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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION OF EXPELLER PRESSED MUSTARD SEED CAKE IN BROILER RATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Sinha, Mukesh Kumar; Singh, R.N.The present experiment was designed to study the processing and utilization of expeller pressed mustard cake in broiler ration. Three hundred and fifty (350) day old commercial broiler chicks were procured from a from Growell hatchery, Bokaro, Jharkhand for the experiment. Chicks were weighed and divided randomly in seven groups, namely T1, T2, T3,T4, T5,T6 and T7 in such a way that their mean body weight did not differs significantly. Chicks in each group were further divided into five replicates of 10 birds in each. Birds were kept on deep litter system in well lighted and ventilated rooms. 2 Broiler starter and finisher rations were formulated containing various nutrients as suggested by ICAR (1998) according to experimental plan. The control (T1) group contained GN cake as protein supplement whereas in group T2,T3, and T4 it was replaced with Exp. MSC at 25%, 50% & 75% level respectively (on protein equivalent basis). The ingredient composition of treatment groups T5, T6 and T7 were similar to T2, T3 and T4 but the MSC will be treated with 0.4% copper sulfate. The body weights of individual birds were taken at weekly intervals. The feed consumption of each replicate was recorded at weekly intervals. The experiment continued for 6 weeks period and then metabolic trial was conducted on 5 birds from each group following standard procedure. Important findings of the experiment were as follows: The average weekly feed consumption in various experimental groups did not differ significantly indicating that ration containing Exp. MSC either untreated or copper sulphate treated were equally palatable as GNC containing rations. The total gain of live weight in 6 weeks period did not differ significantly. The finding indicated that the GNC replaced with Exp. MSC up to 75% level, on protein equivalent basis had no adverse effect on growth of the broiler chicken. The treatment of Exp. MSC with 0.4% copper sulphate did not show beneficial effect compare to untreated Exp. MSC. 3 The average daily retention of Nitrogen and Nitrogen retention as percentage of N-intake in various groups did not differ significantly, indicating that utilization of nitrogen was optimum in all groups. The average daily retention of calcium was significantly lower in T1, T2 and T5 groups compare to T3, T4, and T7 groups. Ca-retention as percentage of Ca-intake was significantly lower in T1, T2 and T5 groups. The results indicated that Ca-intake (g/day) as well as Ca-retention was significantly more on high level of MSC containing diets. The average daily retention of phosphorus was significantly higher in Exp. MSC containing groups which corresponded to significantly intake of phosphorus. The protein efficiency ratio in different experimental groups did not differ significantly indicating that protein quality of Exp. MSC was equally good as that of GNC protein. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) in different groups did not differ significantly indicating that birds utilized feed consumed with equal efficiency for the gain in body weight. The carcass characteristics of broiler chicken in different experimental groups did not differ significantly indicating that feeding of Exp. MSC had no adverse effect on carcass characteristics. 4 The average organoleptic test scores in respect of taste and overall acceptability of meat of the broiler chicken did not differ significantly finding indicating that feeding of Exp. MSC had no undesirable effect of meat quality. The incorporation of Exp. MSC at various levels reduces the total cost of feed in the ratio of the incorporation. The average cost of feed per kg gain in body weight was found to be lower in Exp. MSC containing ration.ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF FINGER MILLET (ELEUSINE CORACANA) WITH OR WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTATION OF NON-STARCH POLYSACCHARIDES DEGRADING ENZYMES IN CHICK STARTER RATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) KUMAR, PANKAJ; Sinha, A.K.Finger millet may be a substitute of maize grain and can be utilized in chick starter ration at 30 per cent level replacing 50 per cent of maize grain. The rate of growth and nutrient utilization may be improved by supplementing NSP degrading enzymes in ration containing finger millet.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY LEVELS OF OKARA MEAL (SOYBEAN BYPRODUCT) WITH OR WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTATION OF NSP DEGRADING ENZYME ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Sinha, Subodh Kumar; Sinha, A.K.Hatcheries Pvt. Ltd., Bokaro. After four days of brooding period, the chicks were divided randomly into five groups consisting of 44 chicks per group. Further, each group was subdivided into four replicates of 11 chicks. The initial mean body weight of chicks did not differ significantly. Birds were vaccinated against Marek’s, Ranikhet and Gumboro diseases. The birds of each group were kept in well ventilated pucca room with floor space 66 sq. ft. in deep litter system using saw dust with proper adjustment of feeders and waterers. Sun dried Okara (soybean byproduct) and other feed ingredients were analysed for their proximate principles as well as for calcium and phosphorus content. Two standard diets were formulated separately for starter (0-4 weeks) and finisher (5-6 weeks) birds. All rations were designed in such a way that they contain all the nutrients as per BIS specifications (1992) for broiler birds. First group was treated as a control ration (T1) containing groundnut cake (GNC). In groups T2 and T3 the GNC of control ration was replaced by Okara meal at 25 and 50 per cent, respectively, on protein equivalent basis. In groups T4 and T5 the chicks were offered the same diets as in groups T2 and T3, respectively, but with addition of NSP degrading enzyme @ 50 g per 100 kg. Equal amount of mineral mixture, common salt and vitamin supplement were added in the ration of all groups. Birds were weighed at the start of experiment and then at weekly intervals for six weeks. A metabolic trial was conducted between 36th to 42nd days of experiment on four birds from each group with three days adjustment period and four days of collection period to study the nutrient utilization. The samples of feed and excreta were analysed and balance of N, Ca and P were worked out. Feed and protein efficiency ratio in respect of all the groups were worked out. Economics of feeding were calculated on the basis of current market price of different feed ingredients. Blood samples were collected from five birds of each group on 42nd day of the trial to study the biochemical parameters. At the end of 6th experimental week of growth trial, three birds from each group were selected randomly for slaughter to study the carcass characters. The quantity of overall average total or daily feed consumption in five treatment groups did not differ significantly. The findings indicate that Okara meal containing rations were equally palatable to birds. From the very beginning live weight of chicks in different groups dif fer significantly (P<0.01). Significantly higher body weights were recorded in chicks on Okara meal containing rations (T2 to T5), compared to control ration (T1). The higher gain in body weight was noted in T4 group which did not differ significantly from T3 group. The supplementation of NSP degrading enzyme in Okara meal containing ration could not exhibit any extra advantage. The average daily retention of nitrogen (g/day) as well as N-retention as per cent of N-intake did not differ significantly among five treatment groups, indicating that inclusion of Okara meal as such or supplemented with NSP degrading enzyme had not affected the nitrogen utilization in broiler chicks. The average daily retention of minerals, calcium and phosphorus was found to be significantly lower in groups T4 and T5, where Okara meal containing rations were supplemented with NSP degrading enzyme, due to their more excretion in excreta. The values in respect of serum total proteins, serum calcium and serum phosphorus in different groups did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among the five groups. All the values were within normal range for chicks. The intake of feed as well as metabolisable energy in different groups did not differ significantly. However, the intake of the crude protein was more in T3 group, where 50 per cent of GNC protein was replaced by Okara meal. Pre-slaughter and dressed weights were significantly higher in chicks fed Okara meal containing diets. The giblet weight and non-edible weight did not differ significantly among the five treatment groups. Similarly dressing percentage, giblet percentage and non-edible percentage also did not differ significantly among the five treatment groups. The findings indicate that inclusion level of Okara meal had no adverse effect on meat quality of chickens. Scores of various organoleptic tests revealed non-significant differences among five treatment groups indicating that inclusion of Okara meal had no adverse effect on the sensory and taste quality of meat on Okara meal containing rations. The cost of feed decreased proportionally with the increased level of Okara meal in the diet. The reduction of cost was 8.69, 18.72, 0.33 and 10.36 per cent less in groups T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively than the control ration (T1). The feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio in different treatment groups did not differ significantly among the five treatment groups. The cost of feed per unit gain in live weight of birds was found to be 10.96, 21.01, 7.44 and 1.35 per cent less in groups T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively, than the control ration (T1). The findings indicate that incorporation of Okara meal reduced the cost of feed per unit gain in live weight and supplementation of NSP degrading enzyme containing rations (T4 and T5) did not give any extra advantage. From the findings of the present study, it may be concluded that growth performance of broiler chickens improved by the replacement of groundnut cake with Okara meal at 50 per cent level on protein equivalent basis with distinct economical advantages and without any adverse effect on meat quality.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING TAMARIND (Tamarindus Indica) SEED MEAL IN GROWING KIDS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2011) VIJAY, LALIT; Sinha, A.K.The present research was carried out to study the effect of feeding tamarind (Tamarindus Indica) seed meal in growing kids on production parameters, biochemical parameters and nutrient utilization of the kids. For this purpose, eighteen weaned male growing kids of about 4 months of age were randomly assigned to three treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) in equal number. Group T1 served as control having conventional feed ingredients as per ICAR (1998) feeding standard while tamarind seed meal was incorporated at 1/3rd and 2/3rd (w/w) in groups T2 and T3, respectively, replacing wheat bran. Feeding trial continued for 90 days period followed by a metabolic trial adopting standard procedures. Body weight of all the kids was recorded at fortnightly intervals. Blood samples were analyzed for various haematological and biochemical constituents at the start and end of the experimental period to access the health status due to various diets. Digestibility of nutrients, average plane of nutrition, balance of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, feed conversion efficiency and economics of feeding were recorded. The total consumption of feed was found non-significant among three groups. The differences in DM intake as per cent of body weight in different groups also did not differ significantly indicating that intake satisfied their requirements for DM. The initial average body weights of group T1, T2 and T3 were 8.12, 8.15 and 8.25 kg and the final body weights at the end of the experiment were 12.11, 12.25 and 12.15 kg, respectively. Both were found to be nonsignificant. The average daily gain in live weight were found to be 41.02±5.82, 44.48±5.46 and 41.71±7.39 (g) in three groups (T1 to T3), respectively, which did not differ significantly. The highest daily gain in body weight was noted in group T2 followed by groups T3 and T1. This indicates that incorporation of tamarind seed meal in the ration was not harmful as far as growth performances of the kids are concerned. The digestibility co-efficient of various organic nutrients such as DM, CP, EE, CF and NFE did not differ significantly among the three groups. This also indicated that tamarind seed meal had no adverse effect on the digestibility of various organic nutrients on the different diets. There was non-significant effect on intakes of DCP, TDN, DE and ME. The balances of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were found to be highly positive in respect of all three groups. The balances of N, Ca and P did not differ significantly among the three groups.. The Ca-retained as per cent Ca-intake was significantly higher in group T2 due to less excretion in the faeces. However, the phosphorus retained as per cent phosphorus intake was more in group T3 followed by groups T2 and T1, respectively. The incorporation of tamarind seed meal in the diet on various haematological and biochemical constituents of blood had no adverse effect even after 90 days of feeding trial and all the values remained within the normal range. All the animals in the three groups consumed sufficient quantity of feed (DM), protein and energy to satisfy the ICAR (1998) feeding standards. The quantity of feed and fodder required per kg gain in live weight were found to be 6.31±0.03, 5.92±0.06 and 6.53±0.03 on DM basis in groups T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The values were observed to be higher in group T1 than other two groups. Groups T1 and T2 differ significantly from each other, however, they did not differ significantly with group T3. The cost of feed per unit gain in live weight was lowest in group T2 (61.85±0.97) followed by groups T1 (64.65±0.74) and T3 (64.31±0.49), respectively. However, the differences were not statistically significant among the three groups. Based on above findings it may be concluded that tamarind seed meal can be incorporated in place of wheat bran in the concentrate mixture of growing kids up to 1/3rd level (w/w) without any adverse effect and with distinct economic advantages.ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF FERMENTED RICE WASTE IN BROILER RATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2011) Kumar, Mukesh; Prasad, N.Fermented Rice waste (FRW) may be included in broiler ration at 33 per cent level without any adverse effect on growth and meat quality. However, in village where availability is more it can be used as a sole feed on economical ground.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY LEVELS OF OKARA MEAL (SOYBEAN BYPRODUCT) IN JAPANESE QUAIL RATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2011) Mahto, Deepak Kumar; Sinha, A.K.The present research was carried out to study the effect of different dietary levels of okara meal (soybean byproduct) in Japanese quail ration on production parameters, carcass characteristics and nutrient utilization of the quails. For this purpose, two hundred (200) one week old commercial Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) in equal number in such a way that their mean body weight did not differ significantly. Group T1 served as control having conventional feed ingredients as per NRC (1984) feeding standard, while Okara meal (soybean byproduct) was incorporated at 25, 50 and 75 per cent levels in groups T2, T3 and T4, respectively, replacing groundnut cake on protein equivalent basis. Feeding trial continued for 42 days period followed by a metabolic trial adopting standard procedures. Body weight of all birds was recorded at weekly 2 interval. Daily feed consumption, digestibility of nutrients, balance of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, feed conversion efficiency, carcass quality and economics of feeding were recorded. The quantity of overall average total or daily feed consumption in four treatment groups did not differ significantly. The findings indicated that Okara meal containing rations were equally palatable to birds. From the very beginning live weight of chicks in different groups differ significantly (P<0.01). Significantly higher body weights were recorded in chicks of group T3 compared to control group T1. In the last experimental week the average total body weight of group T3 was significantly higher compared to groups T1, T2, and T4. However, groups T1, T2 and T4 did not differ significantly between each other. The higher gain in body weight was noted in group T3 which did not differ significantly from groups T2 and T4 but differ significantly from control group T1. The feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio in different treatment groups did not differ significantly among the four treatment groups. The average daily retention of nitrogen (g/day) was significantly higher in group T4 compared to control group T1. However, groups T2, T3 and T4 did not differ significantly. N-retention as per cent of N-intake was significantly higher in group T2 compared to control group T1. However, group T2, T3 and T4 did not differ significantly. 3 The average daily retention of calcium found to be non-significant among the different groups indicating that inclusion of Okara meal did not affect the calcium utilization in quail chicks. The average daily retention of phosphorus as well as phosphorus retention as per cent of P-intake were significantly higher in group T3 compared to groups T1, T2 andT4 indicating that in group T3 , there is less excretion of phosphorus in excreta. Dressing percentage, giblet percentage and non-edible percentage did not differ significantly among the four treatment groups. The findings indicated that inclusion level of Okara meal had no adverse effect on meat quality of quails. Scores of various organoleptic tests revealed non-significant differences among four treatment groups indicating that inclusion of Okara meal had no adverse effect on the sensory and taste quality of meat. The cost of feed decreased proportionally with the increased level of Okara meal in the diet. The reduction of cost was 10.76, 21.94 and 32.70 per cent in groups T2, T3 and T4, respectively, than the control ration (T1). The average cost per kg gain in body weight also decreased proportionally with the increased level of Okara meal in the diet. The reduction of cost was 9.97, 21.63 and 33.79 per cent in groups T2, T3 and T4, respectively, as compared to control ration (T1). 4 From the findings of the present study, it may be concluded that growth performance of quail chicks was best at 50 per cent inclusion of Okara meal replacing groundnut Cake on protein equivalent basis with distinct economical advantages and without any adverse effect on meat quality.ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF FERMENTED RICE WASTE IN JAPANESE QUAIL RATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Kujur, Anjila S.T.; Sinha, A.K.Two hundred and eight Japanese Quail of one week age were procured from Quail Unit of Avian Research and Development Centre, Ranchi Veterinary College, Kanke, Ranchi. They were randomly divided into four treatment groups, namely T1, T2, T3 and T4 comprising of 4 replicates of 13 chicks in each group. The initial mean body weight of chicks in each replicate of 4 treatment groups did not differ significantly. The birds were kept in cages having feeders and waterers attached to it. Thirteen (13) birds of one replicate were kept in one cage. Sun dried Fermented Rice waste (FRW) and other feed ingredients were analyzed for their proximate principles as well as for calcium and phosphorus content. Four different experimental rations were formulated in such a way that their nutrient contents met the suggested practical level of nutrients in feed for Japanese Quails. Fermented rice waste was included in the rations for T2, T3, and T4, groups at 6, 13 and 25 per cent levels (w/w) of the whole ration. Birds were weighed at the start of the experiment and then at weekly intervals for 6 weeks. Metabolic trial was conducted after 6 weeks taking 4 birds from each group. Daily feed intake and excreta voided were analyzed and balances of N, Ca and P were calculated. Protein efficiency ratio in respect of all the groups was worked out. Economics of feeding for all the four groups were calculated on the basis of the current market price of different feed ingredients. At the end of 6th experimental week of growth trial, four birds from each group were selected randomly for carcass quality study. Important findings of the experiment are as follows: 1. Average weekly, as well as, daily feed consumption was significantly higher in treatment groups T2, T3, & T4 than the control group T1. 2. Average total gain in body weight in 6 weeks experimental period did not differ significantly among the four groups. However, it was numerically higher in FRW containing rations. 3. Average daily N-retention did not differ significantly among the four groups, However, N- retained as per cent of N-intake was significantly higher in groups T3 & T4 as compared to groups T1 and T2. 4. Average daily retention of calcium did not differ significantly among the four groups. 5. Average daily retention of phosphorus was significantly lower in group T2 as compared to groups T3 and T4 but its difference with T1 group was nonsignificant. 6. The protein efficiency ratio was significantly higher in respect of control ration (T1) than the experimental rations of groups T2, T3 and T4, indicating that utilization of protein consumed for unit gain in live weight was superior in control ration. 7. Various carcass characteristics of quail chicks of the four groups did not differ significantly indicating that feeding of FRW had no adverse affect on the meat quality of quails. 8. The average feed efficiency ratio was significantly higher in experimental rations (T2, T3 and T4) as compared to control ration (T1). Average cost of feed/kg gain in live weight was significantly lower in group T4, where 25 per cent FRW was included in the ration than groups T2 and T3, where 6 per cent and 13 per cent levels of FRW was taken, respectively. CONCLUSION Fermented Rice waste (FRW) may be included in growing quail ration at 25 per cent level without any adverse effect on growth and meat quality.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY LEVELS OF NIGER SEED CAKE IN BROILER RATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2014) Kumar, Gopal; Ishwar, A. K.Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Kanke, Ranchi. Two hundred fifty (250) commercial day-old broiler chicks (Cobb strain) were procured from reputed hatchery for the experiment. After four days of brooding period, the chicks were divided randomly into five groups consisting of 50 chicks per group. Further, each group was subdivided into five replicates of 10 chicks. The initial mean body weight of chicks did not differ significantly. Birds were vaccinated against Marek’s, Ranikhet and Gumboro diseases. The birds of each group were kept in well lighted and ventilated room with floor space 66 sq. ft. in deep litter system using litter material with proper adjustment of feeders and waterers. Niger seed cake and other feed ingredients were analysed for their proximate principles as well as for calcium and phosphorus content. Two standard diets were formulated separately for starting (0-4 weeks) and finishing (5-6 weeks) birds. All rations were designed in such a way that they contain all the nutrients as per BIS specifications (1992) for broiler birds. First group was treated as a control ration (T1) containing groundnut cake (GNC). In groups T2, T3, T4 and T5 the GNC of control ration was replaced by Niger seed cake at 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent level, respectively, on protein equivalent basis. Equal amount of mineral mixture, common salt and vitamin supplement were added in the ration of all groups. Birds were weighed at the start of experiment and then at weekly intervals for six weeks. A metabolic trial was conducted between 36th to 42nd days of experiment on five birds from each group with three days adjustment period followed by four days of collection period to study the nutrient utilization. The samples of feed and excreta were analysed and balances of N, Ca and P were worked out. Feed and protein efficiency ratio in respect of all the groups were worked out. Economics of feeding were calculated on the basis of current market price of different feed ingredients. Blood samples were collected from five birds of each group on 42nd day of the trial to study the biochemical parameters. At the end of 6th experimental week of growth trial, three birds from each group were selected randomly for slaughter to study the various carcass characters. The quantity of overall average total or daily feed consumption in five treatment groups did not differ significantly. The findings indicate that Niger seed cake containing rations were equally palatable to birds. The differences in average total gain as well as average daily gain in body weight in various groups were significantly higher in T3 group as compared to T4 and T5, whereas, T1, T2 and T3 did not differ significantly. Group T4 and T5 also differ significantly from each other. The 25 per cent and 50 per cent replacement groups gained more body weight than the control group. The 75 per cent and 100 per cent replacement groups gained less body weight than the control group. The better effect on growth observed in 50 per cent replacement group. The feed conversion efficiency in various groups were significantly better in T3 group than T5, whereas, T1, T2, T3 and T4 did not differ significantly. The protein efficiency ratio in different treatment groups did not differ significantly among the five treatment groups. The values in respect of serum total proteins, serum calcium and serum phosphorus in different groups did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among the five groups. All the values were within the normal range for chicks. The average daily retention of nitrogen (g/day) as well as N-retention as per cent of N-intake did not differ significantly among five treatment groups indicating that inclusion of Niger seed cake had not affected the nitrogen utilization in broiler chicks. Average daily Ca-retention (g/day) as well as Ca- retained as percent of Ca-intake did not differ significantly among the five treatment groups indicating that inclusion of Niger seed cake had not affected the calcium utilization in broiler chicks. Average daily P-retention (g/day) as well as P- retained as percent of P-intake did not differ significantly among the five treatment groups indicating that inclusion of Niger seed cake had not affected the phosphorus utilization in broiler chicks. The feed intake, intake of CP as well as metabolisable energy in different groups did not differ significantly. All carcass and Organoleptic characters did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among the five treatment groups indicating that feeding of Niger seed cake had no adverse effect on meat quality The cost of feed decreased proportionally with the increased level of Niger seed cake in the diet. The reduction of cost was 5.02, 10.19, 15.44 and 20.56 per cent less in groups T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively, than the control ration (T1). The cost of feed per unit gain in live weight of birds was found to be 8.42, 15.75, 7.55 and 4.19 per cent less in groups T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively, than the control ration (T1). The findings indicate that incorporation of Niger seed cake reduced the cost of feed per unit gain in live weight. From the findings of the present study, it may be concluded that growth performance of broiler chickens improved by the replacement of groundnut cake with Niger seed cake at 50 per cent level on protein equivalent basis with distinct economical advantages and without any adverse effect on meat quality.