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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access WEED MANAGEMENT IN BLACKGRAM BY IMAZETHAPYR AND ITS EFFECT ON SUCCEEDING MUSTARD(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Hassan, Deeba; Thakur, R.Blackgram is one of the important pulse crops grown in India as it contributes 24 percent of total kharif pulse production. In India, it is grown in about 3.62 million ha with an average productivity of 537 kg/ha against world average productivity 744 kg/ha. In Jharkhand, it is grown in about 0.19 million ha with an average productivity of 625 kg/ha. The yield loss due to weeds in blackgram is 27 to 90%. Chemical methods of weed control are better option as manual weeding is not only tedious but also costly and many times laborers are not available at peak time of requirement. Blackgram being a short duration crop leaves ample option for taking many suitable succeeding winter crops. Judicious use of new herbicides with its proper dose, method and time of application has to be taken care of with view that not only weeds in blackgram are controlled effectively but also should not leave residual toxic effect on succeeding crops. Hence keeping this in view an experiment was conducted at Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand during rainy and winter seasons of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. The experimental soil was sandy-loam in texture with low organic carbon (3.4 g/kg), moderately acidic (pH 5.6) in nature, low available nitrogen (189.00 kg/ha), medium phosphorus (21 kg/ha) and medium potassium (155 kg/ha) content. The experiment was laid out in a RBD with 16 treatments i.e. Imazthapyr 50g/haPRE (T1), Imazthapyr 70g/haPRE (T2), Imazthapyr 80g/haPRE (T3), Imazthapyr 50g/ha POE (T4), Imazthapyr 70g/haPOE (T5), Imazethapyr 80g/haPOE (T6), Imazethapyr.+Imazemox (RM)50g/haPRE(T7), Imazethapyr.+Imazemox(RM) 70g/haPRE (T8), Imazethapyr.+Imazemox(RM) 80g/haPRE (T9), Imazethapyr.+Imazemox(RM) 50g/haPOE (T10), Imazethapyr.+Imazemox(RM) 70g/haPOE (T11), Imazethapyr.+Imazemox(RM) 80g/haPOE (T12), Pendimethalin1000g/ha PRE (T13), Imazethapyr + Pendimethalin (RM)1000g/ha PRE (T14), Hoeing twice (T15) each performed at 20 and 40 DAS and weedycheck (T16) replicated thrice. Blackgram var. T9 and mustard var. Shivani was sown at 30 cm using 30 and 8 kg seed/ha, with RDF 20:40:20 and 80:40:20 kg/ha, respectively. Imazethapyr.+Imazemox (RM)80g/ha POE (T12) was found most effective in reducing weed density and weed dry weight followed by Imazethapyr.+Imazemox (RM)70g/haPOE (T11) and Imazthapyr 80g/ha PRE (T3) in order of their weed control efficiency 97.26, 95.78 and 93.55 percent respectively at 60 days after sowing. Imazethapyr.+Imazemox(RM) 80g/ha POE (T12) recorded 64.97 percent higher crop dry weight, 80.25 percent LAI, 98.28 percent number of pod/plant, 70.91 percent higher seed yield higher as compared to weedy plot i.e. 104.05g/m2, 0.21,10,523 kg/ha respectively. Application of Imazethapyr.+Imazemox(RM) 80g/ha POE (T12) also recorded higher net return (`31664) and B:C ratio (1.5) compared to rest of weed treatments. Residues of herbicides were below detectable limit (< 0.02mg/kg) in plant and soil at harvest. In succeeding crop, no phyto-toxic effect was observed in blackgram and succeeding mustard crop. It can be concluded from above findings that Imazethapyr.+Imazemox(RM) 80g/ha POE can be applied in blackgram for increased yield, net return and benefit : cost ratio without causing phyto-toxic effect on blackgram as well as on succeeding mustard crop.ThesisItem Open Access GENETICS OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.) UNDER DIFFERENT POTASSIUM LEVELS(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Kumari Tudu, Veena; Chakraborty, M.Maize (Zea mays L.) is also known as the ‗Queen of Cereals‘ due to its wide applications in variety of products. It serves as the staple food for 900 million poor, 120 ‐140 million poor farm families, and about one‐third of all malnourished children globally. Due to increase in global food demands and consumer choices, maize is emerging as the wonder crop for many countries especially in developing countries like India. Use of recommended fertilizer facilitate good growth of maize crop plants, and in obtaining high yield. Along with nitrogen and phosphorus, potassium (K) is the macro element required by the plants for its various metabolic functions. K has its role in neutralization of organic acids formed during metabolism, enzyme activation, regulating leaf stomatal movement, and facilitating of photosynthate translocation. The knowledge of direction and magnitude of association between yield & its components and the relative importance of each factor involved in grain yield contribution, aids to the effectiveness of any breeding programme. The experiment was conducted with twenty genotypes to evaluate their performance under moisture stress condition at two doses of Potassium during kharif 2016 and rabi 2016-17. The materials used are four high productive female lines, three drought tolerant male lines used as tester and their twelve hybrids developed by Line x Tester mating design along with one check. The same set of genotypes has also been evaluated under irrigated field condition at same two different doses of Potassium as that of moisture stress condition of 50kPa at flowering and grain filling stage under rain out shelter. The genotypes evaluated under different moisture regime and K level showed that at increased dose of K there is earliness in traits like DT, DS, ASI at both field condition and moisture stress condition. Moisture stress condition causes longer days to flowering. Reduced ASI was observed at increased dose of K. Increases in K dose causes increase in PH, EH for all the genotypes under field condition as well as moisture stress condition. Increase in K dose causes increase in Stay Greenness under field condition as well as in moisture stress condition for all the genotypes. At increased does of K increase in no. of KR/Cob was observed at both field condition and under moisture stress condition for all the genotypes under study. Reduction in yield was observed at moisture stress condition at both level of K dose for all the genotypes. Among the hybrids, maximum reduction was recorded by H9 (45.29%) at field condition and at moisture stress condition also (43.02%). Among the inbreds P7 (32.15%) shows maximum reduction at K1 dose and at K2 dose P3 (33.10%) shows maximum reduction. The strip plot ANOVA showed significant differences were present among the genotypes for the traits DT, DS, DM, PH, EH, No. of leaves, LAI, LS, SG, LR, EL, KR/cob, K/row G/cob, SW, GY/ha, GY/plot, RL, RV. Significant differences was in case of K- level for all the characters studied except for leaf rolling. The interaction between genotypes and K-level was found significant for the characters DM, EH, GY/plot. At moisture stress condition during kharif season among the genotypes significant differences was found for all the traits except for ASI. Among the K-level significant differences was found for all the traits except for LR. The interaction between genotypes and K-level was found significant DM, EH, GY/plot. The Strip –Spilt ANOVA for quality traits of hybrids showed for significant differences among the moisture regime for all the quality parameters. Highly significant difference among the K – level was observed for carbohydrate content, Zn content. The interaction of moisture regime & K –level was significant for protein content, K content, Fe content & Zn content. Among the 12 hybrids, highly significant difference was observed for all the quality parameters. The interaction of moisture regime & genotype was highly significant for protein content, carbohydrate content, Fe content & Zn content. Significant differences was also observed for the interaction of K- level & Genotype. The interaction of all the three parameters, Moisture regime, K- level, & Genotype was also highly significant for all the quality parameters studied. Drought had negative effect on protein, carbohydrate, K content and grain yield. But, bioavailability of Fe and Zn content in grain increased under drought, which is very useful information for breeders. The hybrid H4 is superior performing so far with high carbohydrate, Fe content and an average grain yield under irrigated condition. Similarly, H3 is superior for protein, Zn and K content with average grain yield under drought condition. Based on percent disease index value. Most of the hybrids lies under the categories of moderately resistant at low dose of K and only one hybrids shows moderately susceptible but at higher K dose disease reaction gets improved for four hybrids viz., BAUIM-2 x HKI 1532, BAUIM-4 x HKI 1532, BAUIM-4 x HKI 577 from moderately resistant to resistant and for BAUIM-5 x HKI 335 the reaction changes from moderately susceptible to moderately resistant.ThesisItem Open Access GENERATION MEAN ANALYSIS FOR YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTING TRAITS IN LINSEED (Linum usitatissimum L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Kumar, Sanjay; Ram, SohanAn experiment was conducted at departmental research farm, BAU, Kanke, Ranchi and Zonal Research Station, Chianki during Rabi 2017-18 to investigate about variability, nature and magnitude of gene effects, their interactions, heterosis and inbreeding depression for twelve yield and yield attributing traits following five parameter model of generation mean analysis. Twenty five genotypes consisting of five parents, 6F1s, 6F2s, 6F3s, and two checks (T-397 and Parvati) were sown in randomized block design with three replications. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the treatments for all the characters under study at both the locations. The present investigation revealed high PCV and GCV at both the location for characters like, number of primary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant showing the presence of variability for the yield and yield attributing traits. At both the locations high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was seen for traits such as seed yield per plant, 1000-seed weight and oil content whereas, at Ranchi location technical height, plant height and number of capsules per plant and at Chianki location number of primary branches per plant exhibited locations high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean indicating preponderance of additive gene action, therefore these traits might be useful in further breeding programme. With the help of scaling and joint scaling test presence or absence of epistasis and adequacy of additive-dominance model respectively were checked and accordingly five parameter model was followed for estimation of gene effect as well as presence of nonallelic interactions. Epistasis was observed in almost all the six crosses for the different traits studied. Duplicate epistasis was more prevalent than complementary epistasis at both the locations. Heterosis revealed that the crosses Himalsi-2 X Meera and Mukta X SLS-61 at Ranchi (L1) location and Himalsi-2 X SLS-61 at Chianki (L2) location were found to be the promising crosses because of its high yield, quality and disease resistance among the six crosses studied and thus could be utilized in future breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GENETIC ARCHITECTURE AND RESPONSE OF SELECTION FOR YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTING TRAITS IN LINSEED (Linum usitatissimum L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Bhushan, Shanti; Ram, SohanA study entitled “Genetic architecture and response of selection for yield and yield attributing traits in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)” was conducted at departmental research farm, BAU, Kanke, Ranchi during Rabi 2016-17 to investigate about variability, nature and magnitude of gene effects, their interactions, heterosis and inbreeding depression for ten yield and yield attributing traits following six parameter model generation mean analysis. Sixty nine treatments consisting eight parents, 15F1s, 15F2s, 15BC1s, 15BC2s and one check (T-397) were sown in randomized block design with three replications. Simultaneously, in a separate experiment using two backcross populations viz., (Meera x T-397) x Meera and (Shekhar x T-397) x Shekhar, response of selection study was done evaluating variability, correlation coefficient analysis, path coefficient analysis etc. Five hundred BC1F2 plants were selected randomly constituting base population and out of this, hundred superior plants were selected considering all the selections criterion and whose progenies rows were grown making BC1F3 population in both the crosses. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the treatments for all the characters under study. An estimate of GCV and PCV for all characters revealed that the PCV was higher than their corresponding GCV, indicating presence of variability among the treatments for yield and yield attributing traits and characters like, number of primary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant showed high PCV and GCV. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was obtained for number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant. With the help of scaling and joint scaling test presence or absence of epistasis and adequacy of additive-dominance model respectively was checked and accordingly six parameter model was followed for estimation of gene effect as well as presence of non-allelic interactions. Epistasis was indicated in almost all the fifteen crosses for the studied traits. Duplicate epistasis was more prevalent than complementary epistasis. Significant and desirable heterosis over mid parent was observed in four crosses for days to 50% flowering, two crosses for days to maturity, three crosses for plant height, two crosses for number of primary branches per plant, twelve crosses for number of capsules per plant, three crosses for number of seeds per capsule, seven crosses for capsule diameter, twelve crosses for each seed yield per plant and 1000-seed weight and eleven crosses for oil content. Heterosis over better parent was observed significant and in desirable direction for seven crosses for days to 50% flowering, five crosses for days to maturity, four crosses for plant height, two crosses for number of primary branches per plant, nine crosses for number of capsules per plant, two crosses for number of seeds per capsule, one cross for capsule diameter, eleven crosses for seed yield per plant, twelve crosses for 1000-seed weight and eight crosses for oil content. Similarly, heterosis over check variety T-397 was found significant and desirable in eleven crosses for number of capsules per plant, thirteen crosses for each capsule diameter, seed yield per plant and oil content and in all the fifteen crosses for 1000-seed weight. Inbreeding depression in F2 generation showed that only one cross for days to 50% flowering, three crosses for days to maturity, two crosses for plant height, three crosses for number of primary branches per plant, eight crosses for number of capsules per plant, two crosses for number of seeds per capsule, twelve crosses for capsule diameter, eleven crosses for seed yield per plant, ten crosses for 1000-seed weight and nine crosses for oil content revealed significant positive inbreeding depression. For study of response to selection in early segregating generation in linseed in cross (Meera x T-397) x Meera the highest mean value for days to 50% flowering was observed in BC1F3 generation followed by BC1F2 base population and BC1F2 selected plant while for remaining characters the highest mean value was seen for BC1F3 progeny population followed by selects and BC1F2 base population. In both the populations i.e., BC1F2 and BC1F3 high values of PCV and GCV was found for number of primary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed in BC1F2 and BC1F3 populations for number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant. The traits such as plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant. number of seeds per capsule, capsule diameter and 1000-seed weight showed positive and highly significant correlation with seed yield per plant while path coefficient analysis concluded that in both the generations, direct selection for characters such as number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, capsule diameter and number of primary branches per plant would be rewarding as they also showed significant correlation with seed yield per plant. At 20% selection intensity in cross (Meera x T-397) x Meera, all the characters exhibited positive selection differential (S/rS) except days to 50% flowering. Standardized selection differential was the highest for seed yield per plant, followed by number of capsules per plant, 1000-seed weight, number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per capsule and plant height. Days to 50% flowering recorded negative value which is desired in case of earliness. The response to selection (R) was found positive for all the characters. Maximum standardized selection response was obtained for number of capsules per plant followed by days to maturity, seed yield per plant, days to 50% flowering, number of primary branches per plant, plant height and 1000-seed weight. The realized heritability was found high for all the characters, the highest being for days to 50% flowering followed by days to maturity, plant height, number of capsules par plant, number of primary branches per plant, seed yield per plant and 1000-seed weight indicating that the offspring of the selected parents differ from the original population almost as much as the selected parents do. The predicted/expected selection differential (pS) in BC1F2 was found highest in number of capsules per plant followed by plant height, days to maturity, days to 50 % flowering, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, number of primary branches per plant and seed yield per plant. The predicted/expected selection response (pR) or (genetic advance) in BC1F2 was seen highest for number of capsules per plant followed by plant height, days to maturity, days to 50% flowering, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per capsule, seed yield per plant and number of primary branches per plant. The predicted or expected generalized selection response (pgR) in next generation was maximum for seed yield per plant followed by days to 50 % flowering, number of capsules per plant, plant height, 1000-seed weight, days to maturity, capsule diameter and number of primary branches per plant. The predicted heritability in narrow sense (phNS) in BC1F2 generation was found high (more than 60 %) for all the characters. In cross (Shekhar x T-397) x Shekhar the highest mean value for days to 50 % flowering was observed in BC1F3 generation followed by BC1F2 base population and BC1F2 selected plants while for characters the highest mean value was seen for BC1F3 population followed by selects and BC1F2 base population. Number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant recorded high PCV and GCV values in both the generations. In both the generations high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant. The traits such as days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule and 1000-seed weight showed positive and highly significant correlation with seed yield per plant while path coefficient analysis showed that in BC1F2 generation maximum positive direct effect was exerted on seed yield per plant by number of capsules per plant followed by 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per capsule, number of primary branches per plant, days to maturity and plant height while in BC1F3 generation highest positive direct effects were revealed by number of capsules per plant followed by capsules diameter, 1000-seed weight and days to maturity. At 20% selection intensity in cross (Shekhar x T-397) x Shekhar, all the characters exhibited positive selection differential (S/rS) except days to 50 % flowering. Standardized selection differential was the highest for seed yield per plant, followed by number of capsules per plant, number of primary branches per plant, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per capsule, days to maturity and plant height. Days to 50 % flowering recorded negative value which is desired in case of earliness. The response to selection was found positive for all the characters. Maximum standardized selection response was obtained for days to maturity, followed by number of capsules per plant, seed yield per plant, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, 1000-seed weight, days to 50 % flowering and number of seeds per capsule. The predicted/expected selection differential (pS) in BC1F2 was found highest in number of capsules per plant followed by plant height, days to maturity, days to 50 % flowering, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, number of primary branches per plant and seed yield per plant. The predicted/expected selection response (pR) or (genetic advance) in BC1F2 was seen highest for number of capsules per plant followed by plant height, days to maturity, days to 50 % flowering, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per capsule, seed yield per plant and number of primary branches per plant. The predicted or expected generalized selection response (pgR) in next generation was maximum for days to 50 % flowering followed by seed yield per plant, 1000-seed weight, days to maturity, number of capsules per plant, plant height, capsule diameter, number of primary branches per plant and number of seeds per capsule. The predicted heritability in narrow sense (phNS) in BC1F2 generation was found high (more than 60 %) for all the characters except number of seeds per capsule.ThesisItem Open Access WEED MANAGEMENT IN CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE OF MAIZE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Kumari, Sima; Upasani, R.R.Maize and wheat are grown generally by tilling the field thoroughly till proper tilth is attained. Tillage practices contribute greatly to the labour cost resulting to lower economic returns. In addition to it, intensive tillage system results to a decrease in soil organic matter content and soil biodiversity. A resource conservation technology has proved to produce more at low cost, to improve soil health and promotes timely planting of winter crops. Weed management is an important aspect in maize and wheat crop as weeds cause yield loss to the extent of 28-100% in maize and 20-40% in wheat. Hence, keeping this in view an experiment was conducted at Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand during 2015-16 and 2016-17 with objectives to study the effect of tillage sequences and weed control methods on weed dynamics, productivity and economics, soil health of maize, wheat and system as whole. The experiment was laid out in strip plot design with five tillage sequences in vertical plots , viz. conventionalconventional( CT – CT), conventional – zero (CT – ZT ), zero – zero (ZT –ZT), zero – zero with crop residue (ZT – ZT+R) and zero tillage along with crop residues in both the seasons (ZT+R – ZT+R) while three weed control methods in horizontal plots viz, recommended herbicides in maize (atrazine @ 1 kg/ha pre-emergence) and wheat (isoproturon @ 0.75 kg/ha +2,4-D @ 0.5 kg/ha post emergence), IWM in maize (pendimethalin @1 kg/ha + intercrop black gram) and in wheat (isoproturon @ 0.75 kg/ha +2,4-D @ 0.5 kg/ha post emergence + mechanical weeding at 40 DAS) and weedy check Experimental soil was sandy-loam in texture having pH 5.5, organic carbon 4.2 g/kg soil, available N 240 kg/ha, available P 19.00 kg/ha and available K 187 kg/ha. Result revealed that during kharif maize grown under CT – CT tillage similar to ZT+R – ZT+R was most effective in reducing weed dry weight in maize at 30 and 60 DAS compared to maximum observed under ZT –ZT, thereby recorded maximum weed control efficiency, increased growth parameters and yield attributes thereby resulted in higher grain yield (38.08 q/ha), net return (30,816 `/ha) and B:C ratio(1.43) compared to minimum under ZT-ZT tillage sequence. In rabi season CT – CT similar to ZT+R – ZT+R sequence recorded reduced total weed dry weight consequently it recorded maximum wheat plant growth parameters, yield attributes resulting maximum grain (34.61 q/ha) and straw(46.29 q/ha) yield , net return (30252 `/ha) and B:C ratio(1.22) and minimum was observed under ZT-ZT tillage sequence. Application of IWM in maize (pendimethalin @1 kg/ha + intercrop black gram) similar to recommended herbicide (atrazine @ 1 kg/ha pre-emergence) was found to be most effective in reducing weed dry weight there by recorded maximum weed control efficiency. Also, it recorded maximum growth parameters, yield attributes resulting higher grain yield (40.35 q/ha), net return (28,687 `/ha) and B:C ratio(1.07). IWM (isoproturon @ 0.75 @ kg/ha +2,4-D @ 0.5 kg/ha post emergence + mechanical weeding at 40 DAS) similar to recommended herbicide (isoproturon @ 0.75 kg/ha +2,4-D @ 0.5 kg/ha post emergence) was found to be most effective in reducing weed dry weight in wheat at 30 and 60 DAS compared to maximum observed under weedy plot. Maximum weed control efficiency, increased growth parameters, yield attributes higher grain (35.71 q/ha) and straw (47.19 q/ha) yield, net return (30981 `/ha) and B:C ratio(1.20) were recorded in IWM. In maize-wheat cropping system CT – CT along with integrated weed management recorded maximum maize equivalent yield (103.81 q/ha) and net return (89445 `/ha) followed by zero tillage with residue and integrated weed management i.e. 96.44 q/ha and 63637 `/ha respectively.ThesisItem Open Access PLANT GEOMETRY AND PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT IN LEGUME BASED INTERCROPPING UNDER UPLAND ECOSYSTEM(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Choudhary, Deban Kumar; Karmakar, S.Poor fertility and productivity of rainfed upland soil and vagaries of monsoon in Jharkhand compel to adopt diversified cropping system with low inputs requiring crops. The acreage under pigeon pea, maize and black gram is increasing constantly by replacing the area of rice under upland condition. It is well understood that phosphorus plays a major role in realizing optimum productivity of crops, especially legumes. In the acid lateritic soil, P-fixation is a major problem. Moreover, the costs of phosphatic fertilizers are increasing day by day. Alternatively, use of Nano-P in crop production has been newly recognized as an innovative phosphate supply system. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the possibility of cost-effective P-management practices for maximizing crop yield as well as to find out a suitable intercropping system with a short duration legume like black gram grown as a component crop. Keeping this in view, an experiment was conducted at BAU, Ranchi, during kharif seasons of two consecutive years, 2016 and 2017. The soil was sandy-loam in texture with low organic carbon (4.2 g kg-1), moderately acidic (5.4) in nature, low in available nitrogen (171.7 kg ha-1),medium in phosphorus (23.21 kg ha-1) and potassium (157.8 kg ha-1) as well as high in sulphur (12.9 kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications. The treatments consisted of seven crop geometry viz. C1-sole black gram, C2-sole pigeon pea, C3-sole maize, C4-pigeon pea + black gram (1:1), C5-maize + black gram (1:1), C6-pigeon pea + black gram (1:2) and C7–maize + black gram (1:2) in main plots and four phosphorus management practices viz. P1- Control, P2-40 ppm Nano-P, P3- 50% recommended dose of phosphorus (RDP) +40 ppm Nano- P and P4-100% RDP in subplots. Pigeon pea var. UPAS-120, black gram var. Uttara and maize var. Suwan composite-1 were grown with 20:40:20:20, 20:40:20:20 and 120:60:40 kg/ ha N, P2O5, K2O and S, respectively. Results revealed that intercropping of maize or pigeon pea with black gram crop improved the growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of pigeon pea, maize and black gram during both the years. Pigeon pea and black gram both under pigeon pea + black gram (1:1) and maize under maize + black gram (1:1) intercropping system recorded improved growth, yield and yield attributes compared to cultivation as sole crop. Pigeon pea + black gram (1:1) recorded maximum BEY (1763 kg ha-1), LER (1.64), net return (₹ 61209 ha-1), B:C ratio (1.63) and protein yield (405.4 kg ha-1) in the system improving the different characters of pigeon pea (main crop) like maximum plant height (199.6cm), dry matter (878 g m-2), LAI (1.62), no. of pod plant-1 (85.3), seeds pod- 1 (3.6), 1000-grain weight (93.72), grain yield (1162 kg ha-1), harvest index (18.00 %) and protein content (22.88 %) in addition to no. of pod plant-1 (28.6), seeds pod-1 (6.8), 1000-grain weight (40.47), harvest index (23.46 %) and protein content (23.65 %) as well as proportionate dry matter and grain yield (on the basis of population) in black gram grown as intercrop. However, maximum carbohydrate yield (2655 kg ha-1) was recorded under maize + black gram (1:1). Lower weed density and weed dry weight at 20 DAS and 40 DAS were registered under all the intercropping system compared to sole pigeon pea or maize. Reduction of weed dry weight in pigeon pea based intercropping system ranged from 10.11 to 10.73 % while 6.94 to 8.71% in maize based intercropping system compared to their respective sole stand. With regards to phosphorus management practices, application of 50% RDP + 40 ppm Nano-P recorded higher value of growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of pigeon pea, maize and black gram along with the status of available P in soil throughout the crop growth period compared to the application of Nano-P alone or no P and remained at par with 100% RDP. Spraying of Nano-P @ 40 ppm only was not sufficient to meet out the phosphorus requirement of the crops. Interaction between intercropping system and phosphorus management was significant and it was found that maximum BEY (1763 kg ha-1), protein yield (405.4 kg ha-1), total P uptake (2.7 g m-2), net return (61209 ` ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.63) were recorded under the application of 50% RDP+40 ppm Nano-P in pigeon pea +black gram (1:1) system along with an added advantage of improvement in most of the soil parameters like pH, organic carbon, available-N and K. It may be concluded that for a viable intercropping system under rainfed upland condition in achieving higher system productivity, profitability and sustainability, farmer may prefer pigeon pea + black gram with (1:1) row ratio with 50% recommended dose of phosphorus (20 kg/ha for each crop) + Nano phosphorus 40 ppm in addition to their recommended N, K and S at 20 kg/ha in both the crops.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PEST COMPLEX OF RICE(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Yadav, Munna; Prasad, RabindraRice is one of the most important staple food crops of India including the state of Jharkhand. The crop is usually badly affected by half of a dozen of major insect pests which cause substantial loss in yield in the state. Use of chemical insecticides is one of the most effective tool of pest management but it’s injudicious usage has too many side effects. Exploration of information for formulation of effective IPM tools of rice is the need of the hours. So use of eco–friendly tools of IPM namely HPR, suitable adjustment in dates of planting and use of eco-friendly insecticides is the need of present time for sustainable management of pests without harming the environment and ecosystem. Ample informations are lacking in the literature so far. Hence, the present thesis protocol “Management of insect pest complex of rice” was undertaken with five objectives and executed in kharif, 2016 and 2017. The abstract of the experimental findings are briefly mentioned here as under. Out of 18 prevailing insect pest species in rice ecosystem, six of them occurred as major pest’s complex viz. yellow stem borer, gall midge, leaf folder, gundhi bug, brown plant hopper and termite. The rice varieties viz., Suraksha, Kavya, Lalat, CR Dhan – 303, CR Dhan – 205, CR Dhan – 304, Sabhagi Dhan, IR-36 and Naveen appeared as resistant/tolerant to six major insect pest species where as Lalat emerged resistant to five major pest species and remained susceptible to leaf folder. Minimum incidence of major pests namely – YSB, gall midge, hispa, leaf folder and GLH was observed when the crop was transplanted at the earliest, but maximum incidence of gundhi bug observed at the earliest planted crop. Highest yield of rice (var. Sahbhagi Dhan) was also found when the crop was transplanted at the earliest. Efficacy of all the seven test botanical insecticides appeared to be almost at par in terms of reduction in the incidence of prevailing major insect pests viz. YSB, gall midge, hispa, leaf folder, GLH and gundhi bug. Achook (0.03 % Aza. EC) @ 2500 ml/ha proved to be the most effective in reducing the incidence of the prevailing major insect pests, which, in turn realized the highest yield of grains (49.70 q/ha) with appreciably net profit (Rs. 22,679.20/ha) and B:C ratio (3.28:1). The new ready mixed combination product viz. spinetoram 6SC plus methoxyfenozide 30SC @ 400ml/ha remained the most effective against almost all the prevailing major insect pests of rice, which, in turn found at par with the same ready mixed combination product of insecticides, spinetoram 6SC plus methoxyfenozide 30SC @ 375 ml/ha, flubendiamide 48SC @ 50 ml/ha and carbofuran 3G @ 30 kg/ha followed by foliar spray of triazophos 40 EC @ 1500 ml/ha against all the prevailing major insect pests of rice. The new combination product (viz. spinetoram 6SC plus methoxyfenozide 30SC @ 400ml/ha could be also responsible for realizing the highest yield of rice grains (48.40 q/ha) with appreciably higher net profit (Rs. 19,645.20/ha) and B:C ratio (4:1). As such, integration of various IPM tools i.e., HPR (i.e. resistant varieties) coupled with early planting of the crop, need based and judicious application of the Achook0.03 (% Aza. EC @ 2500) ml/ha and judicious use of the new combination product viz. spinetoram 6SC plus methoxyfenozide 30SC @ 400ml/ha could be highly effective components (tools) as integral parts of IPM/ICM for sustainable production of rice.ThesisItem Open Access WEED MANAGEMENT IN BLACK GRAM AND RESIDUAL EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON SUCCEEDING MUSTARD CROP(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Chandra Pankaj, Sooraj; Upasani, R. R.Black gram is one of the important pulse crops grown in India as it contributes 24 per cent of total kharif pulses production. A high level of weed infestation poses a major problem in kharif black gram. Weeds being a serious negative factor in crop production are responsible for marked loss (27-90%) in black gram yield. Therefore, weed control plays an important role in black gram production to achieve a desired level of yield. Judicious use of herbicides with its proper dose, method and time of application has to be taken care of with view that not only weeds in black gram are controlled effectively but also should not leave residual toxic effect on succeeding crops. Keeping these points in view, an experiment entitled “Weed management in black gram and residual effect of herbicides on succeeding mustard crop” was conducted at Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand during rainy & winter seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17. The experimental soil was sandy-loam in texture with low organic carbon (0.33 %), moderately acidic (pH 5.5) in nature, low available nitrogen (185.30 kg/ha), medium phosphorus (21.32 kg/ha), medium potassium (161.28 kg/ha) and high sulphur (11.50 kg/ha) content. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 12 treatments i.e. haloxyfop 81 g/ha, haloxyfop 108 g/ha, haloxyfop 135 g/ha, haloxyfop 270 g/ha, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 61.9 g/ha, quizalofop-ethyl 43.8 g/ha, imazethapyr 100 g/ha each applied at 20 DAS, pendimethalin 1000 g/ha, oxyfluorfen 100 g/ha both applied at 3 DAS, two mechanical, two hand weeding each performed at 25 and 45 DAS and weedy check, replicated thrice. Black gram var. Birsa Urd-1 was sown at 30 cm using 30 kg seed/ha fertilized with recommended level of nutrients N:P2O5:K2O:S i.e. 25:50:25:25 kg /ha. Mustard var. Pusa-Bold was sown at 30 cm using 5 kg seed/ha fertilized with recommended level of nutrients N:P2O5:K2O:S i.e. 80:40:20:20 kg/ha. Results revealed that two hand weeding at 25 & 45 DAS was found most effective in reducing weed density and weed dry weight followed by two mechanical weeding at 25 & 45 DAS i.e. 81.69 and 68.77 per cent, respectively as compare to weedy check. Two hand weeding at 25 & 45 DAS recorded higher crop dry weight, LAI, number of pods/plant, seed yield and harvest index to the extent of 44.07, 22.70, 28.90, 104.09 and 38.87 per cent, respectively as compare to weedy check i.e. 212.17 g/m2, 3.37, 10.72 pods/plant, 621 kg/ha and 19.15 per cent, respectively. However, application of haloxyfop 108 g/ha at 20 DAS recorded ` 10,513 and ` 13,878/ha higher net return compared to conventional practice of weed control i.e. two hand weeding at 25 & 45 DAS (` 26,789/ha) and two mechanical weeding at 25 & 45 DAS (` 23,421/ha), respectively and also recorded maximum B: C ratio (1.56). Haloxyfop 135 g/ha, haloxyfop 270 g/ha, imazethapyr 100 g/ha each applied at 20 DAS, pendimethalin 1000 g/ha and oxyfluorfen 100 g/ha each applied at 3 DAS had phytotoxic effect on black gram crop. Residues of herbicides were below detectable limit (˂ 0.02 mg/kg) in plant parts of black gram as well as in soil at maturity stage. Two hand weeding at 25 & 45 DAS recorded maximum nutrient N, P & K uptake by grain (46.62, 6.40 & 19.23 kg/ha) & straw (32.68, 1.88 & 28.97 kg/ha) of black gram crop and minimum removal by weeds (29.42, 7.27 & 27.43 kg/ha, respectively). In succeeding crop, no phyto-toxic effect was observed by any herbicides. The weed density their dry weight, yield and economics in succeeding mustard crop remain unaffected by weed control methods performed in black gram. Two hand weeding at 25 and 45 DAS recorded maximum black gram equivalent yield however, application of haloxyfop 108 g/ha at 20 DAS recorded maximum net return and benefit: cost ratio of black gram–mustard cropping system. It can be summarized that either two hand weeding at 25 & 45 DAS or two mechanical weeding at 25 & 45 DAS was most effective in reducing weed density, weed dry weight & recorded maximum crop growth and yield of black gram. Among herbicides, haloxyfop 108 g/ha at 20 DAS recorded maximum crop growth, yield, net return and benefit: cost ratio of black gram. Weed control method performed in black gram did not influence weed, yield and economics in succeeding mustard crop. Based on the results of present investigation, it can be concluded that application of haloxyfop 108 g/ha at 20 DAS can be recommended as an economical weed control methods in black gram for obtaining higher productivity without causing phyto-toxic effect on black gram as well as on succeeding mustard crop.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ROOT ROT (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) OF FRENCH BEAN(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2017) Kumar, Mithilesh; Kudada, N.Root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a major devastating disease of French bean causing significant reduction of yield Considering the economic importance of the disease present investigation has been come out. The systematic investigation revealed that French been was found to be infected with root rot at all locations surveyed. Disease incidence varied from 13.4 to 35.8 percent and 14.4 to 32.2 percent during Rabi 2014-15 and 2015-16 cropping season, respectively. Morphological studies revealed that mycelium was monilioid thread and spider and web like on foliage or aerial parts and measured 4.8 μm to 9.4 μm in size. Sclerotia were globose to irregular, white to dark brown and measured 1.0 mm to 3.8 mm in size. Mycelium was at first hyaline but brownish at age and septate. Branching often at nearly acute or right angles in older hyphae. Mycelial suspension was found more conducive to disease incidence of root rot with shorter incubation period in comparison to sclrotial suspension. In dual culture maximum inhibition of mycelial growth was noticed in T. harzianum (56.36% and 64.91%) after 4 and 7 days incubation which was at par with T. viride (54.54% and 63.60%) and followed by P. fluorescence (35.83% and 58.36%). In-vitro Neem cake extract inhibited maximum (64.15 and 81.84 %) mycelial growth of R. solani at 5 percent concentration after 4 days and (66.48 and 64.97 percent) at 10 percent concentration after 7 days incubation followed by Mustard cake and Karanj cake Out of eight different plant extracts, Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts inhibited maximum mycelial growth (66.87% and 54.14%) of the pathogen followed by Bakain (Melia azadirachta) leaf extract (50.81% and 24.62%) at 10 percent concentration after 4 and 7 days incubation. At 20 percent concentration, Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract recorded maximum inhibition of mycelial growth (98.17% and 74.58%) followed by Bakain (Melia azadirachta) leaf extract (77.32% and 67.22%) after 4 and 7 days incubation. In- vitro bioasay of different fungicides viz., Carbendazim, Vitavax, Contaf and Nativo were found to be most effective at all concentrations (viz., 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1%) which inhibited cent per cent growth of R. solani after 4 and 7 days incubation The early sown crop (29th September followed by 19th September and 9th October) was found maximum seed germination percentage and minimum preemergence root rot disease incidence percent and maximum green pod yield. Seed germination and green pod yield showed highly significant positive association with maximum and minimum temperature, but pre-and post-emergence showed highly significant negatively association with maximum and minimum temperature during both the years Rabi 2014-15 and 2015-16 cropping season. Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 5.0 g/kg seed showed maximum seed germination (85.82%) and minimum pre- emergence (13.93%) and post- emergence (17.00%) root rot incidence and maximum yield (63.44 kg/ha). Correlation coefficient studies exihibited negative and highly significant association of pre- and post-emergence root rot disease incidence with green pod yield during both the years Rabi 2014-15 and 2015-16 cropping seasons. Among oil cakes tested, Neem Cake revealed maximum seed germination (88.06%), minimum pre- and post- emergence mortality (11.26% and 13.07%), and maximum green pod yield (64.44 q/ha). Multiple correlation coefficient showed positive and highly significant association of plant height, number of branches/plant, number of green pods/plant, pod length/pod and green pod weight/plant with green pod yield in both the years 2014-15 and 2015-16. Among the different soil drenching of plant extracts, maximum seed germination (89.53%) and green pod yield (68.0 q/ha), minimum mean post-emergence (13.70%) root rot incidence was found by soil dreanching of Neem leaf extract, But minimum preemergence was found by soil drenching of Bakain leaf extract. Correlation coefficient showed positive and highly significant association of plant height, number of branches/plant, number of green pods/plant, pod length and green pod weight/plant with green pod yield during 2014-15 and 2015-16. Among seed treatment with fungicides, maximum seed germination (89.89%), maximum green pod yield (72.16 q/ha), minimum mean pre- (10.11%) and post (11.92%) - emergence root rot incidence was observed by seed treatment with Carbendazim. Multiple correlation coefficient showed positive and highly significant association of plant height, number of branches/plant, number of green pods/plant, pod length and green pod weight/plant with green pod yield. Combination of soil application of mustard cake @ 10.0 q/ha plus soil application of FYM enriched with T. viride plus soil drenching with Carbendazim (0.1 %) recorded minimum pre-emergence (8.13 percent) and post-emergence (11.6 percent) root rot disease coupled with maximum yield (83.75 q/ha). Multiple correlation coefficient showed positively and highly significant association of plant height, number of branches/plant, number of green pods/plant, pod length and green pod weight/plant with green pod yield during 2014-15 and 2015-16 cropping seasons. Out of fourteen varieties/cultivars screened, the two cultivars, HAFB-2 and YCDI showed resistant reaction against the disease.
