Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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Studies on the performance of Pig- Fish farming under Farm and Village conditions
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Neemani Kujur; C.M .Prasad
The body weight gain of pigs were significantly lower in village condition than farm condition. It is therefore suggested that feeding and general manage mental conditions under village condition should be improved. The pigs cannot be successfully raised only on grazing, rather the pigs should be provided with some concentrates besides vegetable/kitchen wastes as per availability in the area. The pond soil was deficient in pH, organic carbon percentage, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. The level of these nutrients were lower than the favourable range for fish culture. As such the pond soil should be enriched by supplementation of organic or inorganic fertilizers for optimum fish production. Introduction of pig manure have improved the nutrient contents in the pond soil more specially under village condition earlier because there is no application of manure The pond water indicated increase in pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, alkalinity, conductivity, plankton concentration and dissolved organic matter by supplementation of pig manure in the ponds which were favourable for fish culture.
Open Access
Integrated Nutrient Management In Forage- Food Crop Sequences
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Arvind Kumar; N. K. Prasad
The experiment was conducted at fodder farm, B.A.U., Ranchi to study the effect of integrated nutrient management in forage food crop sequences. It was carried out since 1989-1990 and the detail observation of the last 3year (1997-98 to 1999-2000) were recorded and interpreted. The Treatments comprised of two sequences Viz. rice –berseem and rice –oats in main- plot and 4 integrated nutrients Management ha-1 viz. 100% recommended level of NPK in both season,75% recommended level of NPK + 10 t FYM in Kharif, 75% recommended level of NPK + 10t FYM in Rabi and 75% recommended level of NPK + 10 t FYM in both season (Kharif + Rabi) in Sub –Plots and replicated thrice. The gross plot size of 4.0m X 2.5 m was Kept. Line sowing of each crop was done at 25cm apart. The soil of the experimental plots was silt loam in texture (sand 38.25, silt50.95, clay 10.83%. It was low in organic carbon (0.52),available N (216Kgha-1 ) P (12.2 Kg ha-1 ) and medium in K (141.6 Kg ha-1 with Ph 5.9. The results of last three years of investigation revealed that the rice as a succeeding crop to berseem produced higher rice yield when both the crops were fed with 75 % recommended level of NPK plus 10 t FYM ha-1. Application of 75% recommended level of NPK + 10 t FYM ha-1c in both the season also recorded the maximum forage yield in oats which was followed by oats forage yield received at 100% recommended level of NPK. Alike to oats forage, berseem has also produced the maximum quantity of forage yield under the same treatment. Berseem has significantly recorded a better enrichment in available Soil N during all the years as well as integrated application nutrient has also accounted for higher enhancement in soil N. However, the maximum available soil P was recorded when the sequences were taken at 100% NPK applied through chemical fertilizers. Maximum available soil K was also recorded after the harvest of Kharif as well as Rabi, component grown entirely on chemical sources of nutrients. Rice harvested after berssem removed higher quantity of NPK as compared to rice harvested after oats. Among forage components, gave higher NPK yield as compared to oats. However, rice sequence as a whole removed the maximum quantity of NPK. The balance sheet of nutrients further indicated maximum recovery of these three nutrient under cereal- cereal sequence as compared to cereal – legume. A definite enhancement in N and P status of soil to its initial level was noticed but the trend was reversed in case of K build up which suggested some additional application of K in these crops. Rice –oats sequence has utilized the NPK in a better way than rice berseem sequence. While sequence having forage legume has evaluated for higher N uptake efficiency as compared to sequence having forage cereal. A better utilization of N was accounted under the system having cereal grain and forage components. P uptake efficiency was neither influenced by the cropping sequences nor fertility treatments. Rice- oat sequence has shown better utilization of P than rice –berseem. Rice –oat sequence has computed for higher K uptake efficiency than rice berseem whereas different in utilization efficiency was not recorded under either of the sequence or fertility management. Both the sequence were found equally remunerative but the crop grown in presence of 75% NPK + 10t FYM ha-1 in both the season has given significantly the maximum net return (Rs31,659 ha-1 yr-1). Though rice –oat sequence consistently and significantly accounted for higher overall net return to rupee investment but rice –berseem sequence was more remunerative due to higher over all net return (Rs 33,415ha-1yr-1) and the same has also enriched the soil in a better way as compared to cereal –cereal sequence. The maximum energy output recorded under rice –oats sequence as compared to rice berseem sequence. Fretility build up under rice –berseem as well as rice –oats sequence fertility with 75% recommended dose of NPK + 10 t FYM in both the season appeared to be more stable. The same was also true in case of net return during the different years of investigation.
Open Access
Screening of Genotypes Against High Temperature Stress in Wheat
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Chandrashekher Mahto; Sohan ram
Wheat is an important cereal crop of the world, next to rice. In India this crop is grown in Rabi season. A lot of research work have been done in the field of production breeding and we have achieved almost plateau in this crop. But there is a vast scope of research in the field of stress breeding for various stress environments. The present investigation thus aims in breeding for wheat in high temperature stress condition. Breeding wheat varieties for stable yield under high temperature condition has become a subject of major interest. Various mechanisms imparting heat resistance like escape, endurance, avoidance and tolerance etc. have been put forward by various workers. Testing of performance of genotypes under stress conditions is a very useful technique in breeding programs mainly because it allows a direct estimate of heat susceptibility of individual genotypes. Breeding for heat tolerance to increase crop production in high Temperate Zone worldwide is impeded by lack of suitable screening technique. Therefore, there is a need to identify a plant trait, which is directly related to heat tolerance and can be quickly measured for use as a screening parameter. Ion leakage, one of such parameter to screen out for various crops. Keeping all these fact in consideration the present research problem was carried out in Randomized block design, two sets of sowing-normal and late, creating, two different thermal environments for two years at Ranchi Agricultural farm from 1997 to 1999. For the present study 20 genotypes/varieties, obtained from AIRCRP on wheat were used with an objective to identify varieties suitable for high temperature with better stability.
Open Access
Weed Management in Wheat Based Intercropping System
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Nargis Kumari; K. Prasad
Among the factors responsible for drastic reduction in grain yield, weed occupies top most position. Weed is a serious problem in general and during rabi season particular. The problem have intensified due to increase in irrigation facilities, fertilizer use and adoption of high yielding cultivars and changed agrotechniques. Recently, there has been a rapid growing interest in adopting intercropping system as a most potential tool for enhancing the crop production over space and time. The yield advantages through intercropping over sole cropping are achieved not by means of costly inputs but by simple expedient of growing crops together. Weed management research in India has been mostly confined to sole cropping and the information pertaining to weed control in intercropping is rather meagre, specially in winter crops. Wheat crop often suffers from severe weed competition. Keeping the above fact in mind, a field experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. Five cropping systems (viz. sole wheat (20 cm), sole linseed (25 cm), sole sunflower (60 cm), wheat+ sunflower (3:1) and wheat + linseed (3:1) were kept in main plot and five weed management practices were kept in sub-plots [Weedy control, Weeding (20, 40 and 60 DAS). Pendimethalin (1.5 kg a.i. ha" pre-emergence), Isoproturon (1.5 kg a.i. ha post emergence) and Pendimethalin + isoproturon (1.0 kg a.i. ha pre-emergence + 1.0 kg a.i. har¹ post-emergence). The results revealed that intercropping of wheat either with sunflower or linseed in 3:1 rows ratio proved superior to their sole cropping in respect of yield attributes, yield and economic advantages. Intercropping of wheat with sunflower in 3:1 rows ratio produced significantly higher wheat equivalent yield (8605.67, 9272.76 and 8939.15 kg ha) in respective years and on pooled basis. Wheat + sunflower (3:1) intercropping system recorded lesser competitive ratio (0.58 and 0.53) and higher value of relative crowding coefficient (10.21 and 15.29) in respective years. Negative value of aggressivity (-0.41 and -0.44) were obtained in wheat + sunflower (3:1) intercropping system, which indicates that the wheat was dominated by the sunflower in the system. Wheat + sunflower intercropping system in 3:1 rows ratio recorded maximum nitrogen uptake (92.70 and 102.70 kg ha), net return (Rs.41722.52 and 48214.15 ha) and benefit: cost ratio (4.87 and 5.47) in respective years than sole cropping of either of the crops. The effect of manual weeding at 20, 40 and 60 days after sowing was comparable with combined use of pendimethalin as pre-emergence + isoproturon as post-emergence each @ 1.0 kg a.l. ha in reducing weed density and weed dry matter. Weeding thrice (20, 40 and 60 DAS) produced maximum wheat equivalent yield (6017.18, 6701.15 and 6359.17 kg ha-¹) in respective years and on pooled basis, which was comparable with combined use of herbicides. Pre emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg a.i. ha recorded minimum competitive ratio (0.42) in 1997-98, whereas in 1999-2000 minimum competitive ratio was recorded under weeding (20, 40 and 60 DAS). Combined application of pendimethalin, pre-emergence + isoproturon, post-emergence each @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha¹ in wheat intercropped either with sunflower or linseed gave minimum value of aggresivity (-0.40 and -0.41) in respective years, whereas maximum value of relative crowding coefficient was recorded under combined application of pendimethalin as pre-emergence+ isoproturon as post-emergence each @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha¹¹ in 1997-98 and under weeded plots in 1999-2000. Weeding at 20. 40 and 60 days after sowing recorded maximum nitrogen uptake by crops (82.47 and 89.23 kg ha) in respective years which was comparable with post-emergence application of isoproturon @ 1.5 kg a.i. ha¹ and combined use of herbicides. Manual weeding (thrice) at 20, 40 and 60 days after sowing recorded highest gross return in both the years while combined use of pendimethalin as pre emergence + isoproturon as post-emergence each @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha recorded highest net return (25783.14 and 30638.23 Rs ha') and benefit: cost ratio (3.42 and 3.87) in respective years.
Open Access
Acid Tolerant Rhizobial Strains For Effective Nodulation in Cultivated Grain Legumes of The Plateau Region
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) kamleswer Mandal; Dr. A Raza
Present investigation aims to estimate the extent of nodulation in some common grain legumes and native rhizobial population in acidic upland and medium lands under different agro-ecological zones of the plateau region. An effort has also been made to screen acid and related stress (low P and high Al levels) tolerant isolates in liquid medium vis-a-vis to evaluate their survival and infectiveness on homologous host in respective rhizosphere in soils of pH 4.6 and 5.5 under green house conditions. Selected isolates were also evaluated for their influence on effective nodulation and productivity of homologous host in combination with two levels of nitrogen (0. 20 kg N ha¹) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 20 and 40 kg P:Os ha¹) under unlimed and limed series in acid alfisol. Nodulation status of cultivated grain legumes grown during kharif and rahi seasons under natural conditions (without microbial and fertilizer inputs) examined at different locations viz., Ranchi, east Singhbhum (Darisai) and Dumka districts, in general revealed poor to moderate nodulation. It was further supported by low native rhizobial population in soils of RAC Farm (Ranchi), Darisai (east Singhbhum) and Dumka Farms (Dumka) which ranged from 6.2 to 733.2 x 102 g¹ soil. (estimated by MPN technique). Forty rhizobial isolates of cultivated grain legumes belonging to Rhizobian and Bradyrhizobium spp. were isolated and subjected to different physiological tests and screened for specificity and efficiency on homologous hosts under house conditions following Leonard Jar Technique (Vicent, green 1970). Fifteen isolates belonging to fast growing rhizobia (exhibiting moderate to good growth within 72 hrs.(on CR YEMA) of pea, lentil and chickpea produced acidity of varying intensity, while 25 isolates of soybean, black and green grams, groundnut and pigeonpea showing moderate to good growth after 72 hrs.made the media alkaline. Isolates exhibited wide variability in tolerance when allowed to grow in stress imposed liquid medium viz., acidity (pH 5.1) low P (5 µM KH,PO) and high Al (50 µM AI K (SO4)2. About 50 per cent (8 out of 15) isolates belonging to winter legumes were found sensitive to different stresses. Isolates BRP3, BRP1 of pea; BRL1, BRL4 of lentil; BRG3, BRG4 of chickpea showed tolerance to acidity and low P while BRP3, BRP1, BRL1, BRL2 and BRG1 and BRG2 were tolerant to high Al. Only three isolates BRP3, BRP1 of pea and BRL1 of lentil were identified tolerant to all the three stresses. In contrast most of the isolates of summer legumes showed tolerance to acidity and low P. however, more than 50 per cent isolates were sensitive to high Al level. Isolates BDS1, BDKS3 of soybean; BRM1, BDKM4 of green gram; BRU5, BDKU2 of black gram; BRGn1, BRGn2 of groundnut and BRA1, BDA2 of pigeonpea showed better adaptability to high Al Imposition of high Al was identified as the most potent stress among the three stresses affecting survival of the isolates in liquid medium. Eight acid and related stress tolerant isolates (BRP1, BRP3, BRLI, BRL2 BDKS3, BDS1, BRM1 and BDKM4) incorporated with streptomycin resistance marker (Str) were evaluated for survival (in rhizosphere), adhesion (on rhizosphere), effective nodulation and dry matter production by homologous host in soils of pH 4.6 and 5.5 under green house. Results indicated a better survival of the isolates in the rhizosphere of pH 5.5 compared to lower pH 4.6. BRP3, BRL2, BDS1 and BDKM4 isolates of pea. lentil, soybean and green gram rhizobia respectively were found superior on account of better survival in the rhizosphere, increased adhesion on roots and in inducing effective nodulation and dry mater production by the homologous hosts.
Open Access
Phosphorus Management in Rice - Wheat Cropping System
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Sanjay Kumar; R.S. Singh
Rice-wheat is the most important and widely adopted cropping system in India. It contributes about 75 per cent to the national food basket. There is urgent need to increase the productivity of this system (4.62 to 5.57 t ha) to feed the anticipated 1004 million people by 2000 AD. Phosphorus is one of the most limiting nutrient governing the yield of rice and wheat. P-fixation capacity of lateritic soil is high and these soils show deficiency in available phosphorus even under waterlogged condition. Keeping this view, a field experiment was conducted during kharif and rabi seasons of 1997-98 and 1998-99 at BAU Farm, Kanke, Ranchi to study the effect of phosphorus management in rice-wheat cropping system. The soil was sandy loam in texture, acidic in reaction (pH 6.1) low in available nitrogen (235.5 kg N ha), phosphorus (9.93 kg P ha¹) and organic carbon (0.48%) and medium in available potassium (122 kg Kha¹). Treatment consisted of 3 levels of phosphorus (13.1.26.2 and 39.3 kg ha')in main plot and 6 levels of phosphorus frequency (T, P-application to both year kharif and rabi, T, P - application to both year kharif, T,: P-application to both year rabi, T.: P-application to first year kharif only. T, P application to first year rabi only and TP-application to first year kharif and rabi only) in sub-plot. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with four replications. Result revealed that application of 39.3 kg P ha¹ recorded maximum plant height, number of effective tillers m². grains per panicle / spike, test-weight, grain and straw yields and it was statistically at par with 26.2 kg P ha. Rice grain equivalent yield responded upto 26.2 kg Pha (68.91 q/ha). Maximum net return (Rs. 10320 ha) and benefit: cost ratio (0.91) were recorded with application of 39.3 kg P hat and it was at par with due to 26.2 kg P ha (Rs. 9614 ha and 0.87). Among frequencies, direct and cumulative phases of P-application were significantly better than its residual phases with respect to yield attributing characters and yield of rice and wheat in both seasons. Analysis of pooled data revealed that maximum rice equivalent yield (79.65 q ha''), net return (Rs. 12122 ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.06) were recorded when P was applied in all the seasons and it was at par with treatment receiving phosphorus only in rabi (70.79 q/ha': Rs. 10093 ha and 0.92) and treatment receiving phosphorus in first year kharif and rabi (70.80 q ha", Rs. 10177 ha¹ and 0.93). Both rice and wheat crops removed higher amount of N.P and K under 39.3 kg P ha level than its preceding levels. Direct and cumulative phases of P-application were significantly better than its residual phases with respect to N.P and K uptake. There was considerable buildup of P-status in soil with increasing levels of phosphorus and application of phosphorus in all the seasons after completion of the experiment. Energy out put and energy use efficiency (Both economical and biological) were maximum when 39.3 kg P ha-1 was applied to the crops, whereas among frequencies treatment receiving phosphorus in all the seasons were significantly superior to rest of the treatments.
Open Access
Effect of Temperature And Moisture on Growth, Development And Yield of Wheat
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Agronomy
Open Access
Studies on Major Fungal Diseases of Soybean Occurring in Chotanagpur Region of Bihar
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Basanti Oraon; K.K. Rai
Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merril) in an important oil seed crop belongs to the family Leguminosae. It is cultivated through out the world chiefly for oil seed and pulses, Is highly nutritious, and contains high percentage of proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins. It has originated from China and was introduced in Madhya Pradesh during the year 1882. At present, the crop has occupied fifth position on world map of soybean. It is being grown in 4.2 milion hactare with a production of about 7,300 Lakh tons in India The crop is vulnerable to a number of diseases. Amongst these, Alternaria leaf blight caused by A. tenuissima, (Kunze Ex Pers.) wiltshire, Pod blight caused by C. glycines Hori and Rhizoctonia aerial blight caused by R. solani Kuehn are most destructive diseases of Soybean in the Chotanagpur region of Bihar. The crop was found to be severely affected by the above Pathogens which caused considerable losses in the production of Soybean in Chotanagpur Plateau of Bihar. The intensities of diseases ranged from 14.33 to 40.33 per cent in different localities in and around Ranchi. The characteristic symptom of the diseases caused by A. tenuissima, C. Glycines and R. solani were observed on leaves, petioles, stems and pods. The Pathogens were isolated, purified, and Koch's postulate tests were satisfied. Potato dextrose agar was found to be the best medium for growth and sporulation of A. tenuissima, and also growth and sclerotia formation in R. solani whereas Richards' agar supported the best growth and sporulation of C. Glycins. Amongst liquid media, Richards' medium was best for the growth and sporulation and sclerotia formation of A. tenuissima, and R. solani, respectively. However, C. Glycines gave best growth & sporulation on Potato dextrose broth also. pH 6.5 and temperature 25° C were found to be best for growth and sporulation/ sclerotia formation of all the Pathogens. Sucrose and Potassium nitrate were found to be the best sources of carbon and nitrogen, respectively for A. tenuissima, sucrose and calcium nitrate for C. glycines and maltose and potassium nitrate for R. solani. Maximum growth of all the three Pathogens was noted in Alternate light and darkness followed by continuous darkness and light. Seventyfive, ninety and thirty days old plants were highly susceptible to Allternaria leaf blight, pod blight and Rizoctonia blight, respectively. Alternaria leaf blight development was maximum during September with an average temperature of 22.5°C, R.H. 86 per cent, Total Rainfall 11.0mm. and maximum Pod blight development concided with an average temperature of 23.5°C, R.H. 71.5 per cent and Total Rainfall 4.9mm, during the month of October, whereas maximum Rizoctonia aerial blight disease development was in the month of August with an average temperature of 27.0°C, R.H. 86.1 per cent and total Rainfall 26.4mm. Amongst cultivars of Soybean screened only six varitivers viz., Birsa Soybean, JS-80-21, Bragg, NRC-32, DS-93-40-8, and MAUS-41 were found to be moderately resistant against all the three diseases evaluated. However, complete. resistance could not be shown by any one. and Fluchloralin was found to be best weedicide in suppressing the diseases of Soybean followed by oxyflourfen, Metachlor and Alachlor in suppressing the disease under studies. In management of diseases, Indofil M-45 (0.25 per cent) was found to be the best fungicide against Alternaria blight and Bavistin (0.05 per cent) for Pod blight and Bavistin (0.05 per cent) and Indofil M-45 (0.25 per cent) for Rhizoctonia aerial blight. These fungicides may be utilized by the farmers of the region for the control of respective diseases.
Open Access
Phosphorus Management in Rice - Wheat Cropping System
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Sanjay Kumar; R.S. Singh
Rice-wheat is the most important and widely adopted cropping system in India. It contributes about 75 per cent to the national food basket. There is urgent need to increase the productivity of this system (4.62 to 5.57 t ha) to feed the anticipated 1004 million people by 2000 AD. Phosphorus is one of the most limiting nutrient governing the yield of rice and wheat. P-fixation capacity of lateritic soil is high and these soils show deficiency in available phosphorus even under waterlogged condition. Keeping this view, a field experiment was conducted during kharif and rabi seasons of 1997-98 and 1998-99 at BAU Farm, Kanke, Ranchi to study the effect of phosphorus management in rice-wheat cropping system. The soil was sandy loam in texture, acidic in reaction (pH 6.1) low in available nitrogen (235.5 kg N ha), phosphorus (9.93 kg P ha¹) and organic carbon (0.48%) and medium in available potassium (122 kg Kha¹). Treatment consisted of 3 levels of phosphorus (13.1.26.2 and 39.3 kg ha')in main plot and 6 levels of phosphorus frequency (T, P-application to both year kharif and rabi, T, P - application to both year kharif, T,: P-application to both year rabi, T.: P-application to first year kharif only. T, P application to first year rabi only and TP-application to first year kharif and rabi only) in sub-plot. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with four replications. Result revealed that application of 39.3 kg P ha¹ recorded maximum plant height, number of effective tillers m². grains per panicle / spike, test-weight, grain and straw yields and it was statistically at par with 26.2 kg P ha. Rice grain equivalent yield responded upto 26.2 kg Pha (68.91 q/ha). Maximum net return (Rs. 10320 ha) and benefit: cost ratio (0.91) were recorded with application of 39.3 kg P hat and it was at par with due to 26.2 kg P ha (Rs. 9614 ha and 0.87). Among frequencies, direct and cumulative phases of P-application were significantly better than its residual phases with respect to yield attributing characters and yield of rice and wheat in both seasons. Analysis of pooled data revealed that maximum rice equivalent yield (79.65 q ha''), net return (Rs. 12122 ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.06) were recorded when P was applied in all the seasons and it was at par with treatment receiving phosphorus only in rabi (70.79 q/ha': Rs. 10093 ha and 0.92) and treatment receiving phosphorus in first year kharif and rabi (70.80 q ha", Rs. 10177 ha¹ and 0.93). Both rice and wheat crops removed higher amount of N.P and K under 39.3 kg P ha level than its preceding levels. Direct and cumulative phases of P-application were significantly better than its residual phases with respect to N.P and K uptake. There was considerable buildup of P-status in soil with increasing levels of phosphorus and application of phosphorus in all the seasons after completion of the experiment. Energy out put and energy use efficiency (Both economical and biological) were maximum when 39.3 kg P ha-1 was applied to the crops, whereas among frequencies treatment receiving phosphorus in all the seasons were significantly superior to rest of the treatments.

Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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