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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access Integrated Nutrient Management In Forage- Food Crop Sequences(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Arvind Kumar; N. K. PrasadThe experiment was conducted at fodder farm, B.A.U., Ranchi to study the effect of integrated nutrient management in forage food crop sequences. It was carried out since 1989-1990 and the detail observation of the last 3year (1997-98 to 1999-2000) were recorded and interpreted. The Treatments comprised of two sequences Viz. rice –berseem and rice –oats in main- plot and 4 integrated nutrients Management ha-1 viz. 100% recommended level of NPK in both season,75% recommended level of NPK + 10 t FYM in Kharif, 75% recommended level of NPK + 10t FYM in Rabi and 75% recommended level of NPK + 10 t FYM in both season (Kharif + Rabi) in Sub –Plots and replicated thrice. The gross plot size of 4.0m X 2.5 m was Kept. Line sowing of each crop was done at 25cm apart. The soil of the experimental plots was silt loam in texture (sand 38.25, silt50.95, clay 10.83%. It was low in organic carbon (0.52),available N (216Kgha-1 ) P (12.2 Kg ha-1 ) and medium in K (141.6 Kg ha-1 with Ph 5.9. The results of last three years of investigation revealed that the rice as a succeeding crop to berseem produced higher rice yield when both the crops were fed with 75 % recommended level of NPK plus 10 t FYM ha-1. Application of 75% recommended level of NPK + 10 t FYM ha-1c in both the season also recorded the maximum forage yield in oats which was followed by oats forage yield received at 100% recommended level of NPK. Alike to oats forage, berseem has also produced the maximum quantity of forage yield under the same treatment. Berseem has significantly recorded a better enrichment in available Soil N during all the years as well as integrated application nutrient has also accounted for higher enhancement in soil N. However, the maximum available soil P was recorded when the sequences were taken at 100% NPK applied through chemical fertilizers. Maximum available soil K was also recorded after the harvest of Kharif as well as Rabi, component grown entirely on chemical sources of nutrients. Rice harvested after berssem removed higher quantity of NPK as compared to rice harvested after oats. Among forage components, gave higher NPK yield as compared to oats. However, rice sequence as a whole removed the maximum quantity of NPK. The balance sheet of nutrients further indicated maximum recovery of these three nutrient under cereal- cereal sequence as compared to cereal – legume. A definite enhancement in N and P status of soil to its initial level was noticed but the trend was reversed in case of K build up which suggested some additional application of K in these crops. Rice –oats sequence has utilized the NPK in a better way than rice berseem sequence. While sequence having forage legume has evaluated for higher N uptake efficiency as compared to sequence having forage cereal. A better utilization of N was accounted under the system having cereal grain and forage components. P uptake efficiency was neither influenced by the cropping sequences nor fertility treatments. Rice- oat sequence has shown better utilization of P than rice –berseem. Rice –oat sequence has computed for higher K uptake efficiency than rice berseem whereas different in utilization efficiency was not recorded under either of the sequence or fertility management. Both the sequence were found equally remunerative but the crop grown in presence of 75% NPK + 10t FYM ha-1 in both the season has given significantly the maximum net return (Rs31,659 ha-1 yr-1). Though rice –oat sequence consistently and significantly accounted for higher overall net return to rupee investment but rice –berseem sequence was more remunerative due to higher over all net return (Rs 33,415ha-1yr-1) and the same has also enriched the soil in a better way as compared to cereal –cereal sequence. The maximum energy output recorded under rice –oats sequence as compared to rice berseem sequence. Fretility build up under rice –berseem as well as rice –oats sequence fertility with 75% recommended dose of NPK + 10 t FYM in both the season appeared to be more stable. The same was also true in case of net return during the different years of investigation.ThesisItem Open Access Helminthosporiosis of Wheat in Chotanagpur Plateau of Bihar And its Management(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Arvind Kumar; D. K. JhaWheat (Triticum aestivm L.) is most widely cultivated grain crop of the world, both in regrad to antiquity and its use as a source of human food. In India, wheat is grown over 24 million hectares, which yield nearly 63.02 metric tonnes of grain. In Bihar, it is cultivated in 1.84 million hectares with total production of 2.86 metric tonnes and average productivity of 15.56 quintal per hectare. In plateau region of Bihar, it occupies an area of 50.09 thousand hectares with an average production of 51.08 thousand tonnes which figures in productivity of about 10.20 q/ha. It is an important source of food for human consumption, feed for livestock and wheat starch for industrial purposes. Wheat is vulnerable to a variety of diseases. Helminthosporiosis of wheat caused by Helminthosporium sativum P.K. & B. and Helminthosporium tritici-repentis Died is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat. This disease is very common and invariably prevalent in the Chotanagpur plateau region of Bihar. During survey, wheat crop was found to be severely infected with the Helminthosporiosis causing considerable losses in production of wheat The disease intensity ranged from 35.0 to 61.5 per cent in different localities of Ranchi. The two species causing the Helminthosporiosis of wheat, viz., H. sativum and H. tritici-repentis are quite different to each other in symptom expression and in morphological characters. H. sativum produced straw coloured spots with dark brown margin but H. tritici-repentis formed light. brown coloured spots with yellow halo margin. The former had fusoid conidia (widest in the middle) with heavy wall and rounded ends and brown to olivaceous colouration while the later produced fusiform elliptical conidia, hyaline in colour with snaky head at the basal cell. The characteristic symptom of the disease was observed almost on leaves. The pathogen was isolated, purified by standard method and satisfied Koch's postulate tests. All seven graminaceous hosts were infected by both the pathogens during host range studies. The conidia of both the pathogens remained viable in culture throughout the year under laboratory condition but their viability decreased with the increase in the period of storage. The pathogens also survived through plant debris and infected seeds, stored under laboratory condition throughout the year while it lost the viability in the soil after two months. The pathogens remained pathogenic throughout the survival period. Seeds of wheat variety "Sonalika" showed 15 and 8 per cent seed infection with H. sativum and H. tritici-repentis, respectively. Wheat crop sown between 7-21 November in both the years of experimentation, influenced less disease development and better yield. Late sowing increased the disease development in nature. Application of 100 kg N/ha with recommended doses of P and K. i.e.. 50 and 25 kg/ha, respectively, under irrigated condition and 40 kg. N/ha with recommended dose of P. i.e. 20 kg/ha, under un-irrigated condition helped in the reduction of Helminthosporiosis and increased the grain yield. The intensity of the disease increased gradually in field as the plant age increased. Maximum disease development was favoured by the temperature 22.2 to 27.3°C, relative humidity 16.1 to 64.0 per cent and absence of rain, at maturity of crop plants. In general, temperature was significantly positively and relative humidity significantly negatively correlated with the disease development in nature. Leaves extract of Lawsonia inermis (Henna/Menhadi) inhibited. maximum radial growth of both the pathogens. Five sprays of crude extract (10 per cent) of Lawsonia inermis, at an interval of 15 days gave satisfactory control of the disease. Control of the disease by the crude extract of L inermis was a new attempt initiated here, which oduced good result and a new finding. Only three cultivars, namely, H.P. 1761 (Jagdish), HP 1731 (Rajlakshmi) and HUW 206 showed resistant reactions against both the pathogens, under artificial epiphytotic conditions. Thiram inhibited cent per cent growth of the pathogen followed by Topsin-M in vitro. Rest fungicides in order of superiority were Indofil, M-45, Kavach and Bavistin. Thiram (0.2%) followed by Bavistin (0.2%) was the most effective seed dressing fungicide in minimising the disease intensity and increasing the yield. Seed treatment with a @2 g per kg seed with integration of three sprays of Topsin-M (0.1%) proved to be the most effective treatment in which the least disease intensity and highest yield were recorded, under field conditions. Indofil M-45 and Kavach ranked second and third in the evaluation.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Flyash on Growth and Nutrient Accumulation in Certain Crops and Tree Species and Its Impact on Soil Health(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Arvind Kumar; A.K.SarkarFly ash is chemically an amorphous ferro alumino silicate and is an important pollutant in the industrial areas. Bulk of the flyash generated by steel & thermal power plants are used in making bricks, road making and in cement refractory product. Fly ash contains many nutrients essential for plant growth, which could be made use of in increasing crop productivity. but the results have been inconsistent over the ears only recently some valuable information have been generated at this University, through green house experiments with soybean and rice. The present research work is an extension of these studies with field, pot culture and laboratory experiments. The objectives of the present investigation were: 1. Characterization of fly ash obtained from different sources. 2. Yield and uptake of trace metals by cereal and pulse crops grown in flyash amended soils. 3. Influence of flyash on trace metal availability in acid soils. 4. Growth parameters and trace metal content of tree species grown in flyash amended soils. The salient results obtained may be summarized: 1. Properties of flyash varied with the source. Bokaro fly ash was moderately acidic in reaction. IC and ++ exch. Ca++ were high. Flyash was rich in total macro- and micro-nutrients except nitrogen. High available P, K and s and DTPA extractable micro nutrients were found in fly aah samples. content of Pb, Ni and co in Elyash were considerably higher than that in soils. 2. Grain yield of rice, wheat and soybean was higher in 8 to 16% fly ash amended soil compared to soil alone. At recommended level of NPK, flyash favourably influenced crop yields. 3. soils amended with flyash upto 16% level increased the availability of cationic micronutrients in soil and its uptake by crop plants. 4. In onion, flyash increased plant height, total soluble salts and bulb weight at 100 t ha-1 level. Fly ash application increased available B in soil & content in onion bulbs. 5. Growth of tree species such as subabul, chalundi, Karanj, Black siris, shisham and Gamhar in soils alended with 20% flyash was superior than soil alone. Leguminous tree species performed better in this regard. 6. Absorption and translocation of trace metals differed considerably among tree species grown in flyash amended soiled among trace metals higher Ni (2 to 4 mg kg), Pb (2 to 5 mg kg-¹) and Co (6 to 14 mg kg) content in leaves of tree species is a matter of concern. Two tree species, chalundi and Karanj performed better than others at 50% flyash (w/w) level. 7. Flyash addition in acid soil had considerable residual effect as judged by crop yield and uptake of trece metals. It is concluded that: 1. Fly ash upto 16% level can be effectively utilized for increasing crop yield and availability of soil nutrients. Co-application of fertilizers and organic manures is highly beneficial. 2. Fly ash addition enriches soil trace metal availability. 3. Fly ash application at 100 t ha-1 increases plant height of onion with increase in content of boron in onion bulbs and available boron in acid soil. 4. Leguminous tree species can be successfully grown upto 20% £ly ash level. 5. monitoring of trace metals (esp. Ni & Co) in crops and tree species grown in flyash dumps is essential to avoid contamination of soil-plant-animal food chain.ThesisItem Open Access Intergated Weed Management In Pigeonpea+Soybean Intercroping System(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Arvind Kumar; G.P. SrivastavaStudies on integrated weed management in pigeonpea + soybean intercropping system were conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 1994-95 in Ultipaleustalf-Red loam soil (belonging to the Red-Yellow-Light-Grey catenary soil Asso ciation Group representing major soil group of Chotanagpur plateau) of Birsa Agricultural University Farm, Ranchi. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with three replications and fifteen treatments consisting of un weeded control, weed free check, stalebed preparation, one hand weeding (30 DAS), two hand weedings (30 and 60 DAS), Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 1 kg/ha and 2 kg/ha, metolachlor 1 kg/ha and 2 kg/ha, Alachlor 1 kg/ha and 2 kg/ha, pendimethalin e 1 kg/ha + one hand weeding, alachlor 1 kg/ha + one hand weeding, metolachlor @ 1 kg/ha + one hand weeding and pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha + alachlor 1 kg/ha. The recommended dose of 20 kg N, 40 kg P205 and 20 kg K₂0/ha was applied both in pigeonpea and soybean crops in the form of urea, single superphosphate and muriate of potash, respectively. The results of experiment revealed that among the different weed management treatments, weed free check produced maximum pigeonpea equivalent grain yield (24.8 q/ha), followed by pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 1 kg/ha + one hand weeding (21.5 q/ha) and two hand weedings (19.1 q/ha) resulting in per cent increase in pigeonpea equivalent grains yield of 191.8, 152.9 and 124.7, respectively over unseeded control. Maximum net return (Rs 18,682/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (3.09) was obtained by weed free check. This was followed by pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 1 kg/ha + one hand weeding (net return of Rs 15,525/ha and benefiticost ratio of 2.59) and two hand weedings (net return of Ra 13,200/ha and benefit cost ratio of 2.23). Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ ha + one hand weeding had wider weed control efficiency (%) and weed suppression effect (%). This was followed by the treatment two hand weedings (30 and 60 DAS). Highest nitrogen (245.7 kg N/ha), phosphorus (30.6 kg P20/ha) and potassium (111.4 kg K₂0/ha) uptake were re corded by weed free check, followed by the pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 1 kg/ha + one hand weeding (202.4 kg N, 25.3 kg P205 and 91.4 kg K20/ha, respectively) and two hand weedings (187.4 kg N, 21 kg P205 and 78.4 kg K₂0/ ha, respectively).ThesisItem Open Access Integrated Nutrient Management In Forage-Food Crop Sequences(Birsa Agricultural University;Ranchi, 2001) Arvind Kumar; Prasad, N. K.ThesisItem Open Access Helminthosporiosis Of Wheat In Chotanagpur Plateau Of Bihar And Its Management(Birsa Agricultural University;Ranchi, 2000) Arvind Kumar; Jha, D. K.
