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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT BLACKGRAM VARIETIES UNDER BIJASAL (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) BASED AGRISILVICULTURE SYSTEM(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Mini Bharti; P.R. Oraon)The gains of agroforestry research till date are certainly impressive. There are good number of success stories where tree based cropping systems have yielded good results. Keeping above facts in view, the present investigation entitled “Comparative study of different Blackgram varieties under Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) based Agrisilviculture System” was carried out at Agroforestry Research Field, RVC Campus, B.A.U. Kanke, Ranchi during kharif season 2022. Objectives of the research; evaluate the performance of the different varieties of Blackgram under Pterocarpus marsupium based agrisilviculture system, to study the growth performance of Pterocarpus marsupium and assess the soil fertility status before sowing and after harvest of Blackgram under Pterocarpus marsupium based agrisilviculture system. The field was laid out with Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 4 replication and 9 treatments viz.T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1), T2 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-2), T3 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. WBU-109), T4 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Uttara), T5 - Sole Pterocarpus marsupium, T6 - Sole Birsa Urd-1, T7 - Sole Birsa Urd-2, T8 - Sole WBU-109 and T9 - Sole Uttara. Growth of Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) was influenced positively with intervention of intercrops as it is seen in the growth parameters the increment in height (52.42 cm) of Pterocarpus marsupium was maximum and observed significantly superior in treatment combination T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1) which was statistically at par with treatments T4and T2 with minimum value recorded in treatment T5. The maximum increment in collar diameter (0.69 cm) and number of branches (3.52) showed better results in T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1). The maximum canopy spread (54.65 cm) and (55.17 cm) in EW and NS direction was achieved in treatment combination T1 Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1). The Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) with intercrop showed better results than sole plant. The yield parameters of black gram (Vigna mungo) crops were found maximum (13.76 q ha-1) in T6 - Sole Birsa Urd-1which was significantly higher than T9, T7, T1 and T4. Here crops growth was also influenced positively under woody component but yield attributes and yield of crops were found more in sole crop treatment than under woody component might be due to initial age of Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) plants. The soil of intercropping showed significantly better than the sole crop. There was significant effect on soil pH (5.3), available nitrogen (356 kg ha-1) and available phosphorus (11.6 kg ha-1) was recorded maximum in treatment T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1)with intercropping and were found in increasing order which is expected to further increase the growth of the system. Benefit cost ratio was maximum in T6 - Sole Birsa Urd-1 (2.76) and minimum was found in T3 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. WBU-109) (1.45). In future Intercrops will be a source of additional income to the growers rather keeping the interspace fallow. The financial benefits were more in the intercropping system as compare to the sole cropping systems, and it may reduce the risk of crop failure and compensate the return from the trees. So, based on the findings of my present investigation, Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) in its initial age gives so much positive results under leguminous crops. It will surely beneficial through intercrop for long years. Black gram cultivation, strengthens the soil nutrients as black grams are known for imparting nitrogen content to soil and improve the soil fertility. Therefore, significant effects were seen on soil pH, available nitrogen and available phosphorus with intercropping and were found in increasing order which is expected to further increase the growth of the system. These results are only indicative and require further experimentation to derive more consistent and final conclusion.However, further studies are needed to screen various other cultivated crops of the region to find out compatible crops, which could be complementary in this system.Furthermore, there is a need to evolve Blackgram varieties suitable for inter cultivation in such a system as the trees matures and attains harvestable age. By combining suitable complementary variety along with tree farming the production level of both grain and timber can be sustained.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Comparative Growth and Yield performance of Bamboo species propagated through different modes(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Adity Isha Prachi Tirkey; B.C. OraonBamboo is a perennial plant belonging to the Poaceae (sometimes called Gramineae) family. In terms of taxonomy, it is considered as a giant grass. Bamboo is regarded as one of the most important non-timber forest products in terms of total production. Bamboo was used to produce a variety of household and light construction applications at a low cost, earning it the moniker "poor man's timber". Keeping above facts in view ,the present investigation entitled “Studies on Comparative Growth and Yield performance of Bamboo species propagated through different modes” was carried out at in Forest Conservation, Afforestation, Research and Evaluation at Garkhatanga, Namkum in Ranchi district between the months of July and December, 2022. Objective of the Research were: 1. To study the comparative growth and yield performance of different bamboo species grown in acidic soil 2. To study the comparative soil physical and chemical properties under bamboo species clumps 3. To study the comparative economics of different bamboo species. The experimental design used was Randomized Block Design (RBD) , consisting of 3 replication and 8 treatment viz. T1 –Bambusa vulgaris; T2- Melocana bacifera; T3- Bambusa bambos; T4- Dendrocalamus strictus; T5- Dendrocalamus longispathus; T6- Phyllostachys aureosulcata; T7- Dendrocalamus giganteus and T8-Bambusa balcooa. There were significant as well as non-significant differences for various growth and yield parameters. The maximum height increment after six month was noticed 7.14m in T1-Bambusa vulgaris. The order of increment % at 6 month interval of height of bamboo culms was found as T2T2 >T5>T3>T6>T8>T7. So, based on the above findings, The most effective result for the growth parameter i.e. height, diameter, no. of culm, new emerging shoot and volume (yield) was found best in T1- Bambusa vulgaris. The increment percentage (%) in term of height, length of internodes, basal area was found best in T4-Dendrocalamus strictus as compared to other bamboo species. The soil physical character i.e. soil pH, soil organic carbon content (%) was found best in T4-Dendrocalamus strictus, available nitrogen and available potassium was found best in T1-Bambusa vulgaris and available phosphorus was found best in T3-Bambusa bamboo. The economics of bamboo cultivation in term of net return and benefit cost ratio was observed best in T1-Bambusa vulgaris and T4-Dendrocalamus strictus. Bambusa vulgaris and Dendrocalamus strictus were found to be well suited to the Ranchi climate. Further research needs to be followed for more details and more no. of Bamboo species to be compatible to Ranchi climate. Implementation of these researches will be beneficial to uplift the rural economy of farmers and living standard of farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Site suitability analysis of Gmelina arborea Roxb. using Remote Sensing & Geographic Information System (GIS) in Ranchi district, Jharkhand(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Bharathi. H. J; A. K. ChakrabortyThe present investigation entitled “Site suitability mapping of Gmelina arborea Roxb. using Remote Sensing and GIS in Ranchi District, Jharkhand” were carried out using ArcGIS and QGIS with the help of JSAC, Ranchi in the study area during the year 2021-22 with the following objectives: i) To prepare land use/land cover map of Ranchi district using high-resolution satellite data. ii) Preparation of thematic geodata base and ancillary database for site suitability iii) Analysis for site suitability in GIS environment for G. arborea. Multi-criteria approach was used to conduct suitability mapping of G. arborea in Ranchi. Suitability mapping was carried out within the cultivable wasteland sites of Ranchi district, which was masked from the cultivable wasteland map of Ranchi district prepared using two seasons, viz., rabi (Jan–Mar) and kharif (Aug–Nov) Sentinel-II satellite data. Wasteland map of Ranchi was generated at the scale of 1: 50,000 using ArcGIS and QGIS software. Favorable environment conditions/ limitations i.e., slope, soil characteristics viz soil texture, drainage, depth, pH and climatic conditions viz temperature and rainfall were applied for identification of suitable areas for G. arborea plantation. Thematic and geodatabase of all the seven parameters were generated using ArcGIS and QGIS. All the layers, viz., soil, slope and ground water were masked using the cultivable wasteland layer as an input. All these layers were overlaid and integrated to derive a suitability map. For G. arborea plantations, Suitability classes were categorized as follows: (i) land units with no or only four slight limitations: highly suitable, (ii) land units with no more than four moderate limitations: moderately suitable, (iii) land units with more than four moderate limitations and/or one or more severe limitations: marginally suitable, (iv) land units with severe limitations: currently not suitable. Each parameter is assigned with the numbers one to four, highly suitable category of a parameter (e.g., soil texture, slope, groundwater etc.) in a particular area is assigned one followed by a moderately suitable parameter as two, marginally suitable parameter as three and not suitable category of the parameter as four. Area statistics were generated for different suitability classes of wasteland categories developed for Ranchi district. In Ranchi, wasteland occupied 6.49% (330.97 km2) of total geographical area (5097 km2). Forest scrub showed dominance and occupied 57% (188.05 km2) of total wasteland category followed by open scrub having 24% (78.37 km2), degraded land with 19% (61.77 km2) and brick kiln area occupies 1% (2.78 km2).In block-wise distribution of wasteland, Namkum has highest wasteland area of 39.76 km2 followed by Angara (37.60 km2), Tamar (29.98 km2) and the smallest area in Ratu (2.01 km2). Approximately 20% (64.31 km2) of the total cultivable wasteland in Ranchi was identified as highly suitable for G. arborea cultivation. Additionally, 16% (53 km2) of the area was categorized as moderately suitable. The largest portion of cultivable wasteland, measuring 128.95 km2, fell under the marginally suitable category, while the not suitable category covered an area of 25% (83.43 km2) of the total area. Within the notified forest area, a highly suitable area of 46.66 km2 was identified for G. arborea cultivation. Additionally, there was a moderately suitable area of 31.48 km2, a marginally suitable area of 76.79 km2, and a not suitable area of 43.67 km2.In the non-forest area of Ranchi, the suitability assessment identified an area of 17.65 km2 as highly suitable for G. arborea cultivation. Additionally, there was a moderately suitable area of 21.53 km2, a marginally suitable area of 52.16 km2, and a not suitable area of 39.76 km2.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Socio-economic Aspects vis-àvis Agroforestry Practices in Ormanjhi Block of Ranchi District(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) Shalini Kumari; A.K. ChakrabortyThe present study entitled “Studies on Socio-economic Aspects vis-à-vis Agroforestry Practices in Ormanjhi block of Ranchi District” was carried out during the year 2021-2022 for viewing the significance of agroforestry for socio-economic upliftment of rural household through agroforestry interventions. Through multi-stage randomized selections, 80 households of Ormanjhi block were surveyed on the basis of agroforestry practices and socio-economic aspects. The data were collected by personal interviews of the respondents through a structured interview schedule. Data on existing agroforestry practices were collected through field visit. Demographic details of the villages comprising details of the household’s family structure, age profile, land holding size, occupational profile, cropping pattern, monthly income from vegetables, and total annual income of respondents and willingness of farmers to grow trees on their farm in future were obtained and analyzed. Majority of respondents in the study area were of female population (51.18%) more than male population (48.82%). Maximum age class 30-40yrs (41.25%) followed by age class 40-50yrs (28.75%). Maximum 60% of respondent’s belong to small size family followed by 28% in medium size family. Most of them belong to Schedule tribe (65%) followed by 32.5% in backward caste. 50% respondents were observed as kuttcha house and 26.25% were mixed house type. Descending literacy status was found in order as primary to graduation, Matric (25%)>Intermediate (23.75)> Elementary (18.75)> Illiterate (17.5%)> Graduation (15%). Almost 56.25% households in the study area were engaged in farming which was the main source of livelihood. Further, 32.50% households were engaged in labor work. Maximum 71.25% of households having below 1 hectare land holding status in Ormanjhi block followed by 15% households having 1-2 hectare land. Agriculture (50%), Agroforestry (20%) and Agriculture with Horticulture having (18.75%) are the main land uses practices. Monthly income observed from vegetables Rs.2000-5000 (31.25%) of households followed by Rs.10000-20000(28.75%). Existing agroforestry practices by the respondents were trees on homesteads which is practiced by the maximum household, trees on fields bunds, silvipasture, silvihorticulture and trees scattered in agricultural fields (in between crops). Teak, Karanj, Sisso, Gamhar were the forest tree species observed on farmers lands. The finding of the present study suggests to carefully consider Socio-Economic factors while designing agroforestry models for the study area. Further, the farmers should practice fruit treebased agroforestry system such as, agri-horti-silviculture system, mixed farming (production of food, fodder, fuel on a small piece of land). The existing agroforestry practices also need improvement by incorporating fruit, fodder and timber trees as per farmer choice.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different leguminous crops on soil and growth under Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) based Agroforestry system(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Hemlata Gupta; J.K. Kerketta)The present investigation entitled “Effect of different leguminous crops on soil and growth under Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) based Agroforestry system” was carried out at nursery site of faculty of forestry, Birsa Agricultural University Kanke, Ranchi during April to June 2022 with objectives: (1) To study the growth behaviour of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (2) To study the yield of leguminous crops, and (3) To study the chemical properties of soil under irrigated condition. The experiment was laid out as per Randomized Block Design consisting of five treatments with four replications. The treatments were T1 (Jackfruit + Black gram), T2 (Jackfruit + Green gram), T3 (Jackfruit + Cowpea), T4 (Jackfruit + French bean) and T5 (Jackfruit sole). The experiment was conducted on 2-year-old Jackfruit (baramasi) plants with spacing 5m x 5m. The intercrops grown were black gram, green gram, cowpea and French bean. The various growth parameters for the of Jackfruit plants viz. plant height, collar diameter, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant were studied to access the effect of leguminous crops on growth of Jackfruit plant. Different yield attributes of all leguminous intercrops were recorded and analysed to find the yield. Various soil chemical properties were also recorded and analysed to access the effect of leguminous crops on soil under Jackfruit-based agroforestry system. As per the result of the experiment, growth parameters of jackfruit plants were positively affected by growing leguminous intercrops in the interspaces between the trees. All the growth parameters of jackfruit plants recorded and analysed were significant. Jackfruit + Cowpea (T3) recorded maximum plant height (148.1 cm), collar diameter (2.69 cm), number of branches (14.02) and number of leaves (333.0) followed by Jackfruit + Black gram (T1), Jackfruit + Green gram(T2), and Jackfruit + French bean (T4). The minimum was recorded by Jackfruit sole (T5). Cowpea equivalent yield of all four leguminous intercrops varied significantly. The maximum (134.46 q ha-1 ) cowpea equivalent yield was recorded for Jackfruit + Cowpea (T3) which was significantly higher than Jackfruit + French bean (T4), Jackfruit + Green gram (T2) and Jackfruit + Black gram (T1). Soil chemical properties viz. soil pH (6.075), organic carbon (0.395%), available nitrogen (241.0 kg ha-1 ), available phosphorus (72.0 kg ha-1 ) and available potassium (168.0 kg ha-1 ) were also found significant with Jackfruit + Cowpea (T3) recorded maximum and Jackfruit sole (T5) recorded minimum. Leguminous intercrops have positive effect on growth of jackfruit plants during establishment period. Cowpea had the best effect on growth jackfruit plants. Leguminous intercrops add to the fertility of soil by enhancing the soil health.Among the leguminous intercrops taken for study Cowpea had the best effect on soil and growth of Jackfruit plants and also in terms of yield, cowpea showed the best result therefore,Cowpea can be taken as intercrop in Jackfruit-based agroforestry system.ThesisItem Unknown “STUDIES ON GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF INTERCROPS IN ALLEYS OF HOARY PEA (Tephrosia candida DC.) AT RANCHI”(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) Deepty Merlin Minz; Anil KumarThe present experiment was conducted on “Studies on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of intercrops in alleys of Hoary pea (Tephrosia candida DC) at Ranchi” laid out in 2020 in agroforestry field at Ranchi Veterinary College Farm campus at Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi. Keeping in view of the fact, the present investigation is being proposed with the objectives: 1. To study the growth and yield of intercrops in alleys of Tephrosia. 2. To estimate the nutrient uptake by different crops and change in physico chemical properties of soil. 3. To assess the economics of the practices. The plants were planted in the year 2018 at spacing 3mx3m.This experiment was laid for the purpose to understand the best combination for growth, yield and nutrient uptake of Tephrosia based intercropping with Linseed, Field Pea, Lentil, Mustard and Chickpea in Rabi in Randomized Block Design. Each treatment was replicated four times in the experimental plot. Soil samples were collected before sowing of intercrops and after harvest of intercrops for chemical analysis. In the present study, the different growth parameters of agricultural crop such as Crop height (cm), Number of branches per plant, Number of Pod / Siliqua / Capsule per branch, Number of seeds per Pod / Siliqua / Capsule, Seed test weight (g), Stover yield (kg ha-1) were taken during standing crops and yield attributing character such as Grain yield (qha-1), Biological yield (qha-1), Harvest index (%) were taken at the time of harvesting. The analysis of soil data such as Soil pH, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Organic carbon were taken in the soil laboratory using standard method. The present findings indicates that among agricultural crops maximum height was found in 138.67cm in T4 (Tephrosia + Mustard) followed by 64.59cm in T2 (Tephrosia + Field pea) and minimum height was found in 42.31cm in T3 (Tephrosia + Lentil). The maximum no. of branches per plants was found in 23.46 in T5 (Tephrosia + Mustard) followed by 15.85 in T2 (Tephrosia + Field pea) whereas maximum no. of pods/capsule/siliqua per plant was found in 96.75 in T4 (Tephrosia + Mustard) followed by 55.78 in T1(Tephrosia+Linseed). The seed test weight was found in 136.25 gm in T5(Tephrosia+Mustard) followed by 95.50 gm in T2(Tephrosia+Field pea) and least was found in 3.04 gm in T4 (Tephrosia + Mustard) whereas stover yield (q/ha) was found in 40.00 in T5 (Tephrosia + Mustard) followed by 37.05 in T2(Tephrosia+Field pea) and least was found in 25.31 in T1 (Tephrosia + Linseed). Significant effect of Tephrosia candida on stover yield was of agricultural crops was found. The increasing order of stover yield was found as T1>T4>T3>T2>T5. Agricultural crops yield (q/ha) was found in 18.38 in T5(Tephrosia+Chickpea) followed by 17.28 in T2(Tephrosia+Field pea) whereas harvest index (%) was found in 36.87% in T1(Tephrosia+Linseed) followed by 36.73% in T4(Tephrosia+Mustard) and minimum was found in 31.48% in T5(Tephrosia+Chickpea). The increasing order of height found as T5>T3>T2>T4>T1. Soil status after intercropping, the maximum OC% was found in 0.439 in T1 (Tephrosia + Linseed) followed by 0.386 in T2 (Tephrosia+Field pea). The maximum Nitrogen available was found to be 270.673h in T1(Tephrosia+Linseed) followed by 238.38h in T2 (Tephrosia + Field pea) and minimum was found in 207.013h in T4 (Tephrosia + Mustard). The maximum potassium available was found in 16.225h in T4 (Tephrosia + Mustard) followed by 15.233h in T3(Tephrosia+Lentil) and minimum was found in 11.55h in T1(Tephrosia+Linseed). The maximum potassium available after intercropping was found in 147.625h in T1(Tephrosia+Linseed) followed by 146.55h in T5 (Tephrosia + Chickpea) and minimum was found in 139.658h in T4 (Tephrosia + Mustard).ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different spacing on Jackfruit (Artocarpus hetrophyllus Lam.) growing with Intercrop under Agroforestry system.(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) Gulnaz Ambrin; J.K. KerkettaThe investigation entitled “Effect of different spacing on Jackfruit (Artocarpus hetrophyllus Lam.) growing with Intercrop under Agroforestry system” was conducted at Nursery Site, Birsa Agricultural University Kanke, Ranchi. The experiment was laid out to find out the best combination for growth, yield and economic feasibility of green gram with Jackfruit tree during the year 2020-2021. Three objectives were set for the successful conduct of this research; first, to study the growth of tree and yield of intercrop; second, to study the physiochemical properties of soil and third, to assess the economics of agroforestry system. The field was laid out with Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 3 replications and 11 treatments. Green gram or mung (Vigna radiata) is an important pulse crop and Artocarpus hetrophyllus Lam. (Jackfruit) is an important multipurpose tree species. To maximize the land utilization an agroforestry trial was laid out to investigate the performance of green gram under different spatial arrangements of 1 year old Artocarpus hetrophyllus plantation with five spacing treatments of T1 {Jackfruit (3m x 3m) + Green gram}, T2 {Jackfruit (3.5m x 3.5m) + Green gram}, T3 {Jackfruit (4m x 4m) + Green gram}, T4 {Jackfruit (4.5m x 4.5m) + Green gram} and T5 {Jackfruit (5m x 5m) + Green gram} while T6 {Sole Jackfruit (3m x 3m)}, T7 {Sole Jackfruit (3.5m x 3.5m)}, T8 {Sole Jackfruit (4m x 4m)}, T9 {Sole Jackfruit (4.5m x 4.5m)},T10 {Sole Jackfruit (5m x 5m)} and T11 Sole Green gram at Faculty of Forestry during summer season of 2021. Green gram crop was intercropped with Artocarpus hetrophyllus reported lower yield as compared to open condition. The result of analysis revealed that treatment T11 (Sole Green gram) achieved maximum Plant height (50.02cm), number of branches per plant (5), number of leaves per branch (11), pod length (7.53 cm), number of pods per plant (12.87), number of seed per pod (9.61), grain yield (13.06q/ha), stover yield (18.51q/ha), harvest index (35.44%) and test weight (4.34gm). Similarly in intercropping, the growth and yield attributes of green gram were recorded minimum height (42.53cm), 4.4 number of branches per plant, 10.33 number of leaves per branch, 12.87 number of pods per plant, 8.07 number of seed per pod, 6.85cm pod length, 3.59q grain yield/ha, with harvest index of 20.91%, 15.66q stover yield/ha. and 3.51gm test weight was reported in T1 {Jackfruit (3m x 3m) + green gram}and T2 {Jackfruit (3.5m x 3.5m) +Green gram} i.e., in 3mx3m and 3.5mx3.5m closer spacing, while, under wider spacing of T5 {Jackfruit (5m x 5m) +Green gram} showed better result respectively. The Artocarpus hetrophyllus trees performed better in intercropping than in sole plantation. The treatment T1{Jackfruit (3m x 3m)+Green gram}, T2 {Jackfruit (3.5m x 3.5m) + green gram}, T3 {Jackfruit (4m x 4m) +Green gram}, T4 {Jackfruit (4.5m x 4.5m) + Green gram} and T5 {Jackfruit (5m x 5m) +Green gram} showed significantly better result than T6 {Sole Jackfruit(3m x 3m)}, T7 {Sole Jackfruit (3.5m x 3.5m)], T8 {Sole Jackfruit (4m x 4m)}, T9 {Sole Jackfruit (4.5m x 4.5m)} and T10 {Sole Jackfruit (5m x 5m)}. The result analysis showed that Artocarpus hetrophyllus perform better with the treatment T5 {Jackfruit (5m x 5m) +Green gram} recorded maximum 90.58cm plant height, 5.02 cm collar diameter, 9.40 number of branches per plant and 11.80 number of leaves per branch. The treatment T6 showed minimum (78.96cm) plant height, 3.13cm collar diameter, 6.46 number of branches per plant and 9.86 number of leaves per branch.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MEDICINAL PLANTS UNDER BAMBOO BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) LAKRA, SUMIT; Oraon, P. R.Bamboos based agroforestry can play an important role in enhancing productivity, sustainability and resource conservation. Under agroforestry system, bamboos are also benefited due to sharing of resources like irrigation, fertilizers, weeding, etc. with intercrops; as a result the quantity and quality of bamboos are expected to be much higher as compared with monoculture and unmanaged plantations. Incorporation of medicinal plants with Agroforestry System will help to conserve them and restore the biodiversity and in turn it will generate not only income but also improve livelihood status of rural and tribal people. Keeping these important aspects in view, a systematic research trial was undertaken on Bamboo, intercrops with Kalmegh, Ashwagandha and Sadabahar namely “Studies on Growth and Yield of Medicinal Plants under Bamboo based Agroforestry System” at Agroforestry Research Field, B.A.U. Ranchi in the year 2020-21 with the following objectives: (a) To study the growth and yield potential of Andrographis paniculata, Withania somnifera, Catharanthus roseus under Bamboo-based Agroforestry system b)To evaluate soil fertility status after harvest of Medicinal plants c)To study the comparative economics of different medicinal plants under bamboo based Agroforestry system. Research was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 7 treatments either solely or in combination, replicated in thrice. Experimental material consisted of Bambusa nutans, Kalmegh variety Anand Kalmegh1, Ashwagandha variety Gujrat Ashwagandha and Sadabahar variety Gujrat local. Parameters studied in Bambusa nutans were survival of culms, culm height, number of culms in clump, diameter at collar region, clump spread, length of lowest internode, diameter of lowest internode, number of internode, length of 5th internode, diameter of 5th internodes and leaf area index. Parameters studied in medicinal plants were plant height, number of primary branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, number of seeds/capsule, dry weight/plant, seed yield/plant and leaf area index. Data on different parameters of medicinal plant was collected as per NBPGR guidelines and the replicated data on different parameters was subjected to Analysis of standard error of mean, coefficient of variation and critical difference. The growth performance of the Bambusa nutans was varies from treatment to treatment under agroforestry system. The maximum mean increment in culm height (2.84 m) was recorded under T4 Sole Bamboo which was at par with T3 Bambusa nutans intercropped with Catharanthus roseus (2.81m) and least was found under T2 Bambusa nutans intercropped with Withania somnifera (2.25m). The maximum mean increment in number of culm was recorded under the treatment T3Bambusa nutans intercropped with Catharanthus roseus and T4 Sole Bamboo (4.08) followed by T2 Bambusa nutans intercropped with Withania somnifera (3.92) and least was found under treatment T1 Bambusa nutans intercropped with Andrographis paniculata (3.83). The maximum mean increment in diameter of lowest internode was found under the treatment T3 Bambusa nutans intercropped with Catharanthus roseus (0.53 cm) and least was found under treatment T4 Sole Bamboo (0.41 cm). The maximum mean increment in number of internode was recorded under T4 Sole Bamboo (18.08) and minimum was in T1 Bambusa nutans intercropped with Andrographis paniculata (16.08). Highest mean increment of diameter of 5th internode was seen under treatment T4 Sole Bamboo (0.46 cm) where as least was found under treatment T2 Bambusa nutans intercropped with Withania somnifera (0.29 cm). Maximum mean increment in culm spread was found under the treatment T4 Sole Bamboo (49.37 m) whereas minimum was found under the treatment T1 Bambusa nutans intercropped with Andrographis paniculata (1.31 m).Maximum mean increment in diameter at collar region was found in T1, T2, T3 (0.45 cm) while minimum was found in treatment T4 Sole Bamboo (0.39 cm).Highest LAI was found in treatment T1 Bambusa nutans intercropped with Andrographis paniculata (1.31) whereas least in T2 Bambusa nutans intercropped with Withania somnifera (1.17). Intercrops height, Leaf Area Index, Dry Weight Crops per Plant and Seed Yield per Plant was found maximum in T7 Sole Catharanthus roseus 52.93 cm, 2.46, 59.76 g, 8.07 g respectively. Least Intercrops height, Leaf Area Index was found under T1 Bambusa nutans intercropped with Andrographis paniculata 42.48 cm, 0.99 while Dry Weight Crops per Plant and Seed Yield per Plant was found minimum in T2 Bambusa nutans intercropped with Withania somnifera 8.19 g and 2.61 g respectively. Maximum number of primary branches per plant was found under treatment T5 Sole Andrographis paniculata 12.33 which was at par with T1 Bambusa nutans intercropped with Andrographis paniculata 11.67 and minimum was found with T2 Bambusa nutans intercropped with Withania somnifera 3.53. Highest number of capsules per plant was found under treatment T5 Sole Andrographis paniculata 219.77 and least was found under T3 Bambusa nutans intercropped with Catharanthus roseus 49.367. After harvesting intercrops highest pH was found in case of treatment T7 Sole Catharanthus roseus (5.37) and minimum was found under T6 Sole Withania somnifera (4.00). After harvesting highest O.C % value observed under T5 Sole Andrographis paniculata (0.52 %) and least under T2 Bambusa nutans + Withania somnifera (0.40 %). The available phosphorus of soil after intercrops was found maximum under T5 Sole Andrographis paniculata (15.91 kg/ha) and least under T4 sole Bambusa nutans (13.14 kg/ha). The available potassium of soil after intercrops was found maximum under T5 sole Andrographis paniculata (250.26 kg/ha) and least under T2 Bambusa nutans + Withania somniferous (143.26 kg/ha). The highest B:C ratio was found in T7 sole Catharanthus roseus. The highest B:C ratio was found in T7 Sole Catharanthus roseus.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOURCE OF PLANT NUTRIENTS ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BAKAIN (Melia azedarach L.) SEEDLINGS(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) Kumar Jha, Ankit; Oraon, B.C.The present investigation entitled: “Effect of different sources of plant nutrients on the growth and development of Bakain (Melia azedarach L.) seedlings” was conducted at the nursery plot of Hi-tech forest nursery at Faculty of Forestry, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand during the year 2020-2021 with the following objectives:1) To study the germination of Bakain seedlings as affected by sources of plant nutrients. 2) To study the growth behaviour of Bakain seedlings as affected by different sources of plant nutrients. 3) To monitor the changes in the soil chemical properties (pH., E.C and S.O.M) at end of the experiment. The experiment was conducted taking seeds of Melia azedarach which were procured from Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi. Seeds were sowing as per the spacing and fertilizer treatment design in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The different growth parameters such as seedling height, collar diameter, leaf number, root-Shoot ratio was recorded for each treatment at 30(Thirty),60(Sixty),90(Ninety) and 120 DAS (Days after sowing). The fresh weight and dry weight for each seedling were recorded at the time of harvest. Composite soil samples were taken and the soil pH, Electrical conductivity and soil organic carbon percent were taken. On the basis of data on seed germination of Bakain seedlings the results showed significant difference in terms of number of days taken for the initiation of germination, completion of germination, daily rate of germination, germination percentage and germination energy among the various treatments. Persual of the data showed significant effect on daily rate of germination was found as compared to control in all the treatments in all respects. The maximum daily rate of germination was observed in T6 (7.33) followed by T4(6.33) while minimum rate of germination was observed in control T0 (4.0). Likewise, maximum number of days for the completion of germination was taken by T0 (29 days) followed by T1 (25 days) and T2 (24 days) while the minimum number of days was taken by T6(18 days). Persual of data indicated that maximum germination percentage was observed for treatment T7 (55.32 %) followed by T6 (50.55%) and T5 (47.21 %) while minimum germination percentage was observed in control T0 (28 %). The maximum germination energy after sowing for treatment T7 (57%) followed by T6 (54%) and T5 (49%) percentage while the minimum germination percentage was observed in control T0 (32%). The persual of results showed significant difference in terms of the seedling height, collar diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, germination percentage and germination energy among the treatments. The maximum seedling height was found to be highest in T7(8.58 ,15.70,31.26 and 37.76 cm) and minimum was observed in T0 (6.34,11.34,19.58 and 24.75 cm) at 30,60,90 and 120 DAS respectively. Similarly, the highest collar diameter was observed in treatment T7 (1.87,2.82,4.84 and 5.83 cm) while the minimum was observed in T0 (1.52,1.74,2.69 and 4.66 cm) at 30,60,90 and 120 DAS respectively. Likewise, maximum leaf number per plant were observed at treatment T6 (34.51,32.34,33.26 and 44.57 cms) while the lowest was observed in treatment T0 (27.30,31.42,30.92,38.45) at 30,60,90 and 120 DAS respectively. The maximum Root-shoot was observed in treatment T4 (0.56) at 30 DAS, in T2 (0.73) at 60 DAS and again in T4 (0.64) at 90 DAS while minimum was observed in T0 (0.39,0.66 and 0.52) at 30,60 and 90 DAS respectively. The total fresh weight of seedlings was found to be highest in treatment T7 (0.89,4.93 and 8.22 gms) while the lowest fresh weight was observed in treatment control T0 (0.55,3.60 and 6.80 gms) at 30,60,90 DAS respectively. In terms of total dry weight of seedlings, the highest total dry weight was observed in treatment T7 (0.70,3.05 and 4.32 gms) while the lowest total dry weight was observed in T0 (0.43,2.13 and 3.62 gms) at 30,60 and 90 DAS respectively. The application of plant growth nutrients both organic and inorganic on soil properties at the end of experiment showed non-significant effect in terms of pH, electrical conductivity and soil organic matter. The initial pH was found to 4.86 which showed highest increase in treatment T3(5.13) and T5 (5.10) while change was seen in treatment T0 (5.13). The pH varies from 4.83 to 5.16. The maximum soil pH was found to be in control T0(5.16) followed by treatment T3(5.13) while the minimum soil pH was found to be in treatment T7 (4.80) . The initial organic carbon percentage was 70%. The organic carbon percentage varies from 0.71 to 0.96. The maximum organic carbon was observed in T6(0.96%) followed by T5 (0.93%) and T4(0.91) while the minimum organic carbon was found in treatment T0 (0.70%). The electrical conductivity varies from 0.33 to 0.40. Statistically non-significant effect on soil electrical conductivity was found as compared to control. The maximum electrical conductivity was found in treatmentT2 (0.40), followed by treatment T6 (0.37) while the minimum electrical conductivity was found in treatment T0 (0.33). The different source of plant nutrients in terms of dose of biofertilizer and inorganic fertilizer the treatment having combination of Organic + Inorganic fertilizer performed better than those having sole biofertilizer and inorganic fertilizer doses. More particularly the growth and biomass production in Melia azedarach was significantly influenced by treatment T7 followed by T6.
