide product, 68 percent of the farmers sometimes insist for particular pesticide and 6 percent of the farmers always insist for the particular pesticide. 22 percent of the farmers rarely ask for Indofil products, 72 percent of the farmers sometimes ask for Indofil products and 6 percent of the farmers particularly ask for Indofil products. 18 percent of the farmers never ask for local products, 12 percent of the farmers rarely ask, 42 percent sometimes ask and 28 percent always ask for the local products. 14 percent of the farmers ask rarely about the product that are advertised, 66 percent of the farmers ask sometimes and 6 percent of the farmers always ask for the product that are advertised. 24 percent of dealers have low perception for Indofil products, 70 percent of the farmers were having moderate perception and 6 percent having high perception about Indofil products. Price of the Indofil product was major constraint followed by dealer’s response, availability, packing in desired quantity, timely availability and packing product.
Open Access
STUDY ON ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF FARMER PRODUCER ORGANISATIONS (FPOs) FOR EFFECTIVE VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS - A CASE ANALYSIS OF TELANGANA AND KARNATAKA
(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2015) ADITYA, R.L.S.; PRABHAVATHI, Y
The concept of producer companies in India is a very recent development. These are just like cooperatives, but they are registered as companies. No non-producer can be a member of the company. They get together; they combine their share capital, register as a company, employ a professional to run the company and do value addition, whatever is possible. In this context, it is felt necessary to probe into the organizational structure, capacity building, internal controls and forward linkages of the farmer producer companies. A two stage purposive and random sampling technique was adopted to select the ultimate sample. Karnataka and Telangana states were purposively selected to study the FPCs. Bijapur district of Karnataka state and Mahabubnagar district of Telangana state were randomly selected as they were one among the backward districts in the respective states. There were totally 8 FPCs in Karnataka and 9 in Telangana promoted by different NGOs. Among these 17 FPCs, 12 were exclusively carrying out operations relating to agriculture. Among these 12 FPCs, 2 FPCs exist in Bijapur district of Karnataka and 3 FPCs exist in Mahabubnagar district of Telangana. All the five (5) FPCs are taken up from the study. The organizational structure of farmer producer company is protuberant with sectoral differentiation at each level. Predefined rules and responsibilities and classifications has made the structure heading towards the glaring position HFSPC has an equity share capital Rs of 4.32 lakh. The no of farmers shareholders, FAGs, RGB leader and BoD associated with HFSPC were 834, 48, xi 96, 10 respectively. Company conducted AGB meeting in the month of May and BoD meeting on 11th of every month. KFSPC has an equity share capital of Rs 4.71 lakh. The no of farmers shareholders, FAGs, RGB leader and BoD associated with HFSPC were 915, 46, 92, 10 respectively. Company conducted AGB meeting in the month of May and BoD meeting on 10th of every month AFSPC has an equity share capital of Rs 2.83 lakh. The no of farmers shareholders, FAGs, RGB leader and BoD associated with HFSPC were 503, 31, 62, 10 respectively. Company conducted AGB meeting in the month of May and BoD meeting on 15th of every month KLFSPC has an equity share capital of Rs 4.8 lakh. The no of farmers shareholders, FAGs, RGB leader and BoD associated with HFSPC were 1023, 58, 116, 9 respectively. Company conducted AGB meeting in the month of April and BoD meeting on 5th of every month. JFSPC has an equity share capital of Rs 4.5 lakh. The no of farmers shareholders, FAGs, RGB leader and BoD associated with HFSPC were 948, 51, 102, 10 respectively. Company conducted AGB meeting in the month of April and BoD meeting on 9th of every month. Backward linkages are the channels through which information, material and money flow between a firm and its suppliers and create a network of economic independence. FPCs in the study area have an assurance in the supply of farm inputs like fertilizer and plant protection chemicals from Tirumala fertilizers and Sri Sai agro agencies respectively. Forward linkages can be defined as a distribution chain connecting a producer or supplier to its customers. The five FPCs in the study area have in common a single buyer named Farmers Pulse Private limited (FPPL) for purchasing red gram brought by the FPC. Reliability of the farmer shareholders on producer company, intuition and knowledge of BoD, visitor and official meetings, noticeable attendance percentage in annual general and BoD meetings, prompt and timely availability of inputs, BoD leadership and SHG experience and well-educated BoD were the important strengths. Limited financial resources and funding sources, lack of human resource policy, lack of adequate accounting systems, lack of professional managers, lack of capital, lack of own storage and processing facilities, insufficient training and services, procurement of other major crops, poor office facilities, devoid of staff, lack of internal control, no visitor meeting, lack of proper communication channel, delay in input supply, political intervention in the FPC business, lack of input supply, lack of bods ownership, lack of advocacy and lobbying of BOD were the important weaknesses. Vast untapped membership, procurement from all the shareholder members, procurement of other major crops, opportunity to avail services from nearby Krishi Vigynan Kendra (KVK), Tandoor and equity grant fund (EGF) from SFAC were the important opportunities. Competition from middlemen and brokers, bad debts from input supply, lack of sustainability were the important threats. xii From the five producer companies studied at various levels of growth and development only one producer company (HFSPC) has shown positive indicators for business viability. General organisational structure of FPOs comprised farmer shareholders, FAGs, RGB leaders and BoD. It is a four tier structure with farmer shareholders at the bottom level. FAGs and RGB at middle level and BoD at top level. The roles, responsibilities, functions and duties of the entire organisational structure must be clearly defined and implemented to enhance the capacity building of FPOs. The priorities revealed that the maximum percentage of farmers (50) desires to get training on crop cultivation techniques, 55 per cent of the farmers opinioned to have knowledge on soil health and drought management, 30 per cent of the farmers wanted to visit a red gram processing unit and 20 per cent want to visit a successful producer company. All these felt needs of the farmers should be fulfilled by the top level management on priority basis to enhance the capacity building.

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

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