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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access Screening of Genotypes Against High Temperature Stress in Wheat(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Chandrashekher Mahto; Sohan ramWheat is an important cereal crop of the world, next to rice. In India this crop is grown in Rabi season. A lot of research work have been done in the field of production breeding and we have achieved almost plateau in this crop. But there is a vast scope of research in the field of stress breeding for various stress environments. The present investigation thus aims in breeding for wheat in high temperature stress condition. Breeding wheat varieties for stable yield under high temperature condition has become a subject of major interest. Various mechanisms imparting heat resistance like escape, endurance, avoidance and tolerance etc. have been put forward by various workers. Testing of performance of genotypes under stress conditions is a very useful technique in breeding programs mainly because it allows a direct estimate of heat susceptibility of individual genotypes. Breeding for heat tolerance to increase crop production in high Temperate Zone worldwide is impeded by lack of suitable screening technique. Therefore, there is a need to identify a plant trait, which is directly related to heat tolerance and can be quickly measured for use as a screening parameter. Ion leakage, one of such parameter to screen out for various crops. Keeping all these fact in consideration the present research problem was carried out in Randomized block design, two sets of sowing-normal and late, creating, two different thermal environments for two years at Ranchi Agricultural farm from 1997 to 1999. For the present study 20 genotypes/varieties, obtained from AIRCRP on wheat were used with an objective to identify varieties suitable for high temperature with better stability.ThesisItem Open Access Genetics Architecture Of A Group Of Inbred Lines For Grain Yield And Yield Component Characters In Maize( Zea mays L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Surya Prakash; D.K.GanguliThe present investigation was aimed to evaluate nine white flint inbred lines with the objective of genetical enhancement of maize breeding stock in respect of grain yield and important yield contributing characters. Thirty six crosses were thus developed in half diallel fashion and were evaluated in completely randomized block design with three replication for nine quantitative characters against three check (BM-1, Suwan and Pioneer hybrid-4210) during kharif 98 (Griffing, 1956, method-2) and rabi, 1998-99 (method-4). The F₂ generation along with the parental lines were also evaluated simultaneously during rabi, 1998-99. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the parental inbred lines for all the characters except for ear length and number of kernel row per ear. However, among the crosses, treatments differences were highly significant for all the characters. The cross mean was more than the parental mean for all the characters except for days to 50 per cent tasseling and moisture percentage. The mean performance of plant characters was observed to be different between kharif and rabi grown crop. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation (PCV & GCV) were higher in parent than in the crosses for all the characters, except for ear length. A considerable extent of PCV was observed for ear height, grain yield, number of kernels per row and ear length. Heritability estimate (broad sense) was greater in parents than in the crosses for most of the characters except ear length, number of kernel rows per ear and number of kernels per row where reverse was true. Moderate heritability together with high genetic advance was observed in plant height, ear height and 500-kernell weight. A number of crosses showed highly significant positive heterosis over early check variety, BM-1 for grain yield. The cross Dh-539 x Dh-3119 was most heterotic for grain yield over better parent (71.84 %) while Dh-539 x CML-49 was most heterotic over BM-1 (69.40 %) and Suwan (42.68 %). Most of the crosses exhibited negative heterosis over check variety, Suwan, for majority of the characters viz, days to 50 per cent tasseling, plant height, ear height, moisture percentage, ear length and number of kernels per row. The mbining ability studies during kharif revealed preponderance of non-additive gene action for almost all characters except for days to 50 per cent tasseling and ear height (method-2). Through both the method of analysis the character 500-kernel weight and grain yield revealed similar gene effect (non-additive) due to over dominance. Among the parental lines, CML-49 was adjudged to be best general combiner for grain yield while, Dh-3117 for most of the plant characters. The best specific cross combiner for grain yield during kharif were Dh-539 x CML-49, Dh-539 x Dh-3119 and Dh-539 x Dh-3345 and during rabi Dh-541 x CML-49, Dh-543 x Dh-3347 and Dh-534 x Dh-3119 were the best. The estimates of inbreeding depression studied during rabi found to be very low for majority of the characters. However, the performance of F₂'s were found greater than the F₁'s in some crosses for all the characters indicating the presence of additive gene action.ThesisItem Open Access Genetical Studies of Inbred Lines in Maize (Zeamays L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Rijh Nath Mahto; D.K.GanguliTen parent diallel analysis without reciprocals was conducted in maize inbreds by Griffing's and Hayman's approach to study combining ability in respect of thirteen quantitative plant characters. Variability, heterosis, yield predictions of double cross hybrids and evaluation of the genotypes against leaf blight and sheath blight diseases were also incorporated. The generation means analysis in three crosses was also done to study gene action for ten characters. All evaluation have been done under rainfed situation. Highly significant differences were observed among the parents, crosses and checks. A wide range of variations was present for all the characters. High estimate of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations observed for ear height, number of kernels/ear and grain yield. Heritability estimates in narrow sense was more realistic than the broad sense estimates. Plant height, ear height, 100 grain weight and grain yield were found to give high heritability in the narrow sense alongwith high genetic advance. Heterosis over mid-parent, better parent and commercial composite check varieties (BM-1 and Suwan) were estimated for all the characters in forty-five crosses. None of the crosses were found to be superior for earliness than the early check BM-1. Twenty-seven crosses gave significant standard heterosis for grain yield over check BM-1 and five crosses over check Suwan. The cross CML 79 x CML-55 and CML-85 x CML-135 gave 27.65 and 23.19 per cent heterosis for grain yield respectively over high yielding check Suwan. Heterosis for grain yield was found to be associated with other yield component characters. The cross CML-85 x CML-135 was found to give significant heterosis for all the characters except ear girth, number of kernels/row and 100-grain weight over Suwan. Combining ability analysis revealed importance of both additive and non additive gene effects for all the characters, although non-additive genetic variance was more. Degree of dominance showed preponderance of over dominance effects. for all the characters in both the approaches by Griffing's and Hayman's. In Hayman's numerical approach five gene groups (h2/H,) were found to be responsible for governing 100-grain weight, three gene groups for ear girth and two groups for rest of the characters. Two parental inbred lines namely, CML-85 and CML-79 were found to be good general combiners common for grain yield, early maturity, number of kernels/ row, 100-grain weight and shelling percentage. In most of the crosses high x low general combining ability effects of the parents gave best sca effects of the crosses. Three cross combinations viz., CML 79 x CML-55, CML-85 x CML-42 and CML-85 x CML-135 were the best specific cross combinations for grain yield and yield components, CML-79 x CML-55 having highest sca effects of 12.63 for grain yield also gave highly significant sca effects for ear length, 100-grain weight and days to maturity. This cross also have best per se performance (51 70 q/ha) and best heterotic cross (27.65 per cent) over Suwan for grain yield and was adjudged to be the best cross. The generation mean analysis in three crosses, also revealed preponderance of dominance gene effects for ten plant characters studied. The epistasis effects was present in all the three crosses for all the characters. The dominance x dominance interaction was in greater magnitude and of negative sign for most of the characters. The duplicate type of epistasis was responsible for maximum characters. However the cross CML-85 x CML-42 revealed complementary gene action for grain yield and days to maturity. The complementary type of epistasis gave greater extent of heterosis than duplicate type. The best predicted double cross hybrid was (CML-85 x CML-49) x (CML 39 x CML-56). The single cross hybrids however gave better yield performance over predicted yield of double cross hybrids. The best predicted double cross was not the combination of best single crosses. The intensity of leaf blight was lower than sheath blight disease under natural conditions. CML-85, CML-55 and CML-135 were found to be resistant for both the diseases and among the crosses CML-85 x CML-135 and CML-85xCML-42 showed free reaction for both the diseases.ThesisItem Open Access Induced Mutation Studies In Indian Mustard (Brassica Juncea L)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Arun Kumar; Z.A.HaiderIndian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is predominant in Indian subcontinent among different forms of oleiferous Brassicas due to its wider adaptability, more productivity and better tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Recent studies have shown that the productivity of Indian mustard is still far behind most of the European countries. Mustard oil, due to the presence of high amount of undesirable long chain fatty acid, like, erucic and eicosenoic acids, is characterized as inferior in quality with respect to most other vegetable oils. Linolenic acid is another undesirable fatty acid which causes taste impairment during storage and reduces shelf-life of the oil. Besides, increasing seed yield, modification in fatty acid composition and increasing oil content has recently been a major goal of oilseed breeders. Induction of mutation in Brassica species through physical or chemical mutagens have been found to contribute substantially towards widening the genetic base of variability for the characters of economic significance. In view of this, the present project was undertaken during rabi seasons of 1994-95 and 1995-96 in a randomized block design with three replications using two well adopted varieties of Indian mustard (Varuna and BR-40).The treatments consisted of 50kR, 60KR, 70KR. 80 kR, 98 kR and 100 KR of gamma rays, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0% and 1.2% v/v of EMS and 50 KR + 0.2% EMS, 60 kR+ 0.2% EMS, 70 KR + 0.2% EMS, 80 KR + 0.2% EMS, 90 KR + 0.2% EMS and 100 KR + 0.2% EMS of combination treatments. The study included induced variability for different yield and yield attributes in M₁ and M₂ generations. Frequency and spectrum of different chlorophyll mutations and effectiveness and efficiency of different mutagens were computed based on chlorophyll mutation. Oil content and fatty acid composition was estimated using the seeds of M₂ generation by pulsed NMR and gas liquid chromatograph, respectively. In M₁ generation there was reduction in germination, seedling growth (root and shoot length) survival and pollen fertility with the increase in dose of the mutagens used. EMS proved to have more deleterious effect than gamma rays or the combination treatments. Variety BR-40 was more sensitive to mutagens than the other variety Varuna. Differential response of the two varieties (Varuna and BR-40) to different mutagens could be observed in both the generations. Lower doses of gamma rays and higher doses of EMS and combination treatments in Varuna, higher doses of gamma rays and combination treatments and lower doses of EMS in BR-40, induced maximum variability for a number of quantitative characters in both M₁ and M₂ generations. In M₂ generation, frequency of chlorophyll mutations was more in EMS treated population of Varuna whereas in BR-40, it was more mutants in gamma irradiated isolated were: Albina, Xantha, The Viridis, Marginata, Variegated, Maculata and Sectoral. Among the chlorophyll mutants, Marginata Lower respect was more frequently observed in both the doses of mutagens were more effective and varieties. Efficient to chlorophyll mutation than the higher doses. Further that, EMS was more effective than gamma rays. Bidirectional shift in oil content and fatty acid compositions of both the varieties have beenrecorded in different mutagenic treatment. Considerable one have also been recorded which can well be used in future breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis And Combining Ability In Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Shravan Kumar Singh; M.P.HaqueTen genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) namely Birsa Dhan 104, Birsa Dhan 106, Birsal Dhan 105, RAU-1004-105, Dhan103, Birsa Dhan 201, Rasi, IR-36, Birsa Dhan 202 and Rajendra Dhan 202 were crossed in a diallel fashion excluding reciprocals. The forty-five crosses and ten parents were grown in a complete block design during kharif season of 1995 irrigated condition. The data recorded on characters viz., days to panicle emergence, fourteen plants randomized under. normal quantitative height, total number of leaves per plant, flag leaf area, total number of tillers per plant, number of ear-bearing tillers per plant, length, number of grains per panicle, spikelet fertility, panicle. grain yield per panicle, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant and harvest index were analyzed to find out the estimates of variability, heritability (broad sense), genetic advance, heterosis (over mid-parent combining ability.. and better parent) and combining ability. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for except grain yield per panicle. Almost This all indicated genetic differences among all the genotypes (10) the characters the parents F₁'s) for all the characters under this investigation. Grain yield per plant, grain yield per panicle and biological yield per plant showed considerable genetic coefficient of variation. High estimates of heritability (broad sense together with moderately high genetic advance was observed for the characters, spikelet fertility and biological yield per plant. Most of the crosses manifested positive heterosis over mid-parent and better parent for grain yield per plant. Maximum heterosis to the extent of 138.44 and 131.68 per cent was observed over mid-parent and better parent respectively. The best cross combination showing significant heterosis over the better parent was RAU-4000-105 X IR-36 (131.68 %). Crosses showing heterosis for grain yield were not heterotic for all the characters. The combining ability studies indicated that both additive and non-additive genetic components were involved in deter mining the expression of the characters studied but non-additive type of gene action predominanted in all these characters. Similarly, presence of over dominance was revealed in all the characters. Birsa Dhan 105 was found to exhibit maximum general combining ability for grain yield per plant, which also showed good general combining ability for biological yield per plant, harvest index and flag leaf area.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Studies on Quantitative and Qualitative Characters in Rice (oryza Sativa L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Rajesh Verma; Dr.S.C.PrasadFour inter varietal along with their parents (P generation B and B 1 crosses of and P), F 1 rice Oryza and F 2 1 2 sativa L) and two cross of each cross were developed and were grown in randomized block design. with three replications during kharif season of the year 1994 under rainfed situation in the rice research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi. The analysis of variance of 6 generations of each the four crosses for different characters revealed that of the differences among the generations were highly significant for majority plant, of plant character viz., plant height, tillers leaf length, panicle length, flag leaf grain weight, breadth and grain. yield and harvest index. straw yield. The replication significani in almost all the character. length, expect effect was per 1000 leaf non The observed variances in the various generations for different characters in each of the revealed F variances to be more then F 2 4 varietal crosses variance for most of 1 the character. In case of plant height the vriance BC was 1 variance of BC in all the crosses. The 2 higher then the variation in the generation is due to the variability. The scaling test A,B and C, as well as test were found to be highly significant in all joint the scaling cross combination for all the 10 traits studied. This clearly showed a good fit of additive dominance model.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Studies of Some Quantitative Characters in Maize (zea mays L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Nitish De; D.K.GanguliThe present investigation entitled "Genetic studies of some quantitative characters in mize (Zen mys L.)" was carried out with a set of eleven mize genotypes which were crossed in all possible combinations without reciprocals. The fifty five crosses along with their parents and two checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications during kharif 1994 to study variability, heterosis, combining ability and gene action for eleven quantitative plant characters, and also the yield prediction of double cross and synthetics that could be constituted for future utilization. The observation data over replication were utilized in analysing various genetic parameters. Estimmtes of combining ability for various characters ware done following dinllel (11 x 11) after Griffing (19560) as well an by line x tester (B lines x 3 testers) after Kempthorne (1957) taking some eleven genotypes in the two CASOS. Highly significant differences among the parents, and among the crosses were observed for all the characters. The mean values of the crosses were more than the parental for all the characters except for days to 50 per cent silk. mean Grain yield per plant, car height, number of kernels per car, number of kernels per row and ear length showed considerable phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation. The heritability estimates in broad sense for all the characters were higher in parents than the crosses. No character was found to have high heritability estimate together with high genetic advance. The extent of heterosis over mid-parent, better parent and two checks (Ganga Safed-2 and Suwan) for different characters varied considerably. Most of the crosses were found to give negative heterosis over the check varieties in mjority of the characters, however in case of days to 50 per cent silk, days to maturity, car girth and 100-kernel weight most of the crosses showed positive standard heterosis. Highest and significant positive standard heterosis over better check (Susan) for grain yield was observed in the cross BAU-8312 x CM-4385 (24.49 %). Heterosis for grain yield found to be associated with simultaneous heterosis in other component characters which differed in different crosses. However, 100-kernel weight, plant height and ear girth were the three commonest characters associated with heterosis for yield. The combining ability studies indicated the importance additive and non-additive gene actions in the expression characters, although The non-additive. gene action predominated, and the presence of over-dominance was observed in all the characters under both the mting designs except for days. to 50 per cent silk in diallel only.. The genotype BAU-SW/82 was the best general combiner for grain yield followed by BAU-8312, CM-4385 and BAU-W.Pool. The lines which were superior combiners for grain yield were also superior cabiners for one or more yield components. The crosses viz., BAU-8312 x CM-4385, CM-4357 x CM-600, CM-600 x BAU-W.Pool, BAU-SW/82 x CML-4386 and BAU-SW/82 x CML-4385 were the best specific cross combinations for grain yield per plant. under diallel analysis while CM-der* CM-600, CM-4373 x CM-600 and CM-4386 x BAU-W.Pool were best, line x tester analysis. CM-4357 x CM-600 being common one. Crosses showing high sca for grain yield also exhibited high sca for some component characters. In the comparative study between two mating designs the best general combiner for grain yield (BAU-SW/82) was the same. The estimates of various genetic components were also more or less similar in most of the characters under both diallel and line x tester analyses. The best specific cross combinations for yield and other characters. slightly differed in two methods of analyses. The per se performance of parents were found to be correlated with the gca effects for all the characters except for ear girth under diallel analysis whereas no such relation was found in line x tester analysis except for days to 50 per cent silk. However, the per se performance of the crosses showed parallel relationship with the sca effects for all the characters unler both the methods of unlysos. The best predicted double cross hybrid was (BAU-SW/82 x BAU-8312) x (CM-4385 x CL-4386) with an estimated yield of 61.69 q/ha and was 9.81 per cent higher than the better check Suwan (56.18 q/ha). Single cross hybrids gave better yield performance over the predicted double cross hybrids and synthetics. Top single crossos for grain yield do not constitute to give prodicted top double. cross yield. The predicted yield of all the syntheties were found lower than the check Suwan.ThesisItem Open Access Combining Ability And Heterosis Studies In Linseed (linum usitatissimum L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Sohan Ram; H.B.P.TrivediLinseed is predominantly a aulogamous crop of industrial significance inspite of considerable increase in area and production under linseed , the productivity under linseed, the productivity which is of foremost importance, is still stagnant in India. The prime objective of the present investigation was to evaluate some well recognised varieties and explore the combining ability variances of oil yield and seed yield components and their combining ability effects together with the studies on variability , heterosis and correlation through diallel analysis. Eight well recognised varieties of major linseed growing stated were obtained from project co-ordinator(Linseed) chandra shekhar Azad university of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, These varieties were crossed in 8x8 diallel fashion to obtain 28 direct and 28 reciprocal F1 hybrids .These hybrids were generation advanced in off season nursery to procure F2 seeds. These F1 and F2 hybrids were evaluated separately along with the parents for variability, heterosis, inbreeding depression , combining ability and correlation.ThesisItem Open Access GENERATION MEAN ANALYSIS OF YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTING TRAITS IN LINSEED (Linum usitatissimum L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2016) Choudhary, Vinay Kumar; Ram, SohanA study was conducted at Ranchi Agricultural Research farm and Chianki Research farm during Rabi 2013-14 to evaluate 6 populations i.e. P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 from six different crosses for generation mean analysis. Investigation was carried out on variability, nature and magnitude of gene effects, their interactions, heterosis and inbreeding depression for 17 traits i.e. days to 50 per cent flowering ,days to maturity, plant height ,number of primary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, capsule diameter, seed yield per plant, test weight, oil content, palmitic acid content, stearic acid content, oleic acid content, linoleic acid content, linolenic acid content, wilt disease reaction and rust disease reaction. Thirty treatments consisting 5 parents, 6F1s, 6F2s, 6BC1s, 6BC2s and one check (LC-54) has laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The analysis revealed highly significant variation among the treatments for all the characters under study at both the locations. Phenotypic and genotypic co-efficient of variation was high for plant height, number of primary branches per plant , number of capsules per plant , wilt disease reaction, rust disease reaction and seed yield per plant at both the locations showing the presence of variability among the treatments for yield and yield attributing traits. Similarly high to moderate heritability as well as genetic advance was recorded for number of capsules per plant, rust disease reaction, wilt disease reaction, oleic acid content and linolenic acid content indicating that breeding for these traits can be use in the development of these traits. The estimates of additive and dominance components through joint scaling test as well as epistasis interaction through six parameter model indicated that additive component has significant role in the expression of number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per capsule, capsule diameter and test weight at both the locations indicating that transgressive segregants of these characters can be useful in improvement of these traits in segregating generations. Dominance component played a major role in controlling the expression of number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per capsule, seed yield per plant, test weight and rust disease reaction at both the locations. Among epistatic gene interactions, additive x additive (i) and dominance x dominance (l) interactions effect showed significant impact in comparison to additive x dominance (j) interaction in controlling the expression of plant height, primary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, capsule diameter, days to maturity, seed yield per plant, oil content, wilt disease reaction and rust disease reaction by additive x additive (i) interaction, days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, number of capsules per plant and number of seeds per capsule by dominance x dominance (l) interaction and days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, number of capsules per plant, days to maturity, oil content, wilt disease reaction and rust disease reaction by additive x dominance (j) interaction at both the locations. Almost all the crosses for all the traits under study exhibited duplicate type of gene action at both the locations whereas few crosses showed complimentary gene action for respective traits at only Ranchi location. Heterosis estimate revealed that the crosses Meera x T-397 and Shekhar x T-397 were found to be the best crosses at both the locations considering the heterotic advantage of these crosses over mid parent, better parent and economic check LC-54. The heterosis manifested in these two crosses were mainly due to desirable heterotic response of important yield component traits like, number of primary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant , number of seeds per capsule, capsule diameter and test weight indicating that development of hybrids and better segregants based on these traits can be fruitful.
