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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Flyash on Growth and Nutrient Accumulation in Certain Crops and Tree Species and Its Impact on Soil Health(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Arvind Kumar; A.K.SarkarFly ash is chemically an amorphous ferro alumino silicate and is an important pollutant in the industrial areas. Bulk of the flyash generated by steel & thermal power plants are used in making bricks, road making and in cement refractory product. Fly ash contains many nutrients essential for plant growth, which could be made use of in increasing crop productivity. but the results have been inconsistent over the ears only recently some valuable information have been generated at this University, through green house experiments with soybean and rice. The present research work is an extension of these studies with field, pot culture and laboratory experiments. The objectives of the present investigation were: 1. Characterization of fly ash obtained from different sources. 2. Yield and uptake of trace metals by cereal and pulse crops grown in flyash amended soils. 3. Influence of flyash on trace metal availability in acid soils. 4. Growth parameters and trace metal content of tree species grown in flyash amended soils. The salient results obtained may be summarized: 1. Properties of flyash varied with the source. Bokaro fly ash was moderately acidic in reaction. IC and ++ exch. Ca++ were high. Flyash was rich in total macro- and micro-nutrients except nitrogen. High available P, K and s and DTPA extractable micro nutrients were found in fly aah samples. content of Pb, Ni and co in Elyash were considerably higher than that in soils. 2. Grain yield of rice, wheat and soybean was higher in 8 to 16% fly ash amended soil compared to soil alone. At recommended level of NPK, flyash favourably influenced crop yields. 3. soils amended with flyash upto 16% level increased the availability of cationic micronutrients in soil and its uptake by crop plants. 4. In onion, flyash increased plant height, total soluble salts and bulb weight at 100 t ha-1 level. Fly ash application increased available B in soil & content in onion bulbs. 5. Growth of tree species such as subabul, chalundi, Karanj, Black siris, shisham and Gamhar in soils alended with 20% flyash was superior than soil alone. Leguminous tree species performed better in this regard. 6. Absorption and translocation of trace metals differed considerably among tree species grown in flyash amended soiled among trace metals higher Ni (2 to 4 mg kg), Pb (2 to 5 mg kg-¹) and Co (6 to 14 mg kg) content in leaves of tree species is a matter of concern. Two tree species, chalundi and Karanj performed better than others at 50% flyash (w/w) level. 7. Flyash addition in acid soil had considerable residual effect as judged by crop yield and uptake of trece metals. It is concluded that: 1. Fly ash upto 16% level can be effectively utilized for increasing crop yield and availability of soil nutrients. Co-application of fertilizers and organic manures is highly beneficial. 2. Fly ash addition enriches soil trace metal availability. 3. Fly ash application at 100 t ha-1 increases plant height of onion with increase in content of boron in onion bulbs and available boron in acid soil. 4. Leguminous tree species can be successfully grown upto 20% £ly ash level. 5. monitoring of trace metals (esp. Ni & Co) in crops and tree species grown in flyash dumps is essential to avoid contamination of soil-plant-animal food chain.ThesisItem Open Access Fertility Variations in an Alfisol As Influenced By Continuous cropping and Fertilizer Use(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Mukesh Kumar; K.P.SinghThere is little doubt that achieving self-sufficiency in food grain production will continue to be the major thurst of Indian agriculture in the next two decades. But, this increased production has been offset mainly by a parallel growth in population resulting in only marginal increases in per capita availability of food grains. It is now It is now recognized that a positive inter relationship exists between fertilizer consumption and food grain production. But, sustaining soil fertility demands a more rational and balanced use of plant nutrients. In intensive agriculture, where nutrient turnover in soil-plant system is large, integrated use of organics and inorganics has shown excellent results in a wide variety of soils. Long term monitoring of soil fertility have shown a gradual decline with emergence of secondary and micro-nutrient deficiencies with unfavourable soil physical and biological environments. On the above background, it was considered pertinent to study "Fertility variations in an Alfisols as influenced by continuous cropping and fertilizer use" in Long Term Fert. Expt. of I.C.A.R. at Ranchi Centre. Soil samples from each plot were collected before sowing of wheat and after harvest of wheat (1993-94) and before sowing of wheat (1994-95) and analyzed for different soil properties and forms of nutrients in soil. Grain and straw samples of soybean and wheat crops were analysed for uptake of plant nutrients. Total uptake of N.P.K. 9 and Zn by soybean wheat sequence was highest in 100% NPK+FYM treatment. This was similar to that in 100% NPK+11me plots but significantly higher than 100% NPK plots. In N and NP plots, plant nutrient uptake values were low. Oranic manuring and liming, along with recommended levels of NPK fertilizers improved physical conditions of soil. Imbalanced use of plant nutrients N (PX) (K) resulted in decreased, geometric mean diameter and available soil moisture content in soil. Among the soil nitrogen forms, Amino-N. Serine+Threonine N and Hexose-N in soil showed higher levels in NPX+FYM plot compared to those in NPK and NPK+lime plot. Bulk of the total sulphur in soil was in organically bound form. 0.15% CaCl₂ ext. 5 in soil was highest in 100% N (S) PK+W plot followed by that in 100% NPK + FYM plot. In N and NP treated plots, water soulbe, exchangeable and IN HNO3 ext. X content were considerably lower compared to NPK, NPK+FYM and NPK+Lime plots. DTPA-Zinc in soil showed decline with lime application. NPK+FYM plots maintained higher available zinc contents in soil compared to N, NP, NPK, NPK+Lime plots.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Molybdenum - Manganese Inter-Relationship in Plants(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1972) Vijay kumar Singh; S. C. MandalPot experiments were conducted with pea and soybean in synthetic soil (sand + clay minerals, bentonite and kao linite) to study the inter-relationship of manganese and molybdenum in plant. While beneficial effect of molybdenum on the yield. of pea and soybean could not be marked a depressive effect of manganese was observed on the yield of these crops. The concentrations of both manganese and molybdenum in plants increased with increasing levels of the two elements applied singly, when these were applied in combination a significant depression in molybdenum concentration of plants was noted under the treatment receiving the highest level of manganese. Application of 2.55 ppm manganese in the growth medium was observed to have an antagonistic effect on molybdenum concentration of pea and soybean particularly in roots. Molybdenum did not appear to interfere with the uptake and translocation of manganese into the plant parts. Plant uptake of calcium and magnesium decreased in almost all the treatments receiving manganese. Molybdenum was found to have no significant effect on calcium or magnesium content of the plants. However, it appear to have caused increase in calcium uptake by soybean to some extent. Manganese was found to have a favourable. effect on potassium content of plants whereas phosphorus con tent of the plants increased with the increasing level of manganese and molybdenum. Statistically, the interaction effect of Mn x Mo was observed to be significant for Mg, K and P of the plants. Antagonistic relationship between manganese and molybdenum was found to exert a non-significant effect on manganese content in pea and significant effect in case of soybean. The concentration of manganese in the plant in creased irrespective of molybdenum content of the plant.ThesisItem Open Access To Evaluate Relative Efficiency of Mussoorie Rock Phosphate and Purulia Rock Phosphate as Source of Phosphorus and Calcium and Their Effect on Various Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1985) Sagar Pasad Singh; K.P. SinghA field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi in the year 1983 with application of Tata basic slag, Mussoorie Rock Phosphate, Purulia rock phosphate, Single super phosphate to compare their efficiency as a source of phosphorus and calcium on yield of soybean crop and various soil properties. The efficiency of utilization/added phosphorus by soybean crop depended on the source of phosphatic ferti lizer and their effect soil pH, available P content, exchangeable Ca content of soils, lime potential, phosphate potential, phosphate fixing capacity of soils, and P-trans formations in soils. The highest yield of grain and straw was obtained in case of single super phosphate followed by basic slag followed by Mussoorie Rock Phosphate followed by Purulia Rock Phosphate when applied at the rate of equal P₂05 content basis. The yield of soybean was significantly positively correlated with pl, available P, exchangeable Ca and line potential of soils and Fe-P and Al-P fractions of soils. The yield of soybean was significantly negatively correlated with Phosphate potential and phosphate fixing capacity of soils. The lime potential was significantly positively correlated with exchangeable Ca of soils. The pH of soils was significantly positively correlated with available P, exchangeable Ca and lime potential of soils and significantly negatively correlate with phosphate potential and P fixing capacity of soils.ThesisItem Open Access Preliminary Studies of Aluminum In Acid soils of Bihar(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Maha Shanker Thakur; H. SinhaStudies in aluminum in two representative acid soils. of Bihar have been made. The soils selected for this purpose are the clay loam sedentary soils of Neterhat and sandy clay loam alluvial soils of Purnea. Both the soils contain illite as a dominant clay mineral. The total Al content of the se soils have been found to vary from 4.20 to 8.95..They bear no relation with the pH of the soils. The water soluble aluminum varies from 0.13 to 1.30 ppm. These quantities also bear no direct relationship with the pH of the soils. On the other hand, the exchangeable aluminum has a definite relationship with soil acidity. As the pH of the soil decreases, the amount of exchangeable aluminum increases. When NH4-acetate (pH 4.8) was used as extracting reagent, the exchangeable aluminum varies from 0.49 to 4.84 m.e. per cent in these soils. NKC1 extraction appeared to bear a more regular relationship in this regard. Though the amount extracted by this extract ant are quantitatively less than the NH4-acetate (pH 4.8). These studies further reveal that the acidity due to A1+++ in the permanent charge in the exchange complex is not of so great a consequence as supposed by many workers in this field.ThesisItem Open Access Availability of Phosphorus in Alfisol in Bihar(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Asha Kumari Sinha; Dr. K. P. SinghA series of laboratory experiments with respect to phosphorus status, its relationship with important soil properties and inorganic P fractions were carried out in the soils of Pusaro series of Santhal Parganas region of Bihar Attempts have been made to characterize the soils in relation to surface P adsorption and relationship of Langmuir constants to soil properties were studied. Green house experiments were conducted to study the differential response of three pulse crops to P application. Results indicate that the soil of Pusaro series are strong to moderately acidic in reaction, poor in organic matter content with sandy loam texture. The available P (Bray P.) content of soils ranged from 0.3 to 24.0 mg kg and are categorized as of low to medium P status. Correlation studies between available phosphorus and soil properties show that soil pH has positive and significant (r= 0.358) correlation with available P. Relationship of available P with different inorganic P fractions indicate significant positive relationship with Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P and significant negative relationship with R-P. Results of P adsorption study indicate that these soils follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The phosphorus adsorption maxima varies from 260.5 to 780.6 g P g' soil while bonding energy constant ranged from 4.35 to 10.40 ppm (x103). P adsorption maxima is significantly and positively correlated with organic carbon (r= 0.463*) and clay content (r= 0.687*) of soil and related significantly and negatively with sand (r= 0.688*) and available P content (r= -0.430*) of soils. The bonding energy constant of phosphorus relates significantly and positively with organic carbon, clay, silt and available P content and negatively with sand content of soils. Results of greenhouse studies conducted on different pulse crops in Alfisols shows significant response to phosphorus, the maximum dry matter and P uptake response is observed in case of Urd. The results further show that per cent P uptake response increased upto 60 mg P ka level, thereafter it started decreasing.ThesisItem Open Access Form of P And S in Acid Soil With Continuous Cropping And Fertilizer Use(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Chandra Jeet Kumar; Dr. K.P. SinghIt is well recognised that the continuous use of chemical fertilizers and manures bring about changes in primary and secondary nutrient status of the soil and their physico-chemical properties. These manures & fertilizers along with the intensive cropping are expected to effect the equilibiria involving phosphorus & sulphur fractions in soil plant system. The information’s available on this subject is scanty. Keeping this in view an investigation entitled "Forms of P and S in acid soil with continuous cropping and fertilizer use". was under taken. Analysis for some physico chemical properties, total-P, total-S, available P and S content in soil and plant samples from different treatments of Long term fertilization experiment (ICAR), continuing from 1972-73 in Ranchi Agril. College, Kanke, Ranchi (Bihar), were undertaken after the harvest of Rabi crop (wheat) of the year 1994-95. Ph. and organic carbon status of soils decreased, in general, from its initial value, except treatments receiving lime and FYM. Concentration of NPK increased with increasing doses of fertilizers and with F.Y.M. both in soils and plants. The highest yield of wheat was recorded where 100% NPK fertilizers were applied with F.Y.M. which was followed by 100% NPK+Lime. The yield increased when the dose of fertilizer was increased from 50 to 100 percent of NPK, but there was no significant, increase in yield when the dose of fertilizers was increased from 100 to 150% of NPK. The lowest yield was recorded where only nitrogenous fertilizer was applied which was even lower then control where no any fertilizer was applied." The uptake of P and S was highest in 100 percent NPK+FYM+W followed by 100 percent NPK+Lime+W treated plots and the lowest in 100 percent N+W treated plots. The total P status increased in all the treatments exhibiting a -cumulative effect of P depending upon the level of its application. Maximum P was observed with FYM with 100% NPK level showing the impacts of organic matter. Different forms of P exhibited the decreasing sequence of Fe PAI-P, Ca-P, Occluded-P, solid-P, in general with the exception of lime treatment where Ca-P dominated. The total S was maximum in 100% NPK+FYM+W treated plot followed by 100% N(S) +PK+W treated plots and minimum in control plot and maximum available sulphur was recorded in sulphur applied plot ic, 100% N(S)+PK+W plots, followed by Lime treated plot ie, 100% NPK+Lime+W and minimum available Sulphur was recorded in control plot. Different forms of S exhibited decreasing sequence of or ganic-S, adsorbed-S. Minimum organic-S was recorded in 100% NPK+FYM+W treated plot ie, 97.63 percent of total-S, followed by sulphur applied plots 100% N(S)+PK+Wic, 96.25 percent of total-S and very less was observed in control plot ic 88.56 percent of total-S.ThesisItem Open Access The Residual Effect of Rock Phosphate and Phosphate on Crop Yield and Phosphorus Uptake(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1976) Surendra Prasad Singh; B.S. MathurThe igneous Singhbhum rock phosphate and sedimentary Palamau phosphorite rocks of Bihar were tested for their efficacy at Agricultural Research Farm, Kanke on acidic Kanke red loam, a member of fine loamy mixed hyperthermic family of Typic Haplustult. After six applications of phosphate, twice a year, no further addition was made in order to study the residual effects of rock phosphate on wheat and of phosphorite on maize at phosphate levels 0, 50 and 100 kg P₂0/ha as single super phosphate and 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg P₂0/ha as phosphate rocks. The residual effects of phosphate rocks lasted for a longer period than that of superphosphate. Amongst the two rocks, residual effect of rock phosphate was maintained for a longer period at levels higher than 150 kg P₂0/ha. Accumulation of residual total phosphorus in soils was also more in this case. But rock phosphate had neither the capacity to raise the pH and calcium status of soils nor to increase the cation exchange capacity. Phosphorite, on the contrary, raised the soil pH from 5.25 to 7.50, cation exchange capacity from 8.60 to 11.60 m.e./ 100 g. and exchangeable calcium from 3.70 to 7.75 m.e./100 g. soil. Bray's-1 method was found highly significant for estimating available phosphorus in acid soils but Olsen's method was also suitable for soils to which rock phosphate had been added. Uptake of phosphorus by wheat plants was less than that of maize even though the total phosphorus was high in soils. This was due to more transformation of phosphorus into Fe, Al bound P and Occluded Fe-P in the soils treated with rock phosphate. The differential behavior of rock phosphate and phosphorus in having their residual effects on the yields of wheat and maize respectively and phosphate uptake could be ascribed due to differences in their mineralogical composition and crystal structure. At the same time, variations due to season, surface area of plant roots, their cation exchange capacity, bonding energy for different cations and acid dissociation etc. were also not less important in explaining this behavior.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Distribution and Mobility of Iron and Manganese down The Profile and Catena(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1974) Ramawatar Singh; B.P.SrivastavaSeven soil profiles have been studied in two catenary sequence at Ranchi Agricultural College Farm, Kanke with a view to study the mobility of iron and manganese down the profile and catena. The morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties as well as different forms of iron and manganese have been studied. The soils under study show a change in colour from yellow ish brown to brown in the well-drained soils and grey to olive in the some what poorly to poorly drained soils. Texture become heavier with depth and slope from sandy clay loan to clay. The amount of concretions increases with depth and is formed by alter nate vetting and drying in the subsoil. Mottlings are present in the poorly drained soils. Sand decreases with an increase in the clay content, Clay skins, slicken slides and gleyed spots are also observed in somewhat poorly to poorly drained profiles. Organic carbon and total nitrogen decrease with depth. C/N ratio increases with slope and decreases with depth. Mineralogical study indicates that the profiles under study are developed on granite gneiss parent rock. Quartz and feldspar are the dominant minerals. Generally the bottom land profiles are more chemically weathered. Topography has affected the mobility of nutrients in general and iron and manganese in particular in Chotanagpur auilu. It has been observed that total amount of these elements are concentrated in the lower horizons. The exchangeable or acid soluble forms are principally accumulated at the surface in thewell drained soils and in the B horizon under poor drainage. So on the basis of the soil development the profiles can be arranged as: Catena A, Profile Catena B, Profile IV> V VI > VII But on the basis of chemical weathering they can be rearranged as: Catena B, Profile VII 7 VI This differential behaviour of degree of chemical weathering and profile development is assigned to topography which has also affected the above properties of the soil. Mechanism for mobilizations of iron and manganese and their immobilization has been described. The formation of Red yellow light grey catenary soils of Ranchi Agricultural College, Farm has been explained on the basis of Mattsons' theory.
