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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access GEO-REFERENCING AND ASSESSMENT OF MORPHO-BIOCHEMICAL DIVERSITY OF KALMEGH UNDER IN VIVO CONDITIONS IN JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) MADHURA M S; Jai KumarIn light of the global utilization of wild medicinal plants for pharmaceutical purposes, it has become imperative to search for medicinal plants that yield high biochemical contents. The secondary metabolites produced in Kalmegh are the result of environmental and edaphic conditions in which it grows and it becomes essential to identify the reasons that contribute towards maximum biochemical production in Kalmegh. The agro climatic sub-zone V of Jharkhand is considered as relatively superior for higher yield and biochemical contents production of Kalmegh, hence the present research was undertaken to corroborate the hypothesis and assist the region in securing a Geographical Indication (GI) tag with the following objectives (i) To assess morpho-biochemical diversity of Kalmegh in all three agroclimatic zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions. (ii) To conduct geo-referencing of morpho-biochemical traits of Kalmegh in all three agroclimatic zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions. (iii) To analyze the traits association studies with local climatic and edaphic conditions to screen out striking factors contributing towards the uniqueness of Kalmegh. The experiment comprised a total of 50 treatments which consisted of three replications and 30 plant samples in each treatment. The number of treatments from agro climatic sub-zone V, IV and VI were forty, five and five respectively. For each location, the coordinates and altitude were recorded, plant growth and yield parameters were measured and soil samples were collected for further analysis. HPLC analysis of plant samples was carried out at CIMAP, Lucknow. Meteorological data was collected for the plant growth period until harvest. Geo-referencing and grid mapping of diversity was carried out using DIVA-GIS (Version 7.5). Statistical analysis was carried out using OPSTAT and INDOSTAT. Highly significant difference was observed in mean leaf length, mean leaf width, mean length of internodes, mean number of internodes, andrographolide percentage and neo-andrographolide percentage in Kalmegh germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone IV & VI while, significant difference was observed in mean plant height, mean stem diameter, mean number of primary branches, mean fresh weight/plant, mean dry weight/plant, mean leaf weight/plant, mean stem weight/plant, and mean leaf stem ratio between the germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone IV and VI. Highly significant difference was observed in mean number of primary branches, mean leaf length, mean leaf width and mean length of internodes in Kalmegh germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone V & VI while, significant difference was observed in mean number of internodes and neo-andrographolide content of Kalmegh between the germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone V and VI. Highly significant difference was observed in mean leaf lamina width between the germplasm collected at agro climatic sub-zone IV & V. Maximum plant height was recorded at T2-Kujram (71.14 cm) followed by T4-Kujram (66.36 cm), while maximum stem diameter was recorded at T2-Kujram (5.35 mm) followed by T1-Tarub (4.79 mm). Maximum number of primary branches/plant was recorded at T5-Dangiadagh (4.57) followed by T4-Kujram (4.40) and maximum leaf lamina length was recorded at T4-Kujram (4.72 cm) followed by T5-Dangiadagh (4.56 cm). Maximum leaf lamina width was recorded at T4- Kujram (2.04 cm) followed by T10-Remta (2.00 cm) and maximum length of internodes was recorded at T2-Kujram (4.43 cm) followed by T4-Kujram (4.35 cm). Maximum number of internodes was recorded at T5-Dangiadagh (17.40) followed by T4-Kujram (16.73) while maximum fresh weight/plant was recorded at T2-Kujram (61.17 g) followed by T4-Kujram (59.90 g). Maximum dry weight/plant was recorded at T2-Kujram (13.68 g) followed by T1-Tarub (13.29 g) and maximum leaf weight/plant was recorded at T1-Tarub (6.85 g) followed by T2-Kujram (6.35 g). Maximum leaf stem ratio was recorded at T36-Dulli (1.46) followed by T1-Tarub (1.43). Maximum andrographolide content was recorded at T1-Tarub (1.98%) followed by T3-Khunti-Taimara road (1.87%) and maximum neo-andrographolide content was recorded at T1-Tarub (0.41%) followed by T18-Chikor (0.30%). Correlation analysis of andrographolide content of Kalmegh with growth and yield parameters, climatic parameters, soil physical and chemical parameters revealed andrographolide content showed highly positive significant correlation with leaf stem ratio (0.762), leaf weight per plant (0.640), leaf width (0.578), dry weight per plant (0.567), stem weight per plant (0.550), fresh weight per plant (0.540), plant height (0.524), leaf length (0.512), and number of internodes (0.508). Highly significant positive correlation of andrographolide content was seen with the altitude of the collection area (0.485). Significant positive correlation of andrographolide content was observed with sand percentage of soil (0.399) and bulk density of soil (0.415), but significant negative correlation with water holding capacity of soil (-0.457). Further andrographolide content showed highly significant positive correlation with organic carbon (0.559) and available phosphorus of soil (0.631) and significant positive correlation with available nitrogen (0.427) and available potassium of soil (0.420). Regression analysis of growth parameters showed that the plant height, number of internodes, dry weight/plant and leaf weight/plant of Kalmegh had significant positive impact on its andrographolide content while, regression analysis of climatic factors with growth, yield and biochemical parameters showed significant impact of leaf weight/plant, mean temperature and altitude on its andrographolide content. Regression analysis of soil physical parameters showed significant impact of leaf width and leaf weight/plant on andrographolide content while, regression analysis of soil chemical parameters showed significant impact of plant height, leaf weight/plant, leaf stem ratio, organic carbon of soil and available potassium of soil on its andrographolide content. Path value analysis of biochemical factors with growth and yield factors of Kalmegh revealed the highest positive direct impact of dry weight/plant (5.178) followed by leaf weight/plant (4.161) on its andrographolide content. Again, path value analysis of climatic factors revealed maximum positive direct impact of leaf weight/plant (1.915) followed by altitude (0.514) on its andrographolide content. Path value analysis of soil physical parameters revealed maximum positive direct impact of leaf weight/plant (2.918) followed by plant height (0.436) on andrographolide content, while path value analysis of soil chemical parameters revealed maximum positive direct impact of leaf weight/plant (2.713) followed by plant height (0.559) on its andrographolide content. As regards to the first objective namely, morpho-biochemical diversity of Kalmegh in all three agro climatic sub-zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions, highly significant difference was observed between ACZ IV & VI in leaf lamina length, leaf lamina width, length of internodes, number of internodes, andrographolide content and neo-andrographolide content of Kalmegh, whereas, highly significant difference was observed between ACZ V & VI in number of internodes and neo-andrographolide content of Kalmegh. Significant difference was observed between ACZ IV & VI in plant height, stem diameter, number of primary branches/plant, fresh weight/plant, dry weight/plant, leaf weight/plant, stem weight/plant, and leaf stem ratio of Kalmegh. Significant difference was observed between ACZ V & VI in number of primary branches/plant, leaf lamina length, leaf lamina width and length of internodes of Kalmegh, whereas, significant difference between ACZ IV & V was observed only in leaf lamina width of Kalmegh. Superior germplasm of Kalmegh identified with high andrographolide content were T1-Tarub (1.98%), T20 -Bhanrra (1.96%), T3-Khunti-Taimara road (1.87%), T41-Patratu valley (1.87%). Superior germplasm of Kalmegh identified with high neo-andrographolide content were T1-Tarub (0.41%), T18- Chikor (0.30%), T19-Bhanrra (0.30%), T20-Bhanrra (0.30%). As regards to the second objective namely, geo-referencing of morpho-biochemical traits of Kalmegh in all three agro climatic sub-zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions, it may be concluded through grid mapping of 50 Kalmegh germplasm that the agro climatic sub-zone V exhibited a higher level of superiority with respect to growth, yield and biochemical contents when compared to the other two sub-zones of Jharkhand. As regards to the third objective namely, traits association studies with local climatic and edaphic conditions, following conclusion can be drawn, andrographolide content of Kalmegh showed highly significant positive correlation with altitude (0.485), which shows that the biochemical content may be found in higher amount at higher altitudes. Andrographolide contents of Kalmegh showed positive significant correlation with bulk density (0.415) and sand percentage (0.399). The andrographolide content of Kalmegh showed highly significant positive correlation with organic carbon (0.559) and available phosphorus (0.631), and significant positive correlation with available nitrogen (0.427) and available potassium (0.420), whereas andrographolide content showed a negative non-significant correlation with soil pH, silt percentage and clay percentage of soil. Analysis of 50 Kalmegh germplasm revealed that the most significant factors contributing to the diversity of Kalmegh were fresh weight/plant (36.73%), dry weight/plant (11.76%), and leaf weight/plant (10.04%) respectively. The current study suggests that the agro climatic sub-zone V in Jharkhand exhibits superior growth & yield as well as biochemical production of Kalmegh. To strengthen these findings, further investigations, such as expanding the sample size in experiments and conducting molecular analyses on Kalmegh can be conducted. These analyses will contribute to the assertion that sub-zone V is the most suitable candidate for obtaining a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in relation to biochemical, growth and yield production of Kalmegh.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of growth and yield performance on the spacing trial of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia)(2022) Nawin Nikhil Kachhap; Kaushal KumarTinospora cordifolia (Willd.) [Miers ex Hook.f. & Thoms.] is a large perennial, glabrous, fleshy, deciduous climbing shrub that belongs to the family Menispermaceae. This plant is also known as ‘Giloy’, ‘Guduchi’, ‘Amrita’ etc. The whole plant of Giloy is used in preparing for the formulation of many ayurvedic medicines. It is used for treating fever, arthritis, anti-stress and also as the best immuno-modulators etc. A large number of products are available in the market prepared by pharmaceutical companies Viz., Giloy Neem, Giloy Capsules, Giloy tablets, Giloy Tulsi juice, Giloy Ghanvati, Giloy Mulethi, Giloy-amla, Giloe-Ghrit Kumari etc. The planting time and spacing often helpful to improve the growth and yield parameter- which is very important to crops to improve production and quality productivity. Studies or research work on Tinospora cordifolia on planting time and spacing or FRBD is very less, the present investigation was undertaken to understand on growth and yield performance on the spacing trial of Giloy. With the following objectives:- i)To find out the effect of spacing on growth and yield of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia). ii) To estimate Giloy-satva (%) at harvesting time. An experiment was carried out at the experimental field of All India Coordinated Research Project on Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (D-Block), Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi from mid-April, mid-May and mid-June 2019. The experiment was conducted in Factorial Randomized Block Design having replication four and nine treatments. Giloy cuttings were earlier raised in polybags till 3-4 leaf stage for three to four weeks and then were transplanted in the respective treatment plots. Planting times were mid-April, mid- May and mid-June with the spacing of 3 m × 3m,2m×2m and 2m × 1m respectively in each treatment. The effect of planting time and spacing was recorded after 18months for growth and yield parameters and their Giloy-satva (%). Based on the finding of this experiment maximum plant length of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 2m × 2m;3.32m), which is at par with (mid-May 3m × 3m; 3.22 m), (mid-June 2m × 2m; 3.16m), (mid-April 3m×3m; 3.10m) and (mid-May 2m×2m; 3.07 m). Minimum observed plant length in treatment combination of (mid-June 2m × 1m; 2m). Maximum diameter at base of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 2m × 2m; 9.76mm), which is at parwith (mid-April 3m×3m; 9.06mm), (mid-May 3m × 3m; 8.84mm) and (mid-May 2m×2m; 8.75mm). Minimum observed mean diameter at base in treatment combination of (mid-June 2m × 1m; 5.72mm). Maximum main stem thickness of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-May 2m × 1m; 10.15mm). Minimum observed main stem thickness in treatment combination of (mid-June 3m × 3m; 8.76mm). Maximum leaf length of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-June 3m × 3m; 9.67 cm), which is at par with (mid-April 3m × 3m; 9.66cm), (mid-May 2m × 2m; 9.43cm), (mid-June 2m × 2m; 9.34cm), (mid-June 2m × 1m; 9.30cm), (mid-May 2m × 1m; 9.09cm), (mid-April 2m × 1m; 8.95cm) and (mid-April 2m × 2m; 8.75cm). Minimum observed leaf length in treatment combination of (mid- May 3m × 3m; 8.10 cm). Maximum leaf width of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-June 2m × 2m; 9.13cm) which is at par with (mid-April 3m × 3m; 8.87cm), (mid-May 2m × 2m; 8.73cm), (mid-June 2m×1m; 8.64cm) and (mid-April 2m × 1m; 8.22cm). Minimum observed leaf width in treatment combination of (mid-May 3m × 3m; 6.77cm). Maximum number of branches at base of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-May 3m × 3m; 3.50) which is at par with (mid-May 2m × 2m; 3.20), (mid-April 3m × 3m; 3.13), (mid-May 2m × 1m; 3.10) and (mid-April 2m × 1m; 3.00). Minimum observed number of primary branches in treatment combination of (mid-June 2m × 1m; 2.09). Maximum number of Secondary branches in Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-May 3m × 3m; 4.27), followed by (mid- April 2m × 2m; 3.66). Minimum observed number of secondary branches was in treatment combination of (mid-June 2m × 1m; 1.87). Maximum Inter-node distance of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 3m × 3m; 10.20cm), followed by (mid-June 2m × 2m; 8.78cm). Minimum observed Internode distance in treatment combination of (mid-May 2m × 2m; 7.39cm). Maximum fresh stem yield g/plant of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 3m × 3m; 560g) which is at par with (mid-April 2m × 2m; 531g). Minimum observed fresh plant stem yield was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-May 2m × 1m; 330g). Maximum fresh stem yield kg/ha of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 2m × 1m; 1910kg), followed by (mid-May 2m × 1m; 1662.32 kg). Minimum observed fresh stem yield/ha was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-June 3m × 3m; 483.83kg). Maximum dry stem yield g/plant of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 3m × 3m; 364.90g) which is at par with (mid-April 2m × 2m; 338.58g). Minimum observed dry stem yield g/plant was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-May 2m × 1m; 205.53g). Maximum dry stem yield kg/ha of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 2m × 1m; 1198.25kg), followed by (mid-June 2m × 1m; 1108.62kg). Minimum observed dry stem yield/ha was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-June 3m × 3m; 304.91kg). Maximum Giloy-satva yield (%) of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 3m × 3m; 3.67) which is at par with (mid-April 2m × 2m; 3.50). Minimum observed Giloy-satva yield (%) was in treatment combination of (mid-June2m × 2m; 2.79). The best interaction between spacing and planting time with respect to the first objective effect of spacing and planting time on growth and yield of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) was found in factor (mid-April 3m×3m) for fresh stem yield and dry stem yield and (mid-April 2m × 1m) resulted better yield. As per second objective the best interaction between planting time and spacing to estimate Giloy-satva (%) at the time of harvesting was found in treatment (mid-April and 3 m × 3m).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on genetic divergence of Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] genotypes through its quantitative traits(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) KUMAR, AMIT; Kumar, JaiKeeping in view the importance of genetic diversity in optimum genetic resource management strategies, source of desirable allele and assist plant breeders in developing climate resilient varieties, a systematic research trial was undertaken to quantify extent of divergence of different Ashwagandha genotype through its qualitative and quantitative traits, at AICRP (M&APs) research farm, B.A.U Ranchi with the following objectives; To find out the extent and magnitude of diversity in selected Ashwagandha genotypes, To determine the percentage contribution of quantitative parameters creating maximum diversity in selected Ashwagandha genotypes, To identify potential parents of Ashwagandha for hybridization programme to develop hybrid/variety of high yield potential and To select promising genotypes of Ashwagandha suitable for agro-climatic conditions of Jharkhand. Research trail was laid out in Randomised block design with 17 treatment & 3 replications of Withania somnifera genotype collected from DMAPR, Anand, Gujarat. Different qualitative & quantitative parameters were measured as par NBPGR guideline. The replicated data of all the quantitative traits of 17 genotype of Ashwagandha was subjected to Analysis of variance, Genetic divergence analysis, Principal component analysis, Jaccard’s similarity coefficients, Shannons diversity index and Duncans multiple range test. 9 germplasm of Ashwagandha showed erect plant growth habit, while 8 had semierect. The leaf shape of 10 germplasm was ovate, while 7 germplasm had ovate-rounded. Three type of leaf colour were found namely light green (9), greenish yellow (4) and pale green (4). The root colour of 11 germplasm was cream, while 6 germplasm had whitish cream. Two type of root fracture were found namely fibrous (12) and non-fibrous (5). Internal root colour of 10 germplasm was cream and rest 7 germplasm were white. Two type of inflorescence were found namely umbellate cymes (9) and axillary fascicles (8). Three type of flower colour were found namely dull yellow (9), green (6) and yellow (2). Berries colour of 10 germplasm was orange and 7 had red colour. Significant difference was noticed in the plant height and maximum value was recorded for RAS-45 (96.58 cm) and minimum for RAS-65 (28.29cm). Significant difference was noticed in stem diameter at collar region and maximum value was noticed for JC-310620A (3.02 cm) and minimum for RAS-65 (0.77 cm). In case of number of primary branches/plant, maximum value was noticed for RAS-34 (4.52) and minimum for RAS-65 (2.75). Significant difference was noticed in leaf length and its maximum value was recorded for RAS-45 (8.65 cm) and least for AAU (4.59 cm). Significant difference was noticed in leaf width and its maximum value was recorded for RAS-45 (3.4 cm) and least by AAU (1.7 cm). Maximum berries diameter was recorded for MWS-334 (0.69 cm) which varied significantly with its minimum value of RAS-31 (0.51 cm). Maximum root length was recorded for RAS-45 (28.0 cm) and minimum for RAS-65 (10.5 cm). Significant difference was noticed in root diameter and its maximum value was recorded for RAS-45 (2.53 cm) and minimum for RAS-65 (0.94 cm). Significant difference was observed for number of secondary roots/plant and its maximum value was recorded for MWS-334 (12.30) and minimum for RAS-65 (7.27).
