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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Flyash on Growth and Nutrient Accumulation in Certain Crops and Tree Species and Its Impact on Soil Health(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Arvind Kumar; A.K.SarkarFly ash is chemically an amorphous ferro alumino silicate and is an important pollutant in the industrial areas. Bulk of the flyash generated by steel & thermal power plants are used in making bricks, road making and in cement refractory product. Fly ash contains many nutrients essential for plant growth, which could be made use of in increasing crop productivity. but the results have been inconsistent over the ears only recently some valuable information have been generated at this University, through green house experiments with soybean and rice. The present research work is an extension of these studies with field, pot culture and laboratory experiments. The objectives of the present investigation were: 1. Characterization of fly ash obtained from different sources. 2. Yield and uptake of trace metals by cereal and pulse crops grown in flyash amended soils. 3. Influence of flyash on trace metal availability in acid soils. 4. Growth parameters and trace metal content of tree species grown in flyash amended soils. The salient results obtained may be summarized: 1. Properties of flyash varied with the source. Bokaro fly ash was moderately acidic in reaction. IC and ++ exch. Ca++ were high. Flyash was rich in total macro- and micro-nutrients except nitrogen. High available P, K and s and DTPA extractable micro nutrients were found in fly aah samples. content of Pb, Ni and co in Elyash were considerably higher than that in soils. 2. Grain yield of rice, wheat and soybean was higher in 8 to 16% fly ash amended soil compared to soil alone. At recommended level of NPK, flyash favourably influenced crop yields. 3. soils amended with flyash upto 16% level increased the availability of cationic micronutrients in soil and its uptake by crop plants. 4. In onion, flyash increased plant height, total soluble salts and bulb weight at 100 t ha-1 level. Fly ash application increased available B in soil & content in onion bulbs. 5. Growth of tree species such as subabul, chalundi, Karanj, Black siris, shisham and Gamhar in soils alended with 20% flyash was superior than soil alone. Leguminous tree species performed better in this regard. 6. Absorption and translocation of trace metals differed considerably among tree species grown in flyash amended soiled among trace metals higher Ni (2 to 4 mg kg), Pb (2 to 5 mg kg-¹) and Co (6 to 14 mg kg) content in leaves of tree species is a matter of concern. Two tree species, chalundi and Karanj performed better than others at 50% flyash (w/w) level. 7. Flyash addition in acid soil had considerable residual effect as judged by crop yield and uptake of trece metals. It is concluded that: 1. Fly ash upto 16% level can be effectively utilized for increasing crop yield and availability of soil nutrients. Co-application of fertilizers and organic manures is highly beneficial. 2. Fly ash addition enriches soil trace metal availability. 3. Fly ash application at 100 t ha-1 increases plant height of onion with increase in content of boron in onion bulbs and available boron in acid soil. 4. Leguminous tree species can be successfully grown upto 20% £ly ash level. 5. monitoring of trace metals (esp. Ni & Co) in crops and tree species grown in flyash dumps is essential to avoid contamination of soil-plant-animal food chain.ThesisItem Open Access Fertility Variations in an Alfisol As Influenced By Continuous cropping and Fertilizer Use(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Mukesh Kumar; K.P.SinghThere is little doubt that achieving self-sufficiency in food grain production will continue to be the major thurst of Indian agriculture in the next two decades. But, this increased production has been offset mainly by a parallel growth in population resulting in only marginal increases in per capita availability of food grains. It is now It is now recognized that a positive inter relationship exists between fertilizer consumption and food grain production. But, sustaining soil fertility demands a more rational and balanced use of plant nutrients. In intensive agriculture, where nutrient turnover in soil-plant system is large, integrated use of organics and inorganics has shown excellent results in a wide variety of soils. Long term monitoring of soil fertility have shown a gradual decline with emergence of secondary and micro-nutrient deficiencies with unfavourable soil physical and biological environments. On the above background, it was considered pertinent to study "Fertility variations in an Alfisols as influenced by continuous cropping and fertilizer use" in Long Term Fert. Expt. of I.C.A.R. at Ranchi Centre. Soil samples from each plot were collected before sowing of wheat and after harvest of wheat (1993-94) and before sowing of wheat (1994-95) and analyzed for different soil properties and forms of nutrients in soil. Grain and straw samples of soybean and wheat crops were analysed for uptake of plant nutrients. Total uptake of N.P.K. 9 and Zn by soybean wheat sequence was highest in 100% NPK+FYM treatment. This was similar to that in 100% NPK+11me plots but significantly higher than 100% NPK plots. In N and NP plots, plant nutrient uptake values were low. Oranic manuring and liming, along with recommended levels of NPK fertilizers improved physical conditions of soil. Imbalanced use of plant nutrients N (PX) (K) resulted in decreased, geometric mean diameter and available soil moisture content in soil. Among the soil nitrogen forms, Amino-N. Serine+Threonine N and Hexose-N in soil showed higher levels in NPX+FYM plot compared to those in NPK and NPK+lime plot. Bulk of the total sulphur in soil was in organically bound form. 0.15% CaCl₂ ext. 5 in soil was highest in 100% N (S) PK+W plot followed by that in 100% NPK + FYM plot. In N and NP treated plots, water soulbe, exchangeable and IN HNO3 ext. X content were considerably lower compared to NPK, NPK+FYM and NPK+Lime plots. DTPA-Zinc in soil showed decline with lime application. NPK+FYM plots maintained higher available zinc contents in soil compared to N, NP, NPK, NPK+Lime plots.ThesisItem Open Access Preliminary Studies of Aluminum In Acid soils of Bihar(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Maha Shanker Thakur; H. SinhaStudies in aluminum in two representative acid soils. of Bihar have been made. The soils selected for this purpose are the clay loam sedentary soils of Neterhat and sandy clay loam alluvial soils of Purnea. Both the soils contain illite as a dominant clay mineral. The total Al content of the se soils have been found to vary from 4.20 to 8.95..They bear no relation with the pH of the soils. The water soluble aluminum varies from 0.13 to 1.30 ppm. These quantities also bear no direct relationship with the pH of the soils. On the other hand, the exchangeable aluminum has a definite relationship with soil acidity. As the pH of the soil decreases, the amount of exchangeable aluminum increases. When NH4-acetate (pH 4.8) was used as extracting reagent, the exchangeable aluminum varies from 0.49 to 4.84 m.e. per cent in these soils. NKC1 extraction appeared to bear a more regular relationship in this regard. Though the amount extracted by this extract ant are quantitatively less than the NH4-acetate (pH 4.8). These studies further reveal that the acidity due to A1+++ in the permanent charge in the exchange complex is not of so great a consequence as supposed by many workers in this field.ThesisItem Open Access Availability of Phosphorus in Alfisol in Bihar(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Asha Kumari Sinha; Dr. K. P. SinghA series of laboratory experiments with respect to phosphorus status, its relationship with important soil properties and inorganic P fractions were carried out in the soils of Pusaro series of Santhal Parganas region of Bihar Attempts have been made to characterize the soils in relation to surface P adsorption and relationship of Langmuir constants to soil properties were studied. Green house experiments were conducted to study the differential response of three pulse crops to P application. Results indicate that the soil of Pusaro series are strong to moderately acidic in reaction, poor in organic matter content with sandy loam texture. The available P (Bray P.) content of soils ranged from 0.3 to 24.0 mg kg and are categorized as of low to medium P status. Correlation studies between available phosphorus and soil properties show that soil pH has positive and significant (r= 0.358) correlation with available P. Relationship of available P with different inorganic P fractions indicate significant positive relationship with Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P and significant negative relationship with R-P. Results of P adsorption study indicate that these soils follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The phosphorus adsorption maxima varies from 260.5 to 780.6 g P g' soil while bonding energy constant ranged from 4.35 to 10.40 ppm (x103). P adsorption maxima is significantly and positively correlated with organic carbon (r= 0.463*) and clay content (r= 0.687*) of soil and related significantly and negatively with sand (r= 0.688*) and available P content (r= -0.430*) of soils. The bonding energy constant of phosphorus relates significantly and positively with organic carbon, clay, silt and available P content and negatively with sand content of soils. Results of greenhouse studies conducted on different pulse crops in Alfisols shows significant response to phosphorus, the maximum dry matter and P uptake response is observed in case of Urd. The results further show that per cent P uptake response increased upto 60 mg P ka level, thereafter it started decreasing.ThesisItem Open Access Form of P And S in Acid Soil With Continuous Cropping And Fertilizer Use(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Chandra Jeet Kumar; Dr. K.P. SinghIt is well recognised that the continuous use of chemical fertilizers and manures bring about changes in primary and secondary nutrient status of the soil and their physico-chemical properties. These manures & fertilizers along with the intensive cropping are expected to effect the equilibiria involving phosphorus & sulphur fractions in soil plant system. The information’s available on this subject is scanty. Keeping this in view an investigation entitled "Forms of P and S in acid soil with continuous cropping and fertilizer use". was under taken. Analysis for some physico chemical properties, total-P, total-S, available P and S content in soil and plant samples from different treatments of Long term fertilization experiment (ICAR), continuing from 1972-73 in Ranchi Agril. College, Kanke, Ranchi (Bihar), were undertaken after the harvest of Rabi crop (wheat) of the year 1994-95. Ph. and organic carbon status of soils decreased, in general, from its initial value, except treatments receiving lime and FYM. Concentration of NPK increased with increasing doses of fertilizers and with F.Y.M. both in soils and plants. The highest yield of wheat was recorded where 100% NPK fertilizers were applied with F.Y.M. which was followed by 100% NPK+Lime. The yield increased when the dose of fertilizer was increased from 50 to 100 percent of NPK, but there was no significant, increase in yield when the dose of fertilizers was increased from 100 to 150% of NPK. The lowest yield was recorded where only nitrogenous fertilizer was applied which was even lower then control where no any fertilizer was applied." The uptake of P and S was highest in 100 percent NPK+FYM+W followed by 100 percent NPK+Lime+W treated plots and the lowest in 100 percent N+W treated plots. The total P status increased in all the treatments exhibiting a -cumulative effect of P depending upon the level of its application. Maximum P was observed with FYM with 100% NPK level showing the impacts of organic matter. Different forms of P exhibited the decreasing sequence of Fe PAI-P, Ca-P, Occluded-P, solid-P, in general with the exception of lime treatment where Ca-P dominated. The total S was maximum in 100% NPK+FYM+W treated plot followed by 100% N(S) +PK+W treated plots and minimum in control plot and maximum available sulphur was recorded in sulphur applied plot ic, 100% N(S)+PK+W plots, followed by Lime treated plot ie, 100% NPK+Lime+W and minimum available Sulphur was recorded in control plot. Different forms of S exhibited decreasing sequence of or ganic-S, adsorbed-S. Minimum organic-S was recorded in 100% NPK+FYM+W treated plot ie, 97.63 percent of total-S, followed by sulphur applied plots 100% N(S)+PK+Wic, 96.25 percent of total-S and very less was observed in control plot ic 88.56 percent of total-S.ThesisItem Open Access Behaviour of Some Phosphatic Fertilizers In An Alfisol Of Ranchi And Response Of Crops To Applied Phosphorus(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1995) Kumar Shailendra Mohan; A.K.SarkarThe importance of phosphorus in maintenance of s011 fertility and crop productivity is well known in view of the fact that about 2/3rd of Indian soils respond to P application (Hasan 1994). But nearly 80 per cent of the applied P remains unutilized by the current crop and may be utilized by crops grown in a sequence. The relative amounts of soil P fractions in soil can help to find out the transformation of added fertilizer P (Peterson & Corey 1966). But ultimately the soil fertilizer P reaction products to formed in soil govern the supply of P from soil to plant (Lindsay et al. 1982) In view of the growing interest in high analysis P fertilizers such as Ammonium polyphosphate and rockphosphate as source of P in acid soils and lack of knowledge on soil-fertilizer P reaction products, a detailed laboratory as well as field experimentation was done. Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive year (1990-91 & 1991-92) with two crop sequences i.e. Soybean-Wheat and Blackgram-Barley. Soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed for available P (soil), total P (plant) and inorganic P fractions. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were carried out to see the contribution of soil P fractions towards yield and plant P uptake. In the laboratory incubation studies were conducted to isolate the reaction products of P fertilizers i e. APP. TSP and DAP with upland and lowland soils of Ranchi. Dumka and Chianki. With the help of X-ray diffraction and Infrared Spectroscopy, the reaction products were identified. Field experiments indicate that P sources such as APP and MRP SSP (3:1) applied @ 60 kg P O ha were 25 superior for both soybean and blackgram. Total uptake by soybean-wheat sequence was highest (12.84 kg/ha) with APP applied @ 60 kg P O ha. Slow rate of 25 hydrolysis of APP in acid soils and lower P fixation of added P with APP have resulted in better crop utilization of added P with this source. Nodulation behavior was better with MRP+SBP as P source compared to others. Interestingly, the residual effect of P with APP was apparent only at higher added P level ( 60 kg p2o5 ha-1) while at lower p rate ( 30Kg p2o5ha-1) MRP + ssp resulted in the highest grain yield of barley . Higher availability of p in soil (Bray P1 and Bray P2) was recorded with application of p through fertilizers such as MRP+ssp and DAP . Fractionation of soils after two years of Soybean-Wheat cropping reveal the dominance of different inorganic P fractions as Ca-P>Fe-P>Al-P> Reductant Sol-P> Saloid-P. APP and MRP+ SSP as P source interacted with active Al in soil resulting in increase in Al-P forms. MRP application resulted in an increase in Fe-P over the unfertilised plot. Rise in Ca-P compared to unfertilised plot was observed in DAP and MRP+ SSP treated plots. In case of Blackgram-Barley segunce increase in Ca-P forms with different P sources was most pronounced. Regression analysis clearly indicate inoragnie P fractions together contributed to available P status of soil with high prediction values (95% in case of Bray P. 69.5% in case of Bray P and 81.2% in case of olsen P). The predominant reaction products of different p fertilisers with upload and lowland soils identified were as follows: APP – Fe4(P2O7)3 Amorphous compounds struvite caHPO4 2H2o ,AlPO4.2H2O DAP –CaHPO4.2H2O, NH4MgPO4.6H2O, AlPO4 .2H2O, TSP- CaHPO4.2H2O. (MnFe)H2(PO4)2.4H2O, (Na.Ca)FeMn2(PO4)3 Some recommendation based on these studies are— 1. 60KgP2O5ha-1 as MRP +SSP (3.1) or APP and MRP + SSP in enhancing P uptake in Blackgram –Barly sequence. 2. SSP as P Source was inferior to App and MRP+ SSP in enhancing P uptake in Blackgram- Barley sequence 3. At Lower level of P fertilizer use (30kg P2O5ha-1) MRP+SSP (3.1 ratio )maintained optimum available P status in soil. 4. In acidic soils of Chotanagpur, dominant soil fertilizer P reaction products are Struvite. Strengite, Fe4 (p2O7)3 and Brushite.ThesisItem Open Access P solubilizers in soil plant ecosystems of chotanagpur plateau and their soil phosphorus(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1995) Sanjay Kumar; A RazaThe present investigation was undertaken with a view to isolate and identify efficient phosphate solubili zing microflora from varied soil-plant ecosystems prevalent in the plateau region vis-a-vis to examine the efficacy of the selected isolates to solubilize added insoluble inorga nic phosphates (MAP, ALPO) and native P in soils of upland and lowland toposequences. Results indicated presence of P-solubilizing microorganisms in the rhizosphere of various cultivated as well as wild plant species occuring in this region as nine bacterial and three fungal P-solubilizing strains were iso lated from rhizospheric soils of different locations. A wide variations occurred in the extent of P solubilization through bacteria and fungi. The amount of P released as citrate soluble P was considerably higher com pared to water soluble P and available P at different incu bation periods. The forms of P in liquid media with MRP (1.0% P₂05 basis) were generally higher than those used at 2.5% P205 basis. similar trend was noted in case of AlPO4 with selected bacterial and fungal species. The release of P at 15 days of incubation in liquid media was highest which declined with passage of time.Both inoculation and P sources significantly influenced the availability of P in soil. wailability of P in lowl and soil in aitrate soluble forms was higher than the corresponding upland soil. Based on solubilization of Ce,(PO4)2 in liquid and HRP and AlPO in liquid as well as in soil, isolates PSB and PSB₂ of bacteria and PS2₁ of fungi were identified as the most efficient phosphate solubilizers, however, fungal isolates showed overall superiority.ThesisItem Open Access Indices of P Availability in Relation to Soil Characteristics of Karaya Series of Santhal Pargana Region(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1995) Binod Kumar; Dr. B.P. SinghA series of laboratory experiments with respect to P status, relationship between different indices of P availability, soil properties and P fixation was carried out in soils of Karaya series of Dumka district of Santhal Parganas. Results indicate that the soils of this series are extremely to slightly acidic in reaction. The soils are of low organic carbon status and are usually sandy clay loam in texture. The available P content of soils range from 1.00 to 44.05 kg ha-1 and are categorized as of low to medium P status. Correlation studies between different indices of phosphorus and soil properties showed that soil pH had positive and significant correlation with Olsen P. In case of P fixing capacity, it showed a negative significant correlation with sand (-0.432) and positive significant correlation with silt content (r= 0.425*). Results further indicate that Al-P. Fe-P, Ca-P and occl.-P are positively and significantly correlated with Bray P₁ and Bray P₂ content. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was also carried out to know the variability of available P due to soil characteristics and different inorganic P fractions. Path coefficient analysis indicates direct and positive effect of saloid-P, Fe-P and occl.-P on available P (Bray P₁). In case of P fixing capacity of soils, it is found that saloid-P. Fe-P and Ca-P exert direct and positive effect on P fixing capacity.ThesisItem Open Access Availability of Secondary and Trace Elements to Rice Plant in Fly Ash Amended Soil(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1994) Arvind Kumar Singh; R.P.SinghThe effects of fly ash, a by-product of coal powered energy production was studied on availability of secondary and some trace elements by conducting greenhouse experiments with rice as the test crop in acid red loam soil of Ranchi. Incubation study was also conducted to study the effects of organic matter. Fly ash was high in the content of sulphur and various trace elements such as Ni, Pb, Co. Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe. However the DTPA extractable and water soluble fractions of these elements are comparatively low. Fly ash was applied at the rates 0, 8 and 16 per cent in both green house and incubation experiments. Dry weight production of rice crop at 45 days: growth was enhanced by fly ash additions with no adverse effects. Liming the fly ash amended soil did not improve the dry matter production. Fly ash addition increased the utilization of S and various trace elements Fe. Zn. Cu, Mn, Co. Pb and Ni by plants. In general, lime improved the S nutrition but depressed the uptake of various trace elements by plant. The pH of 16 per cent fly ash amended acid lateritic soil was increased by 8.4 units (5.2 to 5.6). Practically similar affects of fly ash and lime was observed on availability of the elements in post-harvest soils.
